Cited by 829Psychological Testing and AssessmentPersonality Traits and PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.

Barefoot, J C, Dodge, K A, Peterson, B L, Dahlstrom, W G, Williams, R B·1989·Psychosomatic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/00006842-198901000-00005

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Abstract

Previous studies have identified the MMPI-based Cook and Medley hostility scale (Ho) as a predictor of health outcomes. To achieve a better understanding of the construct measured by this scale, Ho items were classified on an a priori basis. Six subsets were identified: Cynicism, Hostile Attributions, Hostile Affect, Aggressive Responding, Social Avoidance, and Other. Study 1 examined the correlations of these subsets with scales of the NEO Personality Inventory in two samples of undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated, but there was some evidence that items in the Social Avoidance and Other categories reflect constructs other than hostility. Study 2 examined the ability of the Ho scale and the item subsets to predict the 1985 survival of 118 lawyers who had completed the MMPI in 1956 and 1957. As in previous studies, those with high scores had poorer survival (chi 2 = 6.37, p = 0.012). Unlike previous studies, the relation between Ho scores and survival was linear. Cynicism, Hostile Affect, and Aggressive Responding subsets were related to survival, whereas the other subsets were not. The sum of the three predictive subsets, with a chi 2 of 9.45 (p = 0.002), was a better predictor than the full Ho scale, suggesting that it may be possible to refine the scale and achieve an even more effective measure of those aspects of hostility that are deleterious to health.

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Method
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“This scale shares five items with the 9-item cynical distrust factor derived by Greenglass and Julkunen (1989) and six items with the 13-item cynicism scale derived by Barefoot et al. (1989) from the CookMedley Hostility scale.”
Method
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“The composite hostility scale (Chost), comprised of hostile affect, cynicism, and aggressive responding subscales from the Ho scale was used as the hostility assessment for the current study, since it has been found to be a better predictor of mortality (Barefoot et al., 1989), myocardial ischemia (Helmers et al.”
Method
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Self-citation
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“Such methods are the Relative Stress Scale (RSS) [2], Fear Survey Schedule (FSS) [3] and Cook-Medley Hostility Scale [4].”
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“Whereas interview ratings typically assess the behavioral aspects of hostility (Gallo & Matthews, 2003), self-report measures such as the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Cook & Medley, 1954) better assess the cognitive components (Barefoot et al., 1989; Smith & Frohm, 1985).”
Background
Effort-Reward Imbalance at Work and Psychological Distress
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“Other factors measured at the second interview: social support outside work (low 90, high = 0; range, 0Y11), using the 11-item subscale measuring emotional/informational support and positive social interaction from the validated Medical Outcomes Study social support survey (33); and three personality factors (alexithy…”
Method
Cardiac Profile and Disruptive Behavior in Boys at Risk for Delinquency
Pine, D. S., Wasserman, G. A., Coplan, J. D., STAGHEZZA, B. M., Davies, M., Fried, J. E., Greenhill, L. L., & Shaffer, D. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199607000-00007 · Cited by 35
“Although there are negative reports (8), at least four prospective studies have found that hostile or angry behavior predicts signs of ischemic disease over periods ranging from 3 to 28 years (1-7).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Hostility Scores Are Associated With Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Women Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Report from the NHLBI-Sponsored WISE Study
Olson, M. B., Krantz, D. S., Kelsey, S. F., Pepine, C. J., Sopko, G. S., Handberg, E. M., Rogers, W. J., Gierach, G. L., McClure, C. K., & Merz, C. N. B. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000170830.99263.4e · Cited by 36
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PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MARTIAL ARTISTS
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“A rational analysis of item content (34) has led to the refinement of the full scale down to 27 items that have been a better predictor of health outcomes in some studies ( 34 ,35).”
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“…Ho, SS Barefoot et al., 1983 [45] 255 25 MMPI, Ho, SS McCranie et al., 1986 [47] 478 25 MMPI, Ho, SS Leon et al., 1988 [46] 280 30 MMPI, Ho, SS Barefoot et al., 1989 [48] 118 28 MMPI, Ho, SS Hearn et al., 1989 [21] 1399 33 MMPI, Ho, SS Maruta et al., 1993 [49] 620 20 MMPI, Ho, SS Koskenvuo et…”
The Big Mush: Psychometric Measures are Confounded and Non-Independent in Their Association with Age at Initial Diagnosis of Ischaemic Coronary Heart Disease
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“…records) to confirm the presence or absence of stigmatized behaviours (e.g., alcohol/drug Barefoot Composite Index of the Cook–Medley Ho Scale 5.54 Barefoot et al., 1989 [8] Maastricht Questionnaire 1.39 Appels & Mulder, 1989 [7] Crown–Crisp Phobic 3.77 Haines et al., 1987 [13] Anxiety Scale…”
BackgroundInfluential
Hostility, aggression and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women
Lahad, A., Heckbert, S. R., Koepsell, T. D., Psaty, B. M., & Patrick, D. L. (1997) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00369-8 · Cited by 33
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“Similar results were obtained with a content-based subscale previously found to provide more precise prediction of health outcomes (7).”
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Life-style and hostility.
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Clinical implications of the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation : interrelationships between symptoms, psychosocial factors and cardiovascular outcomes
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“Psychosocial assessment included mea sures of hostility/cynicism [6,7], depression [8], trait anxiety and anger [9,10], panic scale [11], social networks [12], quality of life (QoL) [13] and symptom questionnaires [14,15].”
Background
Educational Psychology
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“The Cook-Medley Hostility Scale—item content and ability to predict survival.”
MethodInfluential
Relationship among low cholesterol levels, depressive symptoms, aggression, hostility, and cynicism
Sahebzamani, F. M., D’Aoust, R., Friedrich, D., Aiyer, A., Reís, S. E., & Kip, K. E. (2013) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2013.01.004 · Cited by 34
The population-based longitudinal Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study (CHASRS): Study description and predictors of attrition in older adults.
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“Additional analyses were conducted with the Barefoot and Finnish CMHS subscales (4,31,32).”
MethodInfluential
Socioeconomic Status and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: The Role of Social Cognitive Factors
Phillips, J. E., & Klein, W. M. P. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00295.x · Cited by 33
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“In addition, hostility was evaluated using the modified version of the Cook–Medley Hostility scale, a 27-item measure containing three subscales: cynicism, hostile affect and aggressive responding (Barefoot, Dodge, Peterson, Dahlstrom, & Williams, 1989 ).”
Method
Rationale, Design and Methods of the Ecological Study of Sexual Behaviors and HIV/STI among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Southeastern United States (The MARI Study)
Hickson, D. A., Truong, N. L., Smith-Bankhead, N., Sturdevant, N., Duncan, D. T., Schnorr, J., Gipson, J. A., & Mena, L. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143823 · Cited by 35
“Personality traits Anger [63], hostility [64], optimism [65], and resilience [66]”
Background
Association between serotonin transporter availability and hostility scores in healthy volunteers—A single photon emission computed tomography study with [123I] ADAM
Yang, Y. K., Yao, W. J., Yeh, T. L., Lee, I. H., Chen, K. C., & Lu, R. B. (2007) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.11.010 · Cited by 31
Cohort Profile: The PROspective Québec (PROQ) Study on Work and Health
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“The following covariables were also assessed: social support at work,(57) family responsibilities(58) and personality.(59,60) Several covariables were measured for the first time in the ongoing follow-up, including work-family conflicts, social participation, taking care of a sick or disabled parent and trust (toward…”
Relationship between personality and health symptoms: Use of the MMPI-2 in medical assessments
Arbisi, P. A., & Butcher, J. N. (2004) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 30
Hospitalization cost offset of a hostility intervention for coronary heart disease patients.
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Anger‐Related Traits and Response to Interpersonal Conflict Among New York City Traffic Agents1
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Role of hostility in women's health during midlife: A longitudinal study.
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Anger Expression Correlates With Platelet Aggregation
Wenneberg, S. R., Schneider, R. H., Walton, K. G., MacLean, C. R. K., Levitsky, D. K., Mandarino, J. V., Waziri, R., & Wallace, R. K. (1997) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.1997.10543551 · Cited by 30
Hostility and myocardial infraction in men
Meesters, C. M. G., & Smulders, J. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90025-6 · Cited by 30
Psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease in UK South Asian men and women
Williams, E. D., Steptoe, A., Chambers, J. C., & Kooner, J. S. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.084186 · Cited by 29
“Cronbach’s α scores for the LOT-R were 0.75 for whites but only 0.59 for South Asians. The Cook–Medley Hostility Scale was also administered (Cronbach α = 0.81).”
MethodInfluential
Anger, Harassment, and Cardiovascular Reactivity Among Chinese and Indian Men in Singapore
Bishop, G. D., & Robinson, G. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200009000-00013 · Cited by 29
Increasing constructive anger verbal behavior decreases resting blood pressure: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled hostility intervention
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Lack of independent relationships between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular reactivity to physical and psychological stress in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
Markovitz, J. H. (1996) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00149-5 · Cited by 29
Can Psychological Factors Account for a Lack of Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping?
Linden, W., Klassen, K., & Phillips, M. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9069-0 · Cited by 28
“High scores on the abbreviated 27-item version, used in this study, have been linked to poor cardiac outcome [28].”
Method
The ABCs of Trait Anger, Psychological Distress, and Disease Severity in HIV
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“Although this is the first study to demonstrate the multidimensionality of this trait in HIV-infected persons, others have demonstrated the affective, behavioral and cognitive dimensions of this trait in non-clinical samples (15, 76, 77).”
Background
Socioeconomic status, psychosocial resources and risk, and cardiometabolic risk in Mexican-American women.
Gallo, L. C., Fortmann, A. L., Roesch, S. C., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Elder, J. P., Monteros, K. E. D. L., Shivpuri, S., Mills, P. J., Talavera, G. A., & Matthews, K. A. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025689 · Cited by 28
Stress management in the workplace for employees with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial
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MMPI‐2 profiles of Gulf and Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
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Influential
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Background
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“Cook-Medley Hostility Scale.”
MethodInfluential
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“This scale has been demonstrated as a good predictor of CHD and has acceptable validity and reliability (Barefoot et al. 1989).”
Hostility and Platelet Reactivity in Individuals Without a History of Cardiovascular Disease Events
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“(23) found aggressive responding, cynicism, and hostile affect were each significantly related to ageadjusted survival.”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B.
Affiliations: Duke Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Dodge, K A
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1989-01
Volume: 51
Issue: 1
Pages: 46-57
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-198901000-00005
OpenAlex: W1995645776
Cited by: 825
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5k04hd000806-05)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 36587, P01HL036587)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 70482)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (KO4 HD00806)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: hostility, MMPI, cynicism, hostile attribution, social avoidance, survival prediction, health outcomes, personality traits, lawyers, construct validity
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Coronary Disease, Female, Hostility, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Personality Tests, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Type A Personality

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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.

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