Cited by 810Physical Activity and HealthHealth Education and ValidationPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

Resnick, Barbara, Jenkins, Louise S.·2000·Nursing Research

DOI 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.

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“In this research, we utilized the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) (19), which was adapted for the Chinese context by Lee et al. (20) in the same year.”
The mechanism of square dancing on subjective well-being among middle-aged and older women in China: mediating role of social connectedness and moderating role of exercise self-efficacy
Wang, J., Wu, Q., Xi, Y., & Xia, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1701258 · Cited by 2
“This study used the Self Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) developed by Resnick and Jenkins (33), which has been widely validated among middle-aged and older population and has good reliability and validity (33, 34).”
So you think you can dance? Development and validation of the Dance Self-Efficacy Scale for older adults (DanSES-60+) for research and practice
Waugh, M., White, R. L., Harris, C. B., & Merom, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1712057 · Cited by 2
Appearance anxiety and college students’ exercise participation: a chain mediation model of negative body image and exercise self-efficacy
Zhang, Y., Hao, J., Guo, K., Huang, Q., & Liu, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1828308 · Cited by 2
“Exercise self-efficacy was measured using the Self-efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale (Resnick and Jenkins, 2000).”
Ameliorating Prediabetes With Healthy Lifestyles: A Stage-Tailored Motivational Interviewing Pilot
Kao, T. A., Born, A. L., & Ling, J. (2021) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.04.003 · Cited by 2
Comparative Analysis Between Physical Activity Affect and Discrete Emotions in College Students
Simonton, K. L., Dasinger, T. M., & Garn, A. C. (2023) · International Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.18122/ijpah.020301.boisestate · Cited by 2
Home-based self-management for sedentary individuals with mild walking disability after stroke: protocol for a randomised pilot study
Alvarenga, M. T. M., Ada, L., Preston, E., Caetano, L. C. G., Teixeira‐Salmela, L. F., & Scianni, A. A. (2023) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-023-03461-7 · Cited by 2
Characterization of Early Non-responders within Behavioral Weight Loss Treatment
Unick, J. L., Pellegrini, C. A., DUNSIGER, S. I., Demos, K. E., Thomas, G. J., Bond, D. S., Webster, J., & Wing, R. R. (2024) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.48.1.1 · Cited by 2
Developing a parental empowerment model to prevent health risk behaviors among adolescents in East Java, Indonesia
Krisnana, I., Rachmawati, P. D., Kurnia, I. D., Wahyuni, L., & Rithpo, P. (2024) · Jurnal NERS · doi:10.20473/jn.v19i2.54203 · Cited by 2
Psychological factors associated with exercise self-efficacy in the recipients of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Chen, P.-Y., Chou, C.-Y., Lien, M.-H., Chen, S., Lu, S., & Lo, C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305606 · Cited by 2
Rationale and methodology for examining the combination of aerobic exercise and cognitive rehabilitation on new learning and memory in persons with multiple sclerosis and mobility disability: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Wender, C. L. A., Arbelaez, O., Tong, T. T., Salter, A. R., Wylie, G. R., Motl, R. W., Sandroff, B. M., & Chiaravalloti, N. D. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107630 · Cited by 2
A personalised activity programme helps reduce fatigue in people after Guillain-Barré Syndrome in a replicated single system design
Mudge, S., Smith, G. A., & Parry, G. J. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2374486 · Cited by 2
“We also used the Personal Wellbeing Index [35] to measure general wellbeing and Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale [36] to capture confidence to exercise.”
Effects of a 6-month physical activity behavioral intervention in patients following metabolic bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Subhi, H., Manor, O., Elazary, R., Kaluti, D., & Ben‐Porat, T. (2024) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2024.08.017 · Cited by 3
A Pre–Post Study Design Exploring the Potential Benefits of a Hiking Intervention for Active and Inactive Older Adults
Lesser, I., & Thomson, C. J. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2023-0347 · Cited by 2
Quality of reporting health behaviors for multiple sclerosis (QuoRH‐MS): A scoping review to inform intervention planning and improve consistency of reporting
Probst, Y., & Kinnane, E. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3635 · Cited by 1
Exploring physical therapists’ approach to addressing home exercise program-related low self-efficacy: knowledge, strategies, and barriers
Wingood, M., Bamonti, P. M., Moore, J. B., & Picha, K. J. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2390050 · Cited by 2
“When assessing self-efficacy, physical therapists did not use formal assessments such as the self-efficacy for hePs s cale [34] or exercise self-efficacy scale [35].”
Assessments scales for the evaluation of health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and multiple system atrophy: a systematic review
Maiuolo, M. L., Giorgini, R., Vaccaro, M. G., Facchin, A., Quattrone, A., & Quattrone, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1438830 · Cited by 4
The Effects of a Self-Efficacy Theory-Based Exercise Program for Patients Undergoing with Total Knee Arthroplasty
Park, K. H., & Kang, H. (2024) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.24027 · Cited by 2
Pilot Testing of Build StaMINA: A Tailored Physical Activity Program for Adults Receiving Treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Albrecht, T., Pastva, A. M., Yang, Q. Z., Lee, Y., LeBlanc, T. W., Richardson, D. R., & Bryant, A. L. (2024) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000001408 · Cited by 2
Structural equation modelling to analyze the sustainability of the fertilizer sector in India
Pandey, C., & Diwan, H. (2025) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-025-10405-9 · Cited by 2
“The face validity of the questionnaire was checked by following the guidelines of Resnick and Jenkins (2000).”
Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Exercise Self‐Efficacy Scale in Older People Undergoing Lower Extremity Arthroplasty
Matsumura, M., Fujita, K., Matsunaga‐Myoji, Y., Motomura, G., Hamai, S., & Nakashima, Y. (2025) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.70111 · Cited by 2
Exercise rehabilitation with tailored support for exercise adherence for people with vertebral fragility fractures is more effective than standard rehabilitation: the OPTIN randomised controlled trial
Barker, K. L., Newman, M., Knight, R., Hannink, E., Hughes, T., Barreto, C., & Room, J. (2025) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-025-07582-2 · Cited by 2
“As well as the following: the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) to measure concern about falling (16–64 points) [26], the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (part B) to measure adherence to prescribed exercises (0–24) [27] and the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale (0–90) [28].”
The Physical Activity, Imaging, and Ambulatory Testing (PHIAT) Project: Protocol for a High-Frequency Ambulatory Assessment Study
Hakun, J. G., Elbich, D., Alwerdt, J., Tate, A. M., Coyl, J. L., Kanski, B., & Qiu, T. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/66290 · Cited by 3
“Self-reported PA and motivational factors were assessed via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire [48], Outcome Expectations for Exercise [49], Self-Efficacy for Exercise [50], and the Self-Report Habit Index (adapted to capture habit strength for PA [51]).”
AUTOEFICACIA PARA PREVENIR EL VIH Y PRÁCTICAS SEXUALES EN ESTUDIANTES DE UN BACHILLERATO DE CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO
Navarrete-Ochoa, B. V., Jiménez-Vázquez, V., Amaro-Hinojosa, M. D., et al. (2021) · African journal of rhetoric · doi:10.21134/haaj.v21i1.564 · Cited by 2
“Resnick & Jenkins (2000), refieren que a partir de la autoeficacia las personas pueden tener influencia sobre lo que hacen, esto a través de componentes como el pensamiento reflexivo, el uso generativo de conocimientos y habilidades para llevar a cabo un comportamiento específico.”
Background
Practical implications for nurses caring for patients being treated for osteoporosis
Smeltzer, S. C., & Qi, B. B. (2014) · Nursing Research and Reviews · doi:10.2147/nrr.s36648 · Cited by 2
Dimensions of Racial Identity as Predictors of Physical Activity in Midlife African American Women
Hardy, E., Corte, C. M., Finnegan, L., Kim, M. J., Matthews, A. K., & Wilbur, J. (2011) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945911413668 · Cited by 2
Meet Me at the Crossroads: Clinical Research Engages Practitioners, Educators, Students, and Patients
Beebe, L. H., Smith, K., Davis, J., Roman, M., & Burke, R. (2011) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2011.00306.x · Cited by 2
“The Self Efficacy for Exercise Scale (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) measures self-efficacy for exercise in community dwelling adults.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of Motivational Interviewing Intervention for Patients with Total Knee Replacement
Yu, J., & Lee, H. (2016) · Journal of muscle and joint health · doi:10.5953/jmjh.2016.23.3.139 · Cited by 2
Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise in Epilepsy and the Outcome Expectations for Exercise in Epilepsy Scales
Dustin, I. M., Resnick, B. M., Galik, E. M., Klinedinst, N. J., Michael, K., & Wiggs, E. A. (2017) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.25.1.22 · Cited by 2
“…use of the SEE measure with older adults provided evidence of internal consistency ( .93), and validity with efficacy expectations significantly related to exercise activity, indicated by factor loadings all greater than .50 (Harnirattisai et al., 2006; Qi & Resnick, 2014; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity—A Question of Item Framing and Age?
Popp, J., Notthoff, N., & Warner, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2019-0059 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of a balance and mobility program for older adults at risk of falling: a mixed methods study
Osho, O., Harbidge, C., Hogan, D. B., Manns, P. J., & Jones, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13413 · Cited by 2
Effects of technology-supported brain breaks videos on exercise self-efficacy among type 2 diabetes mellitus Malaysians
Hidrus, A., Kueh, Y. C., Norsa’adah, B., Chang, Y., & Kuan, G. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15142-5 · Cited by 2
The feasibility of Technology, Application, Self-Management for Kidney (TASK) intervention in post-kidney transplant recipients using a pre/posttest design
O’Brien, T., Rose, K. M., Focht, B. C., Kahlout, N. A., Jensen, T., Heareth, K., Nori, U. S., & Daloul, R. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01417-9 · Cited by 4
“” The SEE has demonstrated excellent internal consistency ( α = 0.92) for adults living with chronic disease [24] Lastly, we measured the perceived stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) [25].”
MethodInfluential
The effects of telerehabilitation in adults with complex biventricular congenital heart conditions: protocol for a multi-centre, randomised controlled trial—CH-FIT
Wood, G., Scheer, A., Saundankar, J., Tran, D., Cordina, R., & Maiorana, A. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08019-7 · Cited by 2
“…physical activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression International physical activity questionnaire and exercise self-efficacy questionnaire [44] Self-reported habitual physical activity and self-efficacy levels using volume of time spent in various physical activities Laboratory…”
Method
Home-based aerobic exercise feasibility in oxaliplatin-receiving newly-diagnosed cancer survivors
Kanzawa-Lee, G. A., Larson, J. L., Resnicow, K., Ploutz-Snyder, R. J., Krauss, J. C., & Smith, E. M. L. (2024) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102649 · Cited by 2
Better Outcomes for Older people with Spinal Trouble (BOOST) trial: statistical analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial of a combined physical and psychological intervention for older adults with neurogenic claudication
Marian, I. R., Williamson, E. M., Garrett, A., Lamb, S. E., & Dutton, S. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04590-x · Cited by 2
“We use the StarT Back Screening Questionnaire [32, 33], Nordic Pain Questionnaire [34], Attitude to Ageing Questionnaire - physical change subscale [35], self-reported current health conditions, change in mobility in the last year, use of walking aids, self-rated walking speed, Exercise Self-Efficacy (short version) […”
Method
The Daily Activity Study of Health (DASH): A pilot randomized controlled trial to enhance physical activity in sedentary older adults
Ai, M., Morris, T. P., Ordway, C., Quinoñez, E., D’Agostino, F., Whitfield, S., Hillman, C. H., Pindus, D. M., McAuley, E., Mayo, N. E., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106405 · Cited by 3
Commentary by Resnick
Resnick, B. M. (2004) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945903259356 · Cited by 2
“Future testing of this intervention might consider using a self-efficacy for exercise measure such as those developed by McAuley (1993) or Resnick and Jenkins (2000).”
MethodSelf-citation
Health Beliefs Related to Physical Activity in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Crawford, R. S. (2013) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 2
Influence of Physical and Psychological Symptoms on Exercise Adherence in Patients with Heart Failure: Focused on the Mediating Effects of Self-efficacy
Jin, H.-K., Kim, J., & Kim, M. (2019) · Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing · doi:10.7739/jkafn.2019.26.1.52 · Cited by 1
“3) 운동 자기효능감 운동 자기효능감은 Resnick과 Jenkins [24]가 개발한 SelfEfficacy for Exercise (SEE)를 Choi 등[25]이 한국어로 번역하 고 타당도와 신뢰도 연구를 실시한 한국판 도구(SEE-K)를 사 용하였다.”
Influential
Relationships between Osteoporosis Knowledge, Outcome Expectations for Exercise, and Self-efficacy for Exercise in Elderly Women with Osteoporosis Aged over 60
Park, A.-H., & Park, H. (2019) · The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.7587/kjrehn.2019.95 · Cited by 1
“ActuaYa”: A Preliminary Efficacy Study of a Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Intervention for Older Hispanic Women
Cianelli, R., Oliveira, G. C. D., Villegas, N., Toledo, C., Santis, J. P. D., Iriarte, E., Baeza, M. J., Thomas, S., & Montano, N. P. (2023) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648231172673 · Cited by 1
Differences in the purpose of exercise between hemodialysis patients who continued or dropped out of exercise programs: a multicenter cohort study
Yamaguchi, T., Yabe, H., Kono, K., Moriyama, Y., & Yamada, T. (2023) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-023-01791-w · Cited by 1
“The scale has been validated and demonstrated to be reliable [34].”
Method
Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Virtual Rehabilitation for Middle and Older Aged Veterans With Mobility Limitations: A Pilot Study
Harris, R., Ogawa, E. F., Ward, R. E., et al. (2024) · Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation · doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2024.100325 · Cited by 1

Authors: Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
ORCID: Resnick, Barbara
Venue: Nursing Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-159
ISSN: 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007
OpenAlex: W2073037367
Semantic Scholar: e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
Cited by: 810
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

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