Cited by 829Psychological Testing and AssessmentPersonality Traits and PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.

Barefoot, J C, Dodge, K A, Peterson, B L, Dahlstrom, W G, Williams, R B·1989·Psychosomatic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/00006842-198901000-00005

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Abstract

Previous studies have identified the MMPI-based Cook and Medley hostility scale (Ho) as a predictor of health outcomes. To achieve a better understanding of the construct measured by this scale, Ho items were classified on an a priori basis. Six subsets were identified: Cynicism, Hostile Attributions, Hostile Affect, Aggressive Responding, Social Avoidance, and Other. Study 1 examined the correlations of these subsets with scales of the NEO Personality Inventory in two samples of undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated, but there was some evidence that items in the Social Avoidance and Other categories reflect constructs other than hostility. Study 2 examined the ability of the Ho scale and the item subsets to predict the 1985 survival of 118 lawyers who had completed the MMPI in 1956 and 1957. As in previous studies, those with high scores had poorer survival (chi 2 = 6.37, p = 0.012). Unlike previous studies, the relation between Ho scores and survival was linear. Cynicism, Hostile Affect, and Aggressive Responding subsets were related to survival, whereas the other subsets were not. The sum of the three predictive subsets, with a chi 2 of 9.45 (p = 0.002), was a better predictor than the full Ho scale, suggesting that it may be possible to refine the scale and achieve an even more effective measure of those aspects of hostility that are deleterious to health.

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Background
A prospective study on personality and the cortisol awakening response to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms in response to military deployment
van Zuiden, M., Kavelaars, A., Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Heijnen, C. J., & Geuze, E. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.013 · Cited by 82
Internalized racism, body fat distribution, and abnormal fasting glucose among African-Caribbean women in Dominica, West Indies.
Butler, C., Tull, E. S., Chambers, E. C., & Taylor, J. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 75
Religious motivation and cardiovascular reactivity among middle aged adults: is being pro-religious really that good for you?
Masters, K. S., & Knestel, A. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9352-6 · Cited by 77
“…of materials including a brief consent form, the Age Universal Intrinsic/ Extrinsic—Revised scale (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989), 27-item Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Barefoot et al., 1989), and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) along with a postage paid return address envelope.”
MethodInfluential
The relationship of racism to appraisals and coping in a community sample.
Brondolo, E. N., Thompson, S., Brady, N., Appel, R., Cassells, A. N., Tobin, J. N., & Sweeney, M. M. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 74
Interpersonal Circumplex Descriptions of Psychosocial Risk Factors for Physical Illness: Application to Hostility, Neuroticism, and Marital Adjustment
Smith, T. W., Traupman, E. K., Uchino, B. N., & Berg, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00641.x · Cited by 74
Personality and physical health: toward an ecological approach to health-related personality research
Heck, G. L. V. (1997) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199712)11:5 · Cited by 79
Healing Touch With Guided Imagery for PTSD in Returning Active Duty Military: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Jain, S., McMahon, G. F., Hasen, P., Kozub, M. P., Porter, V., King, R. P., & Guarneri, E. M. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00290 · Cited by 74
“Finally, we utilized the reliable and valid Cook– Medley Hostility Inventory, to measure the derived scales of hostile affect, cynicism, and aggressive responding.(25)”
Method
Negative affect, gender, and expressive style predict elevated ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents.
Ewart, C. K., & Kolodner, K. B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.3.596 · Cited by 82
Cynical Hostility, Depressive Symptoms, and the Expression of Inflammatory Risk Markers for Coronary Heart Disease
Miller, G. E., Freedland, K. E., Carney, R. M., Stetler, C., & Banks, W. A. (2003) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1026273817984 · Cited by 75
Childhood abuse is associated with adiposity in midlife women: possible pathways through trait anger and reproductive hormones
Midei, A. J., Matthews, K. A., & Bromberger, J. T. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181cb5c24 · Cited by 72
“The Cook-Medley Hostility Scale had strong test-retest reliability over 3 yrs (0.88) in a sample of postmenopausal women (43) and was shown to predict visceral adipose tissue in postmenopausal women (44).”
BackgroundInfluential
Socioeconomic Status and Improvements in Lifestyle, Coronary Risk Factors, and Quality of Life: The Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program
Govil, S. R., Weidner, G., Merritt-Worden, T. A., & Ornish, D. M. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.132852 · Cited by 80
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Affective Correlates of the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale
Pope, M. K., Smith, T. W., & Rhodewalt, F. T. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674015 · Cited by 79
Markers of Inflammation in Midlife Women with Intimate Partner Violence Histories
Newton, T. L., Fernandez-Botrán, R., Miller, J. J., Lorenz, D. J., Burns, V. E., & Fleming, K. N. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.2788 · Cited by 74
Video-Based Coping Skills to Reduce Health Risk and Improve Psychological and Physical Well-Being in Alzheimer's Disease Family Caregivers
Williams, V. P., Bishop, L., Lane, J. D., Gwyther, L. P., Ballard, E. L., Vendittelli, A., Hutchins, T. C., & Williams, R. B. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181fc2d09 · Cited by 78
Self-citation
Lifetime racial/ethnic discrimination and ambulatory blood pressure: The moderating effect of age.
Moody, D. L. B., Waldstein, S. R., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., Schwartz, J. E., & Brondolo, E. N. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000270 · Cited by 72
Assessing Hostile Automatic Thoughts: Development and Validation of the HAT Scale
Snyder, C. R. R., Crowson, J. J., Houston, B. K., Kurylo, M. F., & Poirier, J. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021988511695 · Cited by 73
What Does the Cook‐Medley Hostility Scale Measure? In Search of an Adequate Measurement Model1
Contrada, R. J., & Jussim, L. J. (1992) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00993.x · Cited by 70
Social relationships and negative emotional traits are associated with central adiposity and arterial stiffness in healthy adolescents.
Midei, A. J., & Matthews, K. A. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014214 · Cited by 74
Heart Rate, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Reactivity in Response to an Acute Laboratory Stressor
Larson, M. R., Ader, R., & Moynihan, J. A. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200105000-00020 · Cited by 69
“For the present study, the CHOST score (46) was used in place of the overall CookMedley score because it is thought to more accurately tap the dimension of hostility and to more strongly correlate with HR reactivity (47) than does the overall score.”
Method
Personality as a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review
Mommersteeg, P. M. C., & Pouwer, F. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.08.019 · Cited by 87
“Hostility is the tendency to experience anger or aggression [46].”
Background
Personality and Health
Wiebe, D. J., & Smith, T. W. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50035-4 · Cited by 69
Poor Physical Health Predicts Time to Additional Breast Cancer Events and Mortality in Breast Cancer Survivors
Saquib, N., Pierce, J. P., Saquib, J., Flatt, S., Natarajan, L., Bardwell, W., Patterson, R. E., Stefanick, M., Thomson, C., Rock, C. L., et al. (2011) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1742 · Cited by 73
“74)[23].”
Anger expression and risk of coronary heart disease: Evidence from the Nova Scotia Health Survey
Davidson, K. W., & Mostofsky, E. (2010) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.11.007 · Cited by 70
Antagonistic Behavior, Dominance, Hostility, and Coronary Heart Disease
Siegman, A. W., Townsend, S. T., Civelek, A., & Blumenthal, R. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200003000-00017 · Cited by 68
“(21), who conducted a rational analysis of the Ho scale items, identified the following four components: cynicism-mistrust, hostile attributions, hostile affect, and aggressive responding.”
BackgroundInfluential
Hostility, health, and social contexts.
Smith, T. W., & Christensen, A. J. (1992) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10105-002 · Cited by 67
Associations of Depressive Symptoms, Trait Hostility, and Gender With C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 Response After Emotion Recall
Brummett, B. H., Boyle, S. H., Ortel, T. L., Becker, R. C., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d2f104 · Cited by 69
“The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Defensive hostility: Relationship to multiple markers of cardiac ischemia in patients with coronary disease.
Helmers, K. F., Krantz, D. S., Merz, C. N. B., Klein, J., Kop, W. J., Gottdiener, J. S., & 叶桂香 (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.3.202 · Cited by 73
Psychological Factors Affecting Physical Condition
Goldstein, M. G., & NIAURA, R. S. (1992) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(92)71989-6 · Cited by 64
Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure among female white-collar workers
Laflamme, N., Brisson, C., Moisan, J., Milot, A., Mâsse, B. R., & Vézina, M. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.353 · Cited by 65
Une adaptation française du STAXI-2, inventaire de colère-trait et de colère-état de C.D. Spielberger
Borteyrou, X., Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., & Spielberger, C. D. (2008) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2007.06.001 · Cited by 65
Constructive anger verbal behavior predicts blood pressure in a population-based sample.
Davidson, K. W., MacGregor, M. W., Stuhr, J., Dixon, K. E., & MacLean, D. R. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.1.55 · Cited by 75

Authors: Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B.
Affiliations: Duke Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Dodge, K A
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1989-01
Volume: 51
Issue: 1
Pages: 46-57
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-198901000-00005
OpenAlex: W1995645776
Cited by: 825
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5k04hd000806-05)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 36587, P01HL036587)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 70482)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (KO4 HD00806)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: hostility, MMPI, cynicism, hostile attribution, social avoidance, survival prediction, health outcomes, personality traits, lawyers, construct validity
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Coronary Disease, Female, Hostility, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Personality Tests, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Type A Personality

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The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.

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