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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the MMPI-based Cook and Medley hostility scale (Ho) as a predictor of health outcomes. To achieve a better understanding of the construct measured by this scale, Ho items were classified on an a priori basis. Six subsets were identified: Cynicism, Hostile Attributions, Hostile Affect, Aggressive Responding, Social Avoidance, and Other. Study 1 examined the correlations of these subsets with scales of the NEO Personality Inventory in two samples of undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated, but there was some evidence that items in the Social Avoidance and Other categories reflect constructs other than hostility. Study 2 examined the ability of the Ho scale and the item subsets to predict the 1985 survival of 118 lawyers who had completed the MMPI in 1956 and 1957. As in previous studies, those with high scores had poorer survival (chi 2 = 6.37, p = 0.012). Unlike previous studies, the relation between Ho scores and survival was linear. Cynicism, Hostile Affect, and Aggressive Responding subsets were related to survival, whereas the other subsets were not. The sum of the three predictive subsets, with a chi 2 of 9.45 (p = 0.002), was a better predictor than the full Ho scale, suggesting that it may be possible to refine the scale and achieve an even more effective measure of those aspects of hostility that are deleterious to health.
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“These discrepancies were largely reconciled when investigators decomposed hostility into 6 components and found that only some were predictive of earlier mortality.”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“In particular, aggressive responding, hostile affect, and cynicism predicted nearly 30-year all-cause mortality in lawyers, while hostile attributions, social avoidance, and “other” hostile items did not [173].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [173]
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Xin, J., Gump, B. B., Maisto, S. A., Jorgensen, R. S., Bhatia, T. K., Phoha, V. V., & Salekin, A. (2024) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii63134.2024.00032
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“Negative emotional expressiveness [44] was measured with three items, and the total score ranged from one to five, where five indicated greater negative emotional expressiveness.”
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“This abbreviated version focuses on the core hostil - ity dimensions of cynicism, hostile affect, and aggressive responding, which have been shown to be most predictive of cardiovascular outcomes (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
InfluentialGedik, İ. A., & Kıngır, S. (2025) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
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Clausius, R. L. (2010) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Metadata
- Authors
- Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Dodge, K A
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1989-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-57
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995645776
- Cited by
- 825
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 25.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k04hd000806-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 36587, P01HL036587)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 70482)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (KO4 HD00806)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- hostility, MMPI, cynicism, hostile attribution, social avoidance, survival prediction, health outcomes, personality traits, lawyers, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Coronary Disease, Female, Hostility, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Personality Tests, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Type A Personality
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