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Urinary Cortisol Levels, Cellular Immunocompetency, and Loneliness in Psychiatric Inpatients
Abstract
This study examined the associations among loneliness, stressful life events, urinary cortisol levels, and immunocompetency. Blood and urine were obtained from 33 psychiatric inpatients on the day after admission, at which time the patients completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview Life Events Scale (PERI), and the MMPI. Patients who scored above the median on loneliness had significantly higher urinary cortisol levels. The high loneliness group also had significantly lower levels of natural killer cell activity, as well as a poorer T-lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. The high loneliness subjects described themselves as more distressed than the low loneliness group on the MMPI. There were no consistent significant effects on either the immunologic measures or the MMPI associated with the PERI.
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Loneliness has been associated with urinary excretion of significantly higher concentrations of cortisol, and with higher levels of salivary or plasma cortisol.
“Loneliness has been associated with urinary excretion of significantly higher concentrations of cortisol [70], and, in more recent studies, with higher levels of salivary or plasma cortisol [71, 72].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [70]
Loneliness is associated with impaired cellular immunity, as reflected in lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers to the Epstein Barr Virus and human herpes viruses.
“Loneliness has been associated with impaired cellular immunity as reflected in lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers to the Epstein Barr Virus and human herpes viruses [70, 80–82].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [70]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Ricker, D., George, J., Messick, G., Speicher, C. E., Garner, W., & Glaser, R.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1984-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-23
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095934104
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- loneliness, urinary cortisol, NK cell cytotoxicity, T cell response, life events, psychiatric inpatients, psychological distress, psychoneuroimmunology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Immunity, Cellular, Immunocompetence, Killer Cells, Natural, Life Change Events, Loneliness, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocytes, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Social Isolation
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