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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the MMPI-based Cook and Medley hostility scale (Ho) as a predictor of health outcomes. To achieve a better understanding of the construct measured by this scale, Ho items were classified on an a priori basis. Six subsets were identified: Cynicism, Hostile Attributions, Hostile Affect, Aggressive Responding, Social Avoidance, and Other. Study 1 examined the correlations of these subsets with scales of the NEO Personality Inventory in two samples of undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated, but there was some evidence that items in the Social Avoidance and Other categories reflect constructs other than hostility. Study 2 examined the ability of the Ho scale and the item subsets to predict the 1985 survival of 118 lawyers who had completed the MMPI in 1956 and 1957. As in previous studies, those with high scores had poorer survival (chi 2 = 6.37, p = 0.012). Unlike previous studies, the relation between Ho scores and survival was linear. Cynicism, Hostile Affect, and Aggressive Responding subsets were related to survival, whereas the other subsets were not. The sum of the three predictive subsets, with a chi 2 of 9.45 (p = 0.002), was a better predictor than the full Ho scale, suggesting that it may be possible to refine the scale and achieve an even more effective measure of those aspects of hostility that are deleterious to health.
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“These discrepancies were largely reconciled when investigators decomposed hostility into 6 components and found that only some were predictive of earlier mortality.”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“In particular, aggressive responding, hostile affect, and cynicism predicted nearly 30-year all-cause mortality in lawyers, while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
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“Scale consisting of 27-items based on rational and empirical analyses was used ( Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1989 ), resulting in a total score, and three subscales, namely, cynicism, hostile affect, and aggressive responding.”
MethodSocial cognition in cynical hostility
Allred, K. D., & Smith, T. W. (1991) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173034 · Cited by 65
“Hearn, Murray, & Luepker, 1989; Leon, Finn, Murray, & Bailey, 1988), several important prospective studies (Barefoot, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1983; Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1989; Shekelle, Gale, Ostfeld, & Paul, 1983) have found that high scores on this measure are associated with increased ris…”
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Matthews, K., Flory, J., Muldoon, M., & Manuck, S. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200003000-00015 · Cited by 70
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“Furthermore, evidence suggests that the 27item version may be a stronger predictor of health outcomes than the full Ho scale (40).”
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Dujovne, V. F., & Houston, B. K. (1991) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00867170 · Cited by 61
“Hostility has been described as having multiple components ( Barefoot et al., 1989; Dembrosld and Costa, 1987), namely, attitudinal, emotional, and behavioral.”
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“Previous studies that have used this measure have found good convergent and discriminant validities (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
ResultAge differences in hostility among middle-aged and older adults.
Barefoot, J. C., Beckham, J. C., Haney, T. L., Siegler, I. C., & al, E. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.8.1.3 · Cited by 80
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“ANOVAs 5 analyses of variance; BMI 5 body mass index; CARDIA 5 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CHD 5 coronary heart disease; MMPI 5 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; METs 5 metabolic equivalents.”
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Self-regulation and control in personality functioning
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Behavioral Risk Factors among Members of a Health Maintenance Organization
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“The short form has shown good construct validity for the primary hostility components of cynicism and mistrust (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
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Self-citationSchwaba, T., Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Manuck, S. B., & Wright, A. G. C. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000400 · Cited by 69
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“The CESD-SOM, CESD-NA, CESD-IP, Cook-Medley Hostility Scale, Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale, and the Spielberger State Anxiety Scale were not associated with MSIMI or ESIMI (see Table 1).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationVolunteering predicts health among those who value others: Two national studies.
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Dimensions of Anger and CHD in Men and Women: Self-Ratings Versus Spouse Ratings
Siegman, A. W., Townsend, S. T., Blumenthal, R. S., Sorkin, J. D., & Civelek, A. C. (1998) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1018725212562 · Cited by 56
“Forthe purpose of ascertaining the independence of our anger measures from attitudinal hostility, we used only those items which were identified by Barefoot et al. (1989) as belonging to the cynicism cluster.”
MethodInfluentialA caution on the use of the MMPI K-correction in research on psychosomatic medicine.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Dahlstrom, W. G., Barefoot, J. C., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B. (1989) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198901000-00006 · Cited by 57
“The Cook and Medley HO scale (10) is increasingly used in the prediction of coronary heart disease, and previous research has suggested that it measures aspects of Neuroticism and low Agreeableness (15).”
MethodSelf-citationStavrova, O., Ehlebracht, D., & Vohs, K. D. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000738 · Cited by 55
“…psychological health (Chen et al., 2016; Niaura et al., 2002; Smith, 1992; Stavrova & Ehlebracht, 2019a), undermine performance (Neves, 2012), predict financial strife (Stavrova & Ehlebracht, 2016), and increase the odds of premature death (Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1989).”
InfluentialPsychological Stress Preceding Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation
Lane, R. D., Laukes, C., Marcus, G. M., Chesney, M. A., SECHREST, L. B., Gear, K., Fort, C. L., Priori, S. G., Schwartz, P. J., & Steptoe, A. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000160476.67536.41 · Cited by 53
“Standard instructions were given for the 27-item Cook Medley measure of hostility (20).”
MethodHostility: Relationship to Lifestyle Behaviors and Physical Risk Factors
Musante, L., Treiber, F. A., Davis, H., Strong, W. B., & Lévy, M. (1992) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.1992.10544237 · Cited by 55
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“We regarded an overall mean response at level 2 (a little of the time) or lower to be indicative of poor social support; (e) Anger was assessed by the self-report Abbreviated CookMedley Hostility Inventory (ACM).(18) The ACM is a set of 27 true/false items assessing anger/hostility.”
MethodHolt‐Lunstad, J., Smith, T. W., & Uchino, B. N. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9041-z · Cited by 53
“High hostility and social isolation have been implicated in not only increased morbidity but also increased risk for mortality [10–13].”
BackgroundHostility, anger, and depression predict increases in C3 over a 10-year period
Boyle, S. H., Jackson, W. G., & Suarez, E. C. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.008 · Cited by 53
“These items, identiWed by Barefoot et al. (1989), reXect the cognitive (i.e., cynicism and 1 As a corollary to the stated hypothesis, we also speculated that each of the individual components, that is, anger, hostility, and depression, would also predict changes in C3 and C4 over time.”
BackgroundBraden, J. B., Young, A., Sullivan, M. D., Walitt, B. T., LaCroix, A. Z., & Martin, L. W. (2011) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.007 · Cited by 54
Is Subjective Status Influenced by Psychosocial Factors?
Lundberg, J., & Kristenson, M. (2008) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9238-3 · Cited by 53
“…mortality (Penninx et al., 1997; Skinner, 1996; Surtees et al., 2003), while scale scores of negative affect such as cynicism, hostile affect (Barefoot et al. 1989; Lynch et al., 1997), hopelessness (Everson et al., 1996) vital exhaustion (Appels & Otten, 1992) and depression (Wulsin &…”
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Serum lipids and their relationships with hostility and angry affect and behaviors in men.
Richards, J. C., Hof, A., & Alvarenga, M. E. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.4.393 · Cited by 53
Hostility, Age, and Mortality in a Sample of Cardiac Patients
Boyle, S. H., Williams, R. B., Mark, D. B., Brummett, B. H., Siegler, I. C., & Barefoot, J. C. (2005) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.02.046 · Cited by 53
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Personality in cross-cultural perspective
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Hostility is related to clusters of T-cell cytokines and chemokines in healthy men
Mommersteeg, P. M. C., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Kavelaars, A., Geuze, E., & Heijnen, C. J. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.05.007 · Cited by 51
“Therefore, we investigated whether cytokine and chemokine release induced by stimulation of T-cells was related to hostility as measured by the Cook—Medley Hostility Score (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
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Chen, E., & Matthews, K. A. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.22.1.106 · Cited by 61
Garvin, P., Nilsson, L., Carstensen, J. M., Jonasson, L., & Kristenson, M. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181960e7f · Cited by 51
“affect and cynicism from Cook-Medley’s Hostility scale (48).”
Influence of Apologies and Trait Hostility on Recovery from Anger
Anderson, J., Linden, W., & Habra, M. E. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9062-7 · Cited by 50
“High scores on an abbreviated, 27-item version of the Cook-Medley hostility questionnaire have been linked to poor cardiac outcome ( Barefoot et al., 1989; Smith and Pope, 1990).”
BackgroundSykes, D. H., Arveiler, D., Salters, C., Ferrières, J., McCrum, E. E., Amouyel, P., Bingham, A., Montaye, M., Ruidavets, J., Haas, B., et al. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.6.1227 · Cited by 50
Self- and spouse ratings of anger and hostility as predictors of coronary heart disease.
Kneip, R. C., Delamater, A. M., Ismond, T., Milford, C., Salvia, L., & Schwartz, D. (1993) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.12.4.301 · Cited by 61
Cynical Hostility, Powerful others Control Expectancies, and Patient Adherence in Hemodialysis
Christensen, A. J., Wiebe, J. S., & Lawton, W. J. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199705000-00013 · Cited by 49
“Ho scale scores have been linked to future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as to morbidity and earlier mortality from other causes (eg, cancer, all-cause mortality) (3-5).”
BackgroundPlasma homocysteine concentrations are positively associated with hostility and anger
Stoney, C. M., & Engebretson, T. O. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00556-7 · Cited by 50
Nafei, W. A. (2013) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v6n7p52 · Cited by 50
“Cynical employees believe that their colleagues are selfish and self-centered (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
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“Individual characteristics: psychological risk-factors Cynicism, a measure of negative attitudes was measured using a subscale of the Hostility scale [39].”
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Merriam, P. A., Ockene, I. S., Hébert, J. R., Rosal, M. C., & Matthews, C. E. (1999) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873099129000669 · Cited by 49
“This subset (Barefoot et al., 1989) of items assesses three components of the hostility construct: cynicism (beliefs), hostile affect (emotional experiences), and aggressive responding (behavior).”
BackgroundMcIntosh, R. C., Ironson, G. H., & KRAUSE, N. M. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317748733 · Cited by 47
“We chose to focus on the cynical component of hostility as a trait construct in the context of reflecting a psychosocial risk for CVD due to its association with the frequent socially induced experience of hostility (Barefoot et al., 1983, 1989; Smith and Frohm, 1985).”
BackgroundWright, L. B., Gregoski, M. J., Tingen, M. S., Barnes, V. A., & Treiber, F. A. (2010) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798410380203 · Cited by 53
Development of the cognitive appraisal and understanding of social events (CAUSE) videos.
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Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Glenn, D. M., & Barefoot, J. C. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2403_07 · Cited by 48
“In the study, a sample of 90 women completed a short form of the Cook–Medley hostility scale ( 44 ) and the Short Form-36 Health Survey (45) as a measure of self-reported health status.”
MethodSelf-citationPsychometric Characteristics of the MMPI-2 Cook-Medley Hostility Scale
Han, K., Weed, N. C., Calhoun, R. F., & Butcher, J. N. (1995) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6503_15 · Cited by 49
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“It has been reported that hostility contributes to various health problems and diseases (Barefoot et al. 1983, 1989; Shekelle et al. 1983; Smith & Frohm, 1985; Dembroski et al. 1989; Romanov et al. 1994; Miller et al. 1996).”
BackgroundEdmondson, D. E., Shaffer, J. A., Chaplin, W. F., Burg, M. M., Stone, A. A., & Schwartz, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.005 · Cited by 48
Citalopram intervention for hostility: Results of a randomized clinical trial.
Kamarck, T. W., Haskett, R. F., Muldoon, M. F., Flory, J. D., Anderson, B. J., Bies, R. R., Pollock, B. G., & Manuck, S. B. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014394 · Cited by 48
“Some evidence suggests that three sets of rationally derived subscales from the CMHS may be especially predictive of mortality (Barefoot et al., 1989), so these are sometimes used as a short form of the scale.”
BackgroundLundgren, O., Garvin, P., Jonasson, L., Andersson, G., & Kristenson, M. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-014-9387-5 · Cited by 48
“Two subscales of the Hostility scale were used; the extent to which subjects felt cynical distrust (cynicism) and hostile affect in relationship to other people was measured with a 12-item and a 5-item scale, respectively [24].”
MethodDonker, F. J. S. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00016-1 · Cited by 50
Serum lipids and their relationships with hostility and angry affect and behaviors in men.
Richards, J. C., Hof, A., & Alvarenga, M. E. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.4.393 · Cited by 47
Psychosocial Predictors of Coronary Artery Calcification Progression in Postmenopausal Women
Low, C. A., Matthews, K. A., Kuller, L. H., & Edmundowicz, D. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318236b68a · Cited by 47
“Abbreviatedmeasures of depressive symptoms, cynicism, self-esteem, and perceived social support were used to minimize participant burden and were based on published psychometric analyses (27,28) and validation by the PMBC investigators.”
MethodDepressive Symptom Clusters as Predictors of 6-Year Increases in Insulin Resistance
Khambaty, T., Stewart, J. C., Muldoon, M. F., & Kamarck, T. W. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000063 · Cited by 49
“We used the 27-item version of the Ho Scale instead of the 50-item version because this version has been shown to be a stronger predictor of health outcomes (39).”
MethodExpectations of Racism and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in African American Women
Lewis, T. T., Lampert, R. J., Charles, D., & Katz, S. D. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000684 · Cited by 43
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Body Image in Chronic Illness—A Reconceptualization
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A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture in stable ischemic heart disease patients
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“81) [43].”
Predictors of Smoking Cessation in Patients With a Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease
Brummett, B. H., Babyak, M. A., Mark, D. B., Williams, R. B., Siegler, I. C., Clapp‐Channing, N. E., & Barefoot, J. C. (2002) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200205000-00003 · Cited by 44
Self-citationZhang, J., NIAURA, R. S., Dyer, J. R., Shen, B., Todaro, J. F., McCaffery, J. M., Spiro, A., & Ward, K. D. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000228343.89466.11 · Cited by 44
The Prospective Contribution of Hostility Characteristics to High Fasting Glucose Levels
Shen, B., Countryman, A. J., Spiro, A., & NIAURA, R. S. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1945 · Cited by 44
Trait Hostility, Perceived Stress, and Sleep Quality in a Sample of Normal Sleepers
Taylor, N. D., Fireman, G. D., & Levin, R. (2013) · Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1155/2013/735812 · Cited by 45
“For instance, Wilkinson [38] found no association between the aggressive responding subscale of the CookMedley Hostility Scale and coronary heart disease but did find the cynicism subscale to be predictive of health outcomes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhat Predicts Adjustment Among Law Students? A Longitudinal Panel Study
Pritchard, M. E., & McIntosh, D. N. (2003) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540309600427 · Cited by 43
The importance of examining blood pressure reactivity and recovery in anger provocation research
Anderson, J. C., Linden, W., & Habra, M. E. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.12.011 · Cited by 46
“Trait hostility has repeatedly been shown to relate to poorer prognosis for CVD (Barefoot et al., 1989), and has also been shown to relate to elevated SBP and stress reactivity (Smith and Houston, 1987).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality dimensions and measures potentially relevant to health: A focus on hostility
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., & Reise, S. P. (1995) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02903919 · Cited by 43
Hostility and registered sickness absences: a prospective study of municipal employees
Vahtera, J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Koskenvuo, M., & Pentti, J. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797004832 · Cited by 43
“In several prospective studies, hostility has been related to hospitalization and mortality in a variety of causes, at least among men (e.g. Barefoot et al. 1983, 1989; Shekelle et al. 1983; Romanov et al. 1994).”
BackgroundSocial cognition in Intermittent Explosive Disorder and aggression
Coccaro, E. F., Fanning, J. R., Keedy, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.010 · Cited by 42
“In the past decade, the results of only a small number of studies in adults have been published (i.e., Bailey and Ostrov, 2008; Barefoot et al., 1989; Basquill et al., 2004; Epps and Kendall, 1995; MacBrayer et al., 2003; Matthews and Norris, 2002; Miller and Lynam, 2006), mostly in college…”
BackgroundSalmoirago‐Blotcher, E., Rosman, L., Wittstein, I. S., DUNSIGER, S. I., Swales, H. H., Aurigemma, G. P., & Ockene, I. S. (2016) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.07.008 · Cited by 44
Pogosova, N., Saner, H., Pedersen, S. S., Cupples, M. E., Gee, H. M., Hofer, S., Doyle, F., Schmid, J. P., & VON, R. V. K. O. B. O. T. C. (2015) · Kardiologiia · doi:10.18565/cardio.2015.10.96-108 · Cited by 41
Hostility in Marital Dyads: Associations with Depressive Symptoms
Brummett, B. H., Barefoot, J. C., Feaganes, J. R., Yen, S., Bosworth, H. B., Williams, R. B., & Siegler, I. C. (2000) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1005424405056 · Cited by 42
“of item content ( Barefoot et al., 1989 ) led to the refinement of the full scale down to the 27-item shortened scale, which has been a better predictor of health outcomes than the full scale in some studies (Barefoot et al., 1989; Helmers et al., 1993).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBongard, S., Al’Absi, M., & Lovallo, W. R. (1998) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00095-0 · Cited by 41
A simple laboratory method for inducing anger
Engebretson, T. O., Sirota, A. D., NIAURA, R. S., Edwards, K., & Brown, W. A. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00012-4 · Cited by 42
“Accumulating studies indicate that hostility is positively associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) events in healthy populations and high CHD risk groups [3–9].”
BackgroundGender‐Related Traits and Health
Helgeson, V. S. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470753552.ch14 · Cited by 43
Burns, J. W., Post, K. M., Smith, D. A., Porter, L. S., Buvanendran, A., Fras, A. M., & Keefe, F. J. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001037 · Cited by 41
“The scale has demonstrated adequate psychometric qualities [3].”
BackgroundCynical hostility and stimulated Th1 and Th2 cytokine production
Janicki‐Deverts, D., Cohen, S., & Doyle, W. J. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.009 · Cited by 41
“This negative interpersonal dimension of hostility has been demonstrated by hostile persons scoring lower on measures of agreeableness, a positive social personality characteristic (Barefoot et al., 1989) and reporting lower levels of social support (Hardy and Smith, 1988; Scherwitz et al., 1991).”
InfluentialKjærvik, S. L., & Bushman, B. J. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102414 · Cited by 59
Bell, I. R., Howerter, A., JACKSON, N. J., Aickin, M. G., Baldwin, C. M., & Bootzin, R. R. (2010) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.03.013 · Cited by 40
“These cutoffs were determined by the study statistician using the mean scores computed from the first 1036 people screened for the study and are comparable to means published with similarly aged samples [32–35].”
MethodAldana, S. G., Whitmer, W. R., Greenlaw, R. L., et al. (2006) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445504267797 · Cited by 40
Relationship of cynical hostility and PTSD among Vietnam veterans
Kubany, E. S., Denny, N. R., Gino, A., & Torigoe, R. Y. (1994) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02111909 · Cited by 45
“For example, Barefoot et al. (1989) examined the mortality rates of 128 persons given the MMPI more than 25 years earlier as law students and found that the estimated risk of dying for a person who scored one standard deviation above the mean on the Ho scale was 5.54 times that of a person who scored one standard devi…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Dodge, K A
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1989-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-57
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995645776
- Cited by
- 825
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 25.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k04hd000806-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 36587, P01HL036587)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 70482)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (KO4 HD00806)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- hostility, MMPI, cynicism, hostile attribution, social avoidance, survival prediction, health outcomes, personality traits, lawyers, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Coronary Disease, Female, Hostility, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Personality Tests, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Type A Personality
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