The Big Consequences of Small Discrepancies: Why Racial Differences in Pulse Oximetry Errors Matter
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several health organizations and healthcare professionals have raised growing concerns about the clinical accuracy of pulse oximetry in dark-skinned patients, particularly in detecting occult hypoxemia.
“Due to this increasing evidence, several health organizations and healthcare professionals have raised growing concerns about the clinical accuracy of pulse oximetry in dark-skinned patients [20,57,58,59,60,61], particularly in detecting occult hypoxemia [54,55].”
From Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113 · Cited by 2,486 · see citing works
Racial bias in pulse oximetry measurement
Sjoding, M. W., Dickson, R. P., Iwashyna, T. J., Gay, S. E., & Valley, T. S. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2029240 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Pulse oximetry: Understanding its basic principles facilitates appreciation of its limitations
Chan, E. D., Chan, M. M., & Chan, M. M. (2013) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.02.004 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Effects of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation
Bickler, P. E., Feiner, J. R., & Severinghaus, J. W. (2005) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200504000-00004 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Feiner, J. R., Severinghaus, J. W., & Bickler, P. E. (2007) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000285988.35174.d9 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Jubran, A., & Tobin, M. J. (1990) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.97.6.1420 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Wong, A.-K. I., Charpignon, M., Kim, H., Josef, C., de Hond, A. A. H., Fojas, J. J., Tabaie, A., Liu, X., Mireles-Cabodevila, E., Carvalho, L., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31674 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Acosta, A. M., Garg, S., Pham, H., WHITAKER, M. D., Anglin, O., O’Halloran, A. C., Milucky, J., Patel, K., Taylor, C. A., Wortham, J. M., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30479 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Henry, N. R., Hanson, A. C., Schulte, P. J., Warner, N. S., Manento, M. N., Weister, T. J., & Warner, M. A. (2022) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005394 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Reliability of noninvasive oximetry in black subjects during exercise and hypoxia
Zeballos, R. J., & Weisman, I. M. (1991) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/144.6.1240 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Effect of skin pigmentation on pulse oximetry accuracy in the emergency department
Adler, J. N., Hughes, L. A., Vtvilecchia, R., & Jr., C. A. C. (1998) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02772.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Wiles, M. D., El‐Nayal, A., Elton, G., Malaj, M., Winterbottom, J., Gillies, C., Moppett, I. K., & Bauchmuller, K. (2022) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15581 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [8]Valbuena VSM, Barbaro RP, Claar D,: Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement Among Patients About to Undergo ECMO in 2019–2020, A Retrospective Cohort Study [Internet]. Chest 2021; Available from: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.09.025 PMC9005857 34592317 · DOI
- [14]National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,: Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017. 28418632
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cabanas, A. M., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., Latorre, K., León, D., & Martín-Escudero, P. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22093402 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Haxha, S., Nwibor, C., Ali, M., Sakel, M., Saunders, K., Dyo, V., & Nabakooza, S. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24113301 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Holder, A. L., & Wong, A.-K. I.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Critical Care Medicine
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 335-337
- ISSN
- 0090-3493 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8887789
- OpenAlex
- W4210264846
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Critical Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (K23GM137182)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- pulse oximetry, racial disparities, hypoxemia detection, intensive care
- MeSH terms
- Race Factors, Oximetry, Oxygen
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
