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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the MMPI-based Cook and Medley hostility scale (Ho) as a predictor of health outcomes. To achieve a better understanding of the construct measured by this scale, Ho items were classified on an a priori basis. Six subsets were identified: Cynicism, Hostile Attributions, Hostile Affect, Aggressive Responding, Social Avoidance, and Other. Study 1 examined the correlations of these subsets with scales of the NEO Personality Inventory in two samples of undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated, but there was some evidence that items in the Social Avoidance and Other categories reflect constructs other than hostility. Study 2 examined the ability of the Ho scale and the item subsets to predict the 1985 survival of 118 lawyers who had completed the MMPI in 1956 and 1957. As in previous studies, those with high scores had poorer survival (chi 2 = 6.37, p = 0.012). Unlike previous studies, the relation between Ho scores and survival was linear. Cynicism, Hostile Affect, and Aggressive Responding subsets were related to survival, whereas the other subsets were not. The sum of the three predictive subsets, with a chi 2 of 9.45 (p = 0.002), was a better predictor than the full Ho scale, suggesting that it may be possible to refine the scale and achieve an even more effective measure of those aspects of hostility that are deleterious to health.
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“These discrepancies were largely reconciled when investigators decomposed hostility into 6 components and found that only some were predictive of earlier mortality.”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“In particular, aggressive responding, hostile affect, and cynicism predicted nearly 30-year all-cause mortality in lawyers, while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
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“Barefoot et al. (1989) demonstrated the convergent and discriminant validity of these subsets.”
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“[96] who demonstrated the convergent and discriminant validity of these subsets [97].”
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“These inventories included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) [Beck et al., 1996], and the trait versions of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) [Spielberger et al., 1970], the Cook–Medley Hostility Scale (CMHS) [Barefoot et al., 1989; Cook and Medley, 1954], and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS,…”
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“(48) demonstrated the convergent and discriminant validity of these subsets.”
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“This scale has been related to all-cause mortality ( 27 ).”
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Compare, A., Zarbo, C., Manzoni, G. M., Castelnuovo, G., Baldassari, E., Bonardi, A., Callus, E., & Romagnoni, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00384 · Cited by 157
Constructs, methods, and measures for researching spirituality in organizations
Heaton, D. P., Schmidt‐Wilk, J., & Travis, F. T. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534810410511305 · Cited by 160
Mindfulness and Other Buddhist-Derived Interventions in Correctional Settings: A Systematic Review
Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Slade, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.01.002 · Cited by 147
View of God as benevolent and forgiving or punishing and judgmental predicts HIV disease progression
Ironson, G. H., Stuetzle, R., Ironson, D., Balbin, E., Kremer, H., George, A., Schneiderman, N., & FLETCHER, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9314-z · Cited by 149
“Other personality dispositions, such as cynical hostility, or having an angry disposition, have repeatedly been predictive of mortality (Barefoot et al. 1989) and could be explored in future research.”
Jain, D., Burg, M. M., Soufer, R., & Zaret, B. L. (1995) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80796-6 · Cited by 140
Cynicism, social support, and cardiovascular reactivity.
Lepore, S. J. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.3.210 · Cited by 164
Physiologic Markers of Chronic Stress in Premenopausal, Middle-Aged Women
Powell, L. H., Lovallo, W. R., Matthews, K. A., Meyer, P., MIDGLEY, A. R., Baum, A. E., Stone, A. A., Underwood, L., McCann, J. J., Herro, K. J., et al. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00015 · Cited by 136
“The psychosocial measures included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale (31), the cynicism subscale of the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (32), the PHYSIOLOGIC MARKERS TO CHRONIC STRESS IN WOMEN”
MethodThe terrible twos--anger and anxiety: Hazardous to your health.
Suinn, R. M. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.1.27 · Cited by 153
“In a series of prospective studies, Barefoot and colleagues (Barefoot, 1989; Barefoot, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1983; Barefoot, Larsen, von der Lieth, & Schroll, 1995; Barefoot et al., 1987) demonstrated a significant association between CookMedley Hostility scale scores and cardiovascular disease…”
BackgroundBardwell, W. A., Profant, J., Casden, D. R., Dimsdale, J. E., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Natarajan, L., Rock, C. L., Pierce, J. P., & for the Women's Healthy Eating & Living (WHEL) Study Group (2007) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1192 · Cited by 136
“Other scales include MOS Social Support (9 items; a ¼ 0:93) [70]; social strain (four items from national surveys; a ¼ 0:71 [71]); life events (11 Alameda Co. Study items [72]); Life Orientation Test-Rev optimism (six items; a ¼ 0:79 [73]), Negative Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (NEE; seven items; a ¼ 0:64 [7…”
BackgroundSjögren, E., Leanderson, P., & Kristenson, M. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1303_2 · Cited by 135
“Cynicism was measured using a Swedish version (Cronbach α = 0.86) of a subscale from the Cook–Medley Hostility Scale ( Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Wiliams, 1989 ) and the Swedish version (Cronbach α = 0.95) of the Maastricht Questionnaire (Appels, Hoppener, & Mulder, 1987) was used to assess levels of vita…”
MethodInfluentialThe Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 148
Brissette, I. F., & Cohen, S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812011 · Cited by 135
“They also completed the 13-item cynicism scale of the Cook Medley Hostility Scale (Barefoot et al., 1989; Cook & Medley, 1954).”
BackgroundMethodBrisson, C., Laflamme, N., Moisan, J., Milot, A., Mâsse, B. R., & Vézina, M. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00013 · Cited by 134
The effects of mindfulness-based treatments for aggression: A critical review
Fix, R. L., & Fix, S. T. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.009 · Cited by 130
Psychosocial Factors At Work, Smoking, Sedentary Behavior, and Body Mass Index:
Brisson, C., Larocque, B., Moisan, J., V�zina, M., & Dagenais, G. R. (2000) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-200001000-00011 · Cited by 130
The short-term effects of a hostility-reduction intervention on male coronary heart disease patients
Gidron, Y., Davidson, K., & Bata, I. (1999) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.4.416 · Cited by 136
Schwartz, J. E., Pickering, T. G., & Landsbergis, P. A. (1996) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.1.3.287 · Cited by 169
Lipkus, I. M., Barefoot, J. C., Williams, R. B., & Siegler, I. C. (1994) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.13.2.149 · Cited by 132
Self-citationCardiorespiratory fitness and the metabolic syndrome in firefighters
Donovan, R., Nelson, T. L., Peel, J. L., Lipsey, T., Voyles, W. F., & Israel, R. G. (2009) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqp095 · Cited by 128
Metadata
- Authors
- Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Dodge, K A
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1989-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-57
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995645776
- Cited by
- 825
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 25.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k04hd000806-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 36587, P01HL036587)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 70482)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (KO4 HD00806)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- hostility, MMPI, cynicism, hostile attribution, social avoidance, survival prediction, health outcomes, personality traits, lawyers, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Coronary Disease, Female, Hostility, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Personality Tests, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Type A Personality
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