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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the MMPI-based Cook and Medley hostility scale (Ho) as a predictor of health outcomes. To achieve a better understanding of the construct measured by this scale, Ho items were classified on an a priori basis. Six subsets were identified: Cynicism, Hostile Attributions, Hostile Affect, Aggressive Responding, Social Avoidance, and Other. Study 1 examined the correlations of these subsets with scales of the NEO Personality Inventory in two samples of undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated, but there was some evidence that items in the Social Avoidance and Other categories reflect constructs other than hostility. Study 2 examined the ability of the Ho scale and the item subsets to predict the 1985 survival of 118 lawyers who had completed the MMPI in 1956 and 1957. As in previous studies, those with high scores had poorer survival (chi 2 = 6.37, p = 0.012). Unlike previous studies, the relation between Ho scores and survival was linear. Cynicism, Hostile Affect, and Aggressive Responding subsets were related to survival, whereas the other subsets were not. The sum of the three predictive subsets, with a chi 2 of 9.45 (p = 0.002), was a better predictor than the full Ho scale, suggesting that it may be possible to refine the scale and achieve an even more effective measure of those aspects of hostility that are deleterious to health.
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“These discrepancies were largely reconciled when investigators decomposed hostility into 6 components and found that only some were predictive of earlier mortality.”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“In particular, aggressive responding, hostile affect, and cynicism predicted nearly 30-year all-cause mortality in lawyers, while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
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“the subject’s negative view of humankind, depicting others as unworthy, deceitful, and selfish (50).”
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Self-citationBrondolo, E. N., Grantham, K. I., Karlin, W. A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014768 · Cited by 22
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“HO scores have regularly been found to be predictive of negative health outcomes ( Barefoot et al. 1983, 1989; Miller et al. 1996; Niaura et al. 2002).”
BackgroundSuchy‐Dicey, A. M., Eyituoyo, H. O., O’Leary, M. A., Cole, S. A., Traore, A., Verney, S. P., Howard, B. V., Manson, S. M., Buchwald, D., & Whitney, P. J. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02237-7 · Cited by 24
“Originally developed for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Cook-Medley hostility scale (Cook) [78, 79] consisted of 50 items, divided across 6 subscales (cynicism, hostile attributions, hostile affect, aggressive responding, social avoidance, and other) [77].”
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“As in Study 1, Barefoot's 13-item Cook–Medley Cynicism scale ( Barefoot et al., 1989 ) was used.”
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“AA African American; BMI body mass index; CVD cardiovascular disease; HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOST hostility; T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus; W white.”
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BackgroundPsychological Correlates of Mental Stress-induced Ischemia in the Laboratory
Ketterer, M. W., Freedland, K. E., Krantz, D. S., Kaufmann, P., Forman, S. A., Greene, A. F., Raczynski, J. M., Knatterud, G. L., Light, K., Carney, R. M., et al. (2000) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910530000500112 · Cited by 20
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“Psychological Assessment Study participants complete a battery of psychosocial measures that assesses: anger and hostility with the Speilberger Trait Anger Scale (31), the Speilberger Anger Expression Scale (32), and the Cook Medley Hostility Scale (33); quality of life (a secondary outcome) with the SF-36 (34); depre…”
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“(5) Cynicism is one of six subscales from the Hostility Scale, 44 reflecting a generally negative view of humanity, that depicts others as unworthy, deceitful, and selfish.”
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“problems, peer rejection, and victimization (Casey & Schlosser, 1994; Cole, Teti, & Zahn-Waxler, 2003; Eisenberg, Fabes, Nyman, Bernzweig, & Pineulas, 1994) to adult susceptibility to heart disease (e.g., Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1989 ).”
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“The results for these individuals support prior reports (Barefoot et al., 1989; Chida & Hamer, 2008; Iribarren et al., 2005; Iribarren et al., 2000; Suarez et al., 1998; Suarez & Williams, 1989, 1990) suggesting that higher cynicism, aggression, and hostility are related to greater cardiovascular risk and overall mort…”
ResultSense of Coherence Buffers Relationships of Chronic Stress with Fasting Glucose Levels
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“The Cook-Medley Hostility Index is comprised of 50 items and contains six subscales: cynicism, hostile affect, aggression, hostile attribution, social withdrawal, and other (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
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“This measure consisted of 13 items, rated as either true or false ( 44 ).”
BackgroundType A, Type D, Anger-Prone Behavior and Risk of Relapse in CHD Patients
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“The Cook– Medley Hostility Scale (Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1989) a 50-item subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shipman, 1965), measured hostility.”
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Luepker, R. V., & Lakshminarayan, K. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199218707.003.0059 · Cited by 15
Neuropsychological effects of hostility and pain on emotion perception
Mitchell, G. A., & Harrison, D. W. (2009) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390902889614 · Cited by 15
Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., Manuck, S. B., Haskett, R. F., Cheong, J., Flory, J. D., & Vella, E. J. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.01.005 · Cited by 14
“Potential participants were administered a screening instrument by phone which included items from the Cook—Medley and the Buss—Durkee hostility inventories (Barefoot et al., 1989; Buss and Durkee, 1957; Cook and Medley, 1954) and those in the top tertile on both of these instruments were selected, based upon a normat…”
van Montfort, E., Denollet, J., Widdershoven, J. W. M. G., & Kupper, N. H. M. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000433 · Cited by 15
The cognitive underpinnings of coronary-prone behaviors
Powell, L. H. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173485 · Cited by 15
“More recently it has been suggested that cynical mistrust accounts for the predictability of self-reported hostility ( Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1989 ), and antagonistic interpersonal style accounts for the predictability of interview-assessed hostility (Dembroski, MacDougall, Costa, & Grandits…”
BackgroundZhao, S. X., Tindle, H., Larson, J. C., Woods, N., Crawford, M. H., Hoover, V. J., Salmoirago-blotcher, E., Shadyab, A., Stefanick, M., & Perez, M. V. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.030030 · Cited by 10
Exploitative Leadership and Vertical Knowledge Withholding: Examining Multiple Mediational Effects
Khalid, K., & Aftab, S. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241238615 · Cited by 19
“To measure hostile attribution bias (Phase 2), 12 items from the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory developed by Barefoot et al. (1989) were used.”
Fortmann, A. L., Gallo, L. C., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Talavera, G. A., Elder, J. P., & Matthews, K. A. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9387-0 · Cited by 14
“Cynical hostility (negative beliefs and attitudes towards others), was measured using a six-item version [53] of the Cook– Medley cynicism subscale [54].”
MethodEverhart, D. E., Demaree, H. A., & Wuensch, K. L. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00171-4 · Cited by 14
Merjonen, P., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Lipsanen, J. O., Lehtimäki, T. J., Rontu, R., Viikari, J. S. A., Hintsanen, M., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2010) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01321.x · Cited by 14
Self-esteem stability, cynical hostility, and cardiovascular reactivity to challenge
Rasmussen, P. R., Willingham, J. K., & Glover, T. L. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00131-6 · Cited by 14
Wong, J. H. K., & Kelloway, E. K. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039900 · Cited by 13
Sexual objectification increases retaliatory aggression
Poon, K., & Jiang, Y. (2020) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21889 · Cited by 14
Hostile Mood and Social Strain During Daily Life: A Test of the Transactional Model
Vella, E. J., Kamarck, T. W., Flory, J. D., & Manuck, S. B. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9400-7 · Cited by 13
Shen, B., & Gau, J. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9598-z · Cited by 13
“Hostility A 13-item short Cook-Medley hostility scale [37] was used to assess the participant’s hostility.”
MethodTimková, V., Nagyová, I., Reijneveld, S. A., Tkáčová, R., van Dijk, J. P., & Bültmann, U. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318792080 · Cited by 14
“Feelings of hostility may be decreased by cognitive behavioural therapy (Seligman et al., 2005), controlled interventions and behavioural modifications (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialBurch, G. S. J., & Anderson, N. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.046 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Dodge, K A
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1989-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-57
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995645776
- Cited by
- 825
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 25.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k04hd000806-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 36587, P01HL036587)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 70482)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (KO4 HD00806)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- hostility, MMPI, cynicism, hostile attribution, social avoidance, survival prediction, health outcomes, personality traits, lawyers, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Coronary Disease, Female, Hostility, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Personality Tests, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Type A Personality
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