Stress, ageing and their influence on functional, cellular and molecular aspects of the immune system
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The immune response is essential for keeping an organism healthy and for defending it from different types of pathogens. It is a complex system that consists of a large number of components performing different functions. The adequate and controlled interaction between these components is necessary for a robust and strong immune response. There are, however, many factors that interfere with the way the immune response functions. Stress and ageing now consistently appear in the literature as factors that act upon the immune system in the way that is often damaging. This review focuses on the role of stress and ageing in altering the robustness of the immune response first separately, and then simultaneously, discussing the effects that emerge from their interplay. The special focus is on the psychological stress and the impact that it has at different levels, from the whole system to the individual molecules, resulting in consequences for physical health.
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Chronic psychological and physiological stress is an important modifier of immune regulation.
“Among the hormonal and environmental factors, chronic psychological and physiological stress has emerged as an important modifier of immune regulation [3].”
From Chronic Stress and Autoimmunity: The Role of HPA Axis and Cortisol Dysregulation (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Effects of stress on immune function: The good, the bad, and the beautiful
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“Since the early hypothesis linking emotions and CNS activity to immune changes [44], research has revealed that stress-induced neuroendocrine mediators such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines affect immune cells at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels [3,45].”
COVID-19: Implications for Physical Activity, Health Disparities, and Health Equity
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Polinski, K. J., Bemis, E. A., Feser, M., Seifert, J., Demoruelle, M. K., Striebich, C. C., Brake, S., O’Dell, J. R., Mikuls, T. R., Weisman, M. H., et al. (2020) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24085 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cannizzaro, E., Ramaci, T., Cirrincione, L., & Plescia, F. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16204031 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vitlic, A., Lord, J. M., & Phillips, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Arthritis Research UK (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Anna C.
- Venue
- AGE
- Published
- 2014-02-25
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 9631-9631
- ISSN
- 0161-9152 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-4647
- PMC
- PMC4082590
- OpenAlex
- W2091660936
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- AGE (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00414X/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G037000/1, ES/H043772/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- psychological stress, aging, immune response, immunosenescence, stress-immune interaction, immune dysfunction, physical health
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Humans, Immune System, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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