Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders

Lawson, Rachel A.; Papadakis, Alison A.; Higginson, Christopher I.; Barnett, Jeffrey E.; Wills, Meagan C.; Strang, John F.; Wallace, Gregory L.; Kenworthy, Lauren

doi:10.1037/neu0000145

Cited by 169Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders

Lawson, Rachel A., Papadakis, Alison A., Higginson, Christopher I., Barnett, Jeffrey E., Wills, Meagan C., Strang, John F., Wallace, Gregory L., Kenworthy, Lauren·2015·Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1037/neu0000145

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both have psychiatric comorbidities and distinctive profiles of executive dysfunction. Although there is evidence that executive function (EF) plays a role in the expression of specific behaviors and psychiatric symptoms, it is not known whether specific EF deficits in ASD and ADHD may be pathways to comorbidities in the disorders. This study examines whether parent reported problems with flexibility in ASD and inhibition in ADHD mediate the disorders' associations with anxiety/depression and oppositional/aggressive behavior, respectively. METHOD: Parent report data from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were obtained for 125 children (70 ASD, 55 ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive or Combined type) as part of a neuropsychological assessment. Diagnostic status, BRIEF Shift (shifting/flexibility) and Inhibit (behavioral inhibition) scale scores, and CBCL Anxious/Depressed (anxiety/depression) and Aggressive Behavior (oppositionality/aggression) scale scores were analyzed with a path analysis to investigate the relation of flexibility and inhibition to comorbid symptoms in children with ASD and ADHD. RESULTS: In a path model with good fit ASD predicted greater inflexibility which predicted greater anxiety/depression, while ADHD predicted greater disinhibition that predicted greater aggression, consistent with our mediational hypotheses. Unexpectedly, the greater inflexibility associated with ASD also predicted greater aggression. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the importance of everyday EF problems in ASD and ADHD as predictors of comorbid psychopathology and as crucial intervention targets for potential prevention and mitigation of comorbid symptoms.

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Set-shifting and inhibition predicted internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in ASD and ADHD.
“set-shifting and inhibition predicted internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in ASD and ADHD (Lawson et al., 2015).”
From Data‐driven identification of subtypes of executive function across typical development, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders (2020) · cites this paper as Lawson et al., 2015
Difficulties with habituation and flexibility, associated with disrupted integration between mPFC and limbic regions, can be treated directly with benefits for anxiety and depression.
“Difficulties with habituation and flexibility, associated with disrupted integration between mPFC and limbic regions, can also be treated directly with benefits for anxiety and depression (Kenworthy et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015; Wallace et al., 2016).”
From Sensory, emotional and cognitive contributions to anxiety in autism spectrum disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Lawson et al., 2015
CI has been associated with self- and parent-reported depression in autistic individuals in several studies.
“as several studies have found CI to be associated with self and parent-reported depression in autistic individuals (Gabrys et al., 2018; Hollocks et al., 2014, 2022a, 2022b; Lawson et al., 2015).”
From Investigating the Effects of Transdiagnostic Processes on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Autistic Young People: the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation. (2025) · cites this paper as Lawson et al., 2015

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The role of bilingual interactional contexts in predicting interindividual variability in executive functions: A latent variable analysis.
Hartanto, A., & Yang, H. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000672 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…(e.g., Davis, Marra, Najafzadeh, & Liu-Ambrose, 2010; Riggs, Spruijt-Metz, Sakuma, Chou, & Pentz, 2010; Will Crescioni et al., 2011), mental health (Lawson et al., 2015; Paelecke-Habermann, Pohl, & Leplow, 2005), preacademic skills among preschoolers (Fitzpatrick, McKinnon, Blair, & Willoughby,…”
Explicit vs applied theory of mind competence: a comparison of typically developing males, males with ASD, and males with ADHD
Hutchins, T. L., Prelock, P. A., Morris, H., Benner, J., LaVigne, T., & Hoza, B. (2016) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.10.004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Executive Function Training for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Shuai, L., Daley, D., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Kong, Y., Tan, X., & Ji, N. (2017) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.200541 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“These indicated that a wide variety of EF skills were improved in child’s real daily life, which were very important since the everyday EF problems were predictors of comorbid psychopathology.[54,59]”
Background
Is cognitive inflexibility a missing link? The role of cognitive inflexibility, alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty in externalising and internalising behaviours in young people with autism spectrum disorder
Ozsivadjian, A., Hollocks, M. J., Magiati, I., Happé, F., Baird, G., & Absoud, M. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13295 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Socio-emotional determinants of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908101 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Anhedonia as a transdiagnostic symptom across psychological disorders: a network approach
Guineau, M. G., Ikani, N., Rinck, M., Collard, R. M., van Eijndhoven, P., Tendolkar, I., Schene, A. H., Becker, E. S., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000575 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…vulnerability factors (e.g. attentional difficulties, selective attention bias, or negative memory bias to all emotional cues; Antshel et al., 2016; Lawson et al., 2015) serve as a symptom cluster bridging symptoms related to MDD with those related to neurodevelopmental disorders, making ASD…”
Longitudinal Examination of Everyday Executive Functioning in Children With ASD: Relations With Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning Over Time
Vogan, V. M., Leung, R. C., Safar, K., Martinussen, R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01774 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…of planning and cognitive/behavioral flexibility (Gioia et al., 2002; Hill, 2004; Kenworthy et al., 2005; Rosenthal et al., 2013), but also in task initiation (Bramham et al., 2009), working memory (Andersen et al., 2015b), self-monitoring (Russell, 2002), and inhibition (Lemon et al., 2011).”
Background
The Flexibility Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Cognitive Flexibility Measure in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Strang, J. F., Anthony, L. G., Yerys, B. E., Hardy, K. K., Wallace, G. L., Armour, A. C., Dudley, K., & Kenworthy, L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3152-y · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Parental ratings of daily behavior and child cognitive test performance after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury
Donders, J., & DeWit, C. (2016) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1161015 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…for primary hypertension in adolescents resulted in changes between baseline and 12-month follow-up on the BRIEF but not on the CBCL. Finally, Lawson et al. (2015) present evidence that BRIEF ratings of inflexibility mediate the relationship between autism spectrum disorder and anxiety/…”
Background
Executive Function in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis of fMRI Studies
Zhang, Z., Peng, P., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04461-z · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mice lacking cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 manifest autistic and ADHD-like behaviors
Jhang, C.-L., Huang, T., Hsueh, Y., & Liao, W. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx279 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“motor planning, decision-making and behavioral inhibition) (32), a function predominantly modulated by the striatum, the major input nucleus of the basal ganglia.”
Background
Development of the gut microbiota in healthy children in the first ten years of life: associations with internalizing and externalizing behavior
Ou, Y., Belzer, C., Smidt, H., & de Weerth, C. (2022) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2038853 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“As described earlier, distinct behavioral issues can co-occur and even predict the opposite one in the same child; this does not only work for MDD but also for ASD which is often accompanied by greater aggression.(78) Given the complexity of mental problems, the associations of Phascolarctobacterium and Alistipes with…”
Background
Exploring the impact of adolescent cognitive inflexibility on emotional and behavioural problems experienced by autistic adults
Hollocks, M. J., Charman, T., Baird, G., Lord, C., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211046160 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…emotional and behavioural difficulties experienced by autistic people is supported by a limited literature showing similar associations in children, adolescents, and young adults both with (Visser et al., 2015) and without (Lawson et al., 2015; Wallace et al., 2016) mild intellectual disability.”
BackgroundResult
Putative Brain Networks Underlying Repetitive Negative Thinking and Comorbid Internalizing Problems in Autism
Burrows, C. A., Timpano, K. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616683506 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Specifically, cognitive inflexibility, and insistence on sameness have also been associated with elevated internalizing problems in ASD (Hollocks et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015; Rodgers, Glod, Connolly, & McConachie, 2012).”
Background
Assessment and Treatment of Executive Function Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wallace, G. L., Yerys, B. E., Peng, C. S., Dlugi, E., Anthony, L. G., & Kenworthy, L. E. (2016) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2016.07.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotion regulation and executive function: Associations with depression and anxiety in autism
Conner, C. M., Elias, R., Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2023) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102103 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cognitive Function of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Difficulties
Huang, F., Sun, L., Qian, Y., Liu, L., Ma, Q., Yang, L., Cheng, J. R., Cao, Q., Su, Y., Gao, Q., et al. (2016) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.187861 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“[30] However, the importance of everyday EF problems in ADHD was emphasized since they were predictors of comorbid psychopathology[31]”
Background
Adding the missing voice: How self-report of autistic youth self-report on an executive functioning rating scale compares to parent report and that of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or neurotypical development
Kenworthy, L. E., Verbalis, A. D., Bascom, J., daVanport, S., Strang, J. F., Pugliese, C. E., Freeman, A. J., Jeppsen, C., Armour, A. C., Jost, G. M., et al. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211029117 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“, 2015) and in autistic people in particular (Hollocks et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015; Wallace et al., 2016; Zimmerman et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Examining the relationship between cognitive inflexibility and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in autistic children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lei, J., Charman, T., Leigh, E., Russell, A., Mohamed, Z., & Hollocks, M. J. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2826 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Overall, many studies found that the parent/teacher reported CI significantly correlated with greater symptoms of anxiety (Dieckhaus et al., 2021; Lawson et al., 2015; Uljarevi c et al., 2022; Vogan et al., 2018), depression (Gardiner & Iarocci, 2018; Lawson et al., 2015; Lieb & Bohnert, 2017) and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Gaining Insights into Aggressive Behaviour in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Latent Profile Analysis
Sullivan, M. O., Gallagher, L., & Heron, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04129-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits in the US Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kalb, L. G., Vasa, R. A., Ballard, E. D., Woods, S. W., Goldstein, M. A., & Wilcox, H. C. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2820-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Other challenges faced by children with ASD include elopement, sensory processing and executive function difficulties, and lack of danger perception (Cavalari and Romanczyk 2012; Anderson et al. 2012; Lawson et al. 2015; Iannuzzi et al. 2014).”
Background
How and Why is Autism Spectrum Disorder Misdiagnosed in Adult Patients? - From Diagnostic Problem to Management for Adjustment -
Takara, K., & Kondo, T. (2015) · Mental Health in Family Medicine · doi:10.25149/1756-8358.1102011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Various backgrounds should be taken into consideration when treating depressed adults with ASD, such as past negative experiences bullying [14,88], interpersonal friction [14, 16, 21, 89], and school maladjustment [14, 90]), psychological vulnerability (loneliness [89, 91], lowered self-esteem [87, 91 92], poor emotio…”
Background
Maternal Urinary Fluoride and Child Neurobehavior at Age 36 Months
Malin, A. J., Eckel, S. P., Hu, H., Martinez-Mier, E. A., Hernandez‐Castro, I., Yang, T., Farzan, S. F., Habre, R., Breton, C. V., & Bastain, T. M. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11987 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Associations Between Sleep and Externalizing and Internalizing Problems in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Dimakos, J., Gauthier-Gagné, G., Lin, L., Scholes, S., & Gruber, R. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.08.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Temperament and Self‐Regulation
Galehouse, P. J., & Foley, M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118704660.ch2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Emotional dysregulation and uncertainty intolerance as transdiagnostic mediators of anxiety in adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability
Sáez-Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D., del Pozo Armentia, A., & Dattilo, J. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103784 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of therapeutic recreation on adults with ASD and ID: a preliminary randomized control trial
García-Villamisar, D. A., Dattilo, J., & Muela, C. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12320 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Middle‐childhood executive functioning mediates associations between early‐childhood autism symptoms and adolescent mental health, academic and functional outcomes in autistic children
Ameis, S. H., Haltigan, J. D., Lyon, R. E., Sawyer, A., Mirenda, P., Kerns, C. M., Smith, I. M., Vaillancourt, T., Volden, J., Waddell, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13493 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“BRIEF-measured set-shifting has also been found to mediate the relation between ASD (vs. ADHD) diagnostic status and anxious/depressed behaviors in a cross-sectional study of children and youth (Lawson et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Real-world executive functioning for autistic children in school and home settings
Tschida, J. E., & Yerys, B. E. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211041189 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Characterising the Profile of Everyday Executive Functioning and Relation to IQ in Adults with Williams Syndrome: Is the BRIEF Adult Version a Valid Rating Scale?
Hocking, D. R., Reeve, J. L., & Porter, M. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137628 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Greater Individual Variability in Functional Brain Activity during Working Memory Performance in young people with Autism and Executive Function Impairment
Hawco, C. S., Yoganathan, L., Voineskos, A. N., Lyon, R. E., Tan, T., Daskalakis, Z. J., Blumberger, D. M., Croarkin, P. E., Lai, M., Szatmári, P., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102260 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“, 2008), are associated with mental health symptoms (Lawson et al., 2015), adaptive functioning (Bertollo and Yerys, 2019; Gilotty et al.”
Measuring Integrated Novel Dimensions in Neurodevelopmental and Stress-Related Mental Disorders (MIND-SET): Protocol for a Cross-sectional Comorbidity Study From a Research Domain Criteria Perspective
van Eijndhoven, P., Collard, R. M., Vrijsen, J. N., Geurts, D. E. M., Vásquez, A. A., Schellekens, A., van den Munckhof, E., Brolsma, S. C. A., Duyser, F. A., Bergman, M. A., et al. (2021) · JMIRx Med · doi:10.2196/31269 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In individuals with ASD, there is some evidence that poorer executive functioning (and greater behavioral inflexibility) predicts greater anxiety and depression [48,65].”
Background
Mild-to-Moderate Gestational Iodine Deficiency Processing Disorder
Hay, I., Hynes, K., & Burgess, J. R. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11091974 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“These executive function processing difficulties are also linked to working memory capacity difficulties with individuals with ASD having slower reaction time and a higher rate of perseveration when responding to questions [84].”
Background
Leveraging technology to make parent training more accessible: Randomized trial of in-person versus online executive function training for parents of autistic children
Kenworthy, L. E., Childress, D., Armour, A. C., Verbalis, A. D., Zhang, A., Troxel, M., Handsman, R., Kocher, K., Myrick, Y., Werner, M. A., et al. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221111212 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“It also drives negative child outcomes that put extra strain on parents, such as poor adaptive skills (Pugliese et al., 2016), and co-occurring psychopathology (Lawson et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Lagging skills contribute to challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability
Maddox, B. B., Cleary, P., Kuschner, E. S., Miller, J. S., Armour, A. C., Guy, L., Kenworthy, L. E., Schultz, R. T., & Yerys, B. E. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317712651 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“This study demonstrates that impairments in emotion regulation and executive function may particularly contribute to challenging behaviors in school-age children with ASD without ID, which is consistent with recent research (Lawson et al., 2015; Patel et al., 2016; Samson et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Exploring the neurocognitive correlates of challenging behaviours in young people with autism spectrum disorder
Leno, V. C., Vitoratou, S., Kent, R. G., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Jones, C. R. G., Happe, F. G. E., Baird, G., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318769176 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Correspondingly, aggressive behaviour in children with ASD is associated with parent-143 reported inattention and hyperactivity (Hill et al., 2014) and inflexibility (Lawson et al., 2015; Visser et al., 2014).”
Background
A Prospective Open-Label Pilot Study of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in High-Functioning Autistic Patients with a Dysexecutive Syndrome
Rothärmel, M., Moulier, V., Vasse, M., Isaac, C., Faerber, M., Bendib, B., Miréa-Grivel, I., Opolczynski, G., Rosier, A., & Guillin, O. (2019) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000501025 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Executive Function in Autism: Association with ADHD and ASD Symptoms
Lee, R. R., Ward, A. R., Lane, D. M., Aman, M. G., Loveland, K. A., Mansour, R., & Pearson, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04852-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Exergaming to Improve Physical and Mental Fitness in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Pilot Study
Hilton, C. L. (2015) · International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine · doi:10.23937/2469-5718/1510017 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Findings from a study of 70 children and adolescents between age 6 and 16 years diagnosed with ASD by Lawson and associates [34] indicate EF problems as a predictor of comorbid psychopathology (anxiety/depression and aggression/oppositionality) and as crucial intervention targets for potential prevention and mitigatio…”
Background
Atypical core-periphery brain dynamics in autism
Roy, D., & Uddin, L. Q. (2021) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00181 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Interestingly, both cross-sectional and longitudinal data support the increased segregation-with-maturation and decrease thereafter story (Baum et al., 2017; Dajani et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2015; Keown et al., 2017; Lawson et al., 2015).”
Background
Inhibition in developmental disorders: A comparison of inhibition profiles between children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and comorbid symptom presentation
Cremone‐Caira, A., Trier, K. A., Sanchez, V., Kohn, B. H., Gilbert, R. K., & Faja, S. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320955107 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The domains of EF affected among individuals with developmental disorders vary: relative to typically developing (TD) children, children with ASD often have difficulty with set-shifting abilities, whereas working memory and inhibition are characteristically impaired among children with ADHD (Antshel et al., 2016; Geur…”
BackgroundInfluential
Investigating longitudinal associations between parent reported sleep in early childhood and teacher reported executive functioning in school-aged children with autism
Tesfaye, R., Wright, N., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Bedford, R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Kerns, C. M., Duku, E., Mirenda, P., Bennett, T. A., Georgiades, S., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab122 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Declining Trajectories of Co-occurring Psychopathology Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Orm, S., Øie, M. G., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., & Skogli, E. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724759 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Gap Between Cognition and Adaptive Behavior in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Social Anxiety and the Moderating Effect of Autism Traits
Zukerman, G., Yahav, G., & Ben‐Itzchak, E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04632-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Environmental influences on development of executive functions in dogs
Foraita, M., Howell, T. J., & Bennett, P. C. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01489-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Distinct Frontoparietal Brain Dynamics Underlying the Co-Occurrence of Autism and ADHD
Watanabe, D., & Watanabe, T. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0146-23.2023 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“We can find face validation for this assumption in other prior findings that (1) pure ADHD children had more flexible and unstable cognition compared with TD (Kuntsi and Klein, 2011) and pure ASD individuals (Ozonoff and Jensen, 1999; Sergeant et al., 2002; Corbett et al., 2009; Lawson et al., 2015) and (2) the RRB sc…”
Result
Autonomic and Electrophysiological Evidence for Reduced Auditory Habituation in Autism
Gandhi, T. K., Tsourides, K., Singhal, N., Cardinaux, A. L., Jamal, W., Pantazis, D., Kjelgaard, M., & Sinha, P. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04636-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effects of the Co‐occurrence of Anxiety and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Intrinsic Functional Network Centrality among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wan, B., Wang, Z., Jung, M., Lu, Y., He, H., Chen, Q., & Yu, J. Z. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2120 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“, 2013] and executive dysfunction [Demetriou et al., 2018; Gardiner & Iarocci, 2018; Lawson et al., 2015; Wallace et al., 2016], both of which have been associated with brain alterations.”
Background
Adaption and pilot implementation of an autism executive functioning intervention in children’s mental health services: a mixed-methods study protocol
Dickson, K. S., Aarons, G. A., Anthony, L. G., Kenworthy, L. E., Crandal, B. R., Williams, K. N., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00593-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Temperament and Self‐Regulation
Galehouse, P. J., & Foley, M. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119487593.ch2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dimensional associations between executive function processes and symptoms of ADHD, ASD, oppositional defiance and anxiety in young school-referred children
Anning, K. L., Langley, K., Hobson, C., & Van Goozen, S. H. M. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Research has also found that comorbid anxiety may mitigate some EF problems by increasing cortical arousal and alertness (Arnsten, 2009), but can worsen performance on more complex EF tasks (e.g., Castagna et al., 2019; Lawson et al., 2015).”
The Relation between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders—A Meta-Analysis
Costescu, C. A., Roșan, A., David, C., Cozma, L., & Calota, A. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13120194 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Game-Based Repeated Assessment for Cognitive Monitoring: Initial Usability and Adherence Study in a Summer Camp Setting
Flynn, R. M., Colon-Acosta, N., Zhou, J., & Bower, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03881-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Previous research has supported that early diagnosis and intervention with cognitive training or cognitivebehavioral therapy for children with these disorders can result in higher quality of life (Anderson-Hanley et al. 2011; Diamond and Liang 2016; Frazier et al. 2007; Lawson et al. 2015; Miyake et al. 2000; Zelazo e…”
Background
Systematic review of cognitive biases in autism spectrum disorders: A neuropsychological framework towards an understanding of the high prevalence of co-occurring depression
Bergman, M. A., Schene, A. H., Vissers, C., Vrijsen, J. N., Kan, C. C., & van Oostrom, I. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101455 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Physical activity and executive functions in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, C., Liu, R., Tao, R., Feng, J., Liang, X., Yang, Y., & Sit, C. H. P. (2025) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108246 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Everyday executive function issues from the perspectives of autistic adolescents and their parents: Theoretical and empirical implications
Kenny, L., Remington, A., & Pellicano, E. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231224093 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This is despite EF challenges regularly being reported in questionnaire measures of real-world EF (e.g. Kenworthy et al., 2005; R. A. Lawson et al., 2015), and regularly described by autistic people (Cribb et al., 2019; DePape & Lindsay, 2016; Livingston et al., 2019; Pellicano et al., 2021).”
Background
An executive functioning perspective in neurofibromatosis type 1: from ADHD and autism spectrum disorder to research domains
Smith, T. F., Kaczorowski, J. A., & Acosta, M. T. (2020) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-020-04745-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Difficulty with cognitive flexibility is also observed in NF1-related comorbidities, like ASD [95, 96] and anxiety [97, 98].”
Background
Anxiety relates to classroom executive function problems in students with ASD, but not ADHD
Dieckhaus, M. F. S., Hardy, K. K., Anthony, L. G., Verbalis, A. D., Kenworthy, L. E., & Pugliese, C. E. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101739 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Family Processes and the Emotional and Behavioural Well-being of Autistic Children and Youth: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies
Fitzgerald, B., McCusker, C., Dempsey, M., & Galvin, A. D. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00385-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Status and Promising Directions
Vaidya, C. J., & Klein, C. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_334 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Early and stable difficulties of everyday executive functions predict autism symptoms and emotional/behavioral problems in preschool age children with autism: a 2-year longitudinal study
Lupi, E., Tucci, F., Casula, L., Novello, R. L., Guerrera, S., Vicari, S., & Valeri, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092164 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2014) and emotional and behavioral problems over time (Hollocks et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015).”
Background
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Open-Source Challenging Behavior Scale (OS-CBS)
Frazier, T. W., Khaliq, I. N., Scullin, K. M., Uljarević, M., Shih, A. J., & Karpur, A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05750-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For the present study, the general executive composite raw score was expected to show a moderate association with the OS-CBS total score (.30 > r > .50), as poor executive function may contribute to psychopathology and challenging behavior (Lawson et al., 2015).”
Investigating the Effects of Transdiagnostic Processes on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Autistic Young People: the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation.
Barnes, G. L., Ozsivadjian, A., Baird, G., Absoud, M., & Hollocks, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06246-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Executive Functioning in Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Thomas, K. S., Birch, R. E., Jones, C. R. G., & Vanderwert, R. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.841633 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“with a neurodevelopmental condition, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), may represent a clear “at-risk” group for the development of AN and OCD, as studies commonly report executive functioning impairments in these samples (e.g., Ozonoff and Jensen, 1999; Lawson…”
Background
Brief Report: Associations Between Cognitive Control Processes and Traits of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Anxiety in Children at Elevated and Typical Familial Likelihood for ASD
Godoy, P. B. G., Shephard, E., Milosavljevic, B., Johnson, M. H., Charman, T., The BASIS Team, Baron‐Cohen, S., Bedford, R., Bolton, P., Chandler, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04732-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Executive function as a generalized determinant of psychopathology and functional outcome in school-aged autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study
Wong, O. W. H., Barzilay, R., Lam, A. M. W., Chan, S. S. M., Calkins, M. E., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001787 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Studies have demonstrated that executive dysfunction in ASD could be related to psychopathology such as anxiety (Hollocks et al., 2014), depressive disorders (Wallace et al., 2016), aggressive behaviors (Lawson et al., 2015), and ADHD (Craig et al., 2016).”
Background
Relation Between Oppositional/Conduct Behaviors and Executive Function Among Youth with Histories of Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Doyle, L. R., Glass, L., Wozniak, J. R., Kable, J. A., Riley, E. P., Coles, C. D., Sowell, E. R., Jones, K. L., Mattson, S. N., & CIFASD, T. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14036 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Associations Between Executive Functioning, Behavioral Functioning, and Adaptive Functioning Difficulties in Wiedemann–Steiner Syndrome
Ng, R., Bjornsson, H. T., Fahrner, J. A., & Harris, J. R. (2023) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acad060 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Childhood Executive Function Predicts Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Emerging Adults With and Without Autism: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Fossum, I. N., Orm, S., Andersen, P. N., Geurts, H. M., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2023) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2023.2206663 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“EF difficulties are one potential mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of co-occurring symptoms among individuals with ASD (Andersen et al., 2017; R. A. Lawson et al., 2015).”
Background
Solitary Active Videogame Play Improves Executive Functioning More Than Collaborative Play for Children with Special Needs
Flynn, R. M., & Colon-Acosta, N. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2016.0053 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Executive Functioning in Everyday Life in Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study
Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Orm, S., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. G. (2022) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2022.2095360 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…to typically developing children (TDC) (Gioia, Isquith, Kenworthy, & Barton, 2002; Hovik et al., 2017; Kouklari, Tsermentseli, & Monks, 2018; Lawson et al., 2015; Mahone et al., 2002; Rosenthal et al., 2013; Semrud-Clikeman, Walkowiak, Wilkinson, & Butcher, 2010; Sergeant, Geurts, &…”
“The Videos Made Me Feel Less Alone”: Feasible Executive Function Supports For Families
Smith, J. V., Dahlman, T., Holmes, J., Armour, C. A., Verbalis, A. D., Ratto, A. B., Hardy, K. K., Gunn, M., Decker, K., Brown, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02768-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“EF challenges predict lower quality of life (de Vries & Geurts, 2015, Snyder et al., 2015), co-occurring psychiatric conditions or symptoms (Lawson et al., 2015; Wallace et al. 2016), and poorer adaptive functioning (Pugliese et al., 2014, 2016).”
Self-citation
Randomized Feasibility Pilot of an Executive Functioning Intervention Adapted for Children’s Mental Health Settings
Dickson, K. S., Galligan, M. R. L., Holt, T., Kenworthy, L. E., Anthony, L. G., Roesch, S. C., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06365-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Executive dysfunction is related to concurrent and enduring negative outcomes, including increased co-occurring mental health symptoms in autistic children (Lawson et al., 2015; Pugliese et al., 2020).”
Self-citation
Measuring flexibility in autistic adults: Exploring the factor structure of the flexibility scale self report
Hollocks, M. J., McQuaid, G. A., Yerys, B. E., Strang, J. F., Anthony, L. G., Kenworthy, L. E., Lee, N., & Wallace, G. L. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…cognitive flexibility are a common experience for autistic people and have been associated with a range of difficulties including reduced adaptive skills (Bertollo et al., 2020) and greater emotional and behavioral challenges (Hollocks et al., 2021; Lawson et al., 2015; Ozsivadjian et al., 2021).”
Self-citation
Responsive Aggression Regulation Therapy (Re‐ART) Improves Executive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults with Severe Aggression Problems: A Pilot Study
Schippers, E. E., Hoogsteder, L. M., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2020) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14539 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“lem behaviors, since not only aggression, but many psychiatric problems relate to poor EF (21,22).”
Background
A Review of Executive Functions in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Berenguer, C., Miranda, B. R., & Leader, G. (2018) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v8n2p107 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Flexibility involves transitioning from one thought to another, shifting successfully from one task to another, and using flexible problem solving in a variety of contexts (Lawson et al., 2015).”
Background
Probing heterogeneity to identify individualized treatment approaches in autism: Specific clusters of executive function challenges link to distinct co-occurring mental health problems
Pugliese, C. E., Handsman, R., You, X., Anthony, L. G., Vaidya, C. J., & Kenworthy, L. E. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241246091 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Specifically, we expect an EF profile characterized by inflexibility will be uniquely associated with anxiety, depression, and aggression (e.g. Hollocks et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015).”
Self-citation
Depression and anxiety are increased in autism and ADHD: Evidence from a young adult community‐based sample
Capp, S., Burca, A. D., Aydın, Ü., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Lautarescu, A., Ronald, A., Happe, F. G. E., & McLoughlin, G. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Better - informed interventions may also target executive function demands in early adulthood to mitigate their effects on mental health in individuals with high autistic or ADHD traits (Aydin et al., 2022; Lawson et al., 2015).”
Mental Health Therapist Perspectives on the Role of Executive Functioning in Children’s Mental Health Services
Dickson, K. S., Kenworthy, L. E., Anthony, L. G., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2021.2013142 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, further work examining this possibility is needed, especially for additional mental health conditions beyond ASD and ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Commentary: Thinking flexibly about mental health and autism – a commentary on Ozsivadjian et al. (2020)
Rodgers, J., & South, M. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13340 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“There are a few studies linking cognitive inﬂexibility in autism to anxiety symptoms (Hol-locks, Howlin, Papadopoulos, Khondoker, & Simon-off, 2014) and externalising difﬁculties (Lawson et al., 2015).”
Background
The mediators for the link between autism and real-world executive functions in adolescence and young adulthood
Chien, Y., Tai, Y., Chiu, Y., Tsai, W., & Gau, S. S. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231184733 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Several studies have adopted the BRIEF to investigate everyday executive functions in autism (Blijd-Hoogewys et al., 2014; Gilotty et al., 2002; Gioia et al., 2002; Kenworthy et al., 2005; Lawson et al., 2015; Rosenthal et al., 2013; Smidts & Huizinga, 2009; van den Bergh et al., 2014).”
Background
Applying Dissemination and Implementation Science to Facilitate Community Implementation of Evidence-Based Interventions
Brookman-Frazee, L. I., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Chan, J., Dickson, K. S., Rieth, S. R., Haine‐Schlagel, R., Stadnick, N. A., Stahmer, A. C., & Suhrheinrich, J. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_26 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Do executive functions buffer against COVID-19 stress?
Ng, T. L. Y., Majeed, N. M., Lua, V. Y. Q., & Hartanto, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04652-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“For instance, greater proficiency in executive function tasks has been associated with better mental (Lawson et al., 2015 ; Paelecke-Habermann et al., 2005 ; Penadés et al., 2007) and physical health (Crescioni et al., 2011; Ng & Hartanto, 2022; Riggs et al., 2010 ), stronger social relationships…”
Cortico-amygdalar connectivity and externalizing/internalizing behavior in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Nakua, H., Hawco, C. S., Forde, N. J., Jacobs, G. R., Joseph, M. J. E., Voineskos, A. N., Wheeler, A. L., Lai, M., Szatmári, P., Kelley, E. A., et al. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-022-02483-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Behavioral manifestations of executive functioning in Swedish youth with ADHD, autism, and psychiatric comorbidity: a comparative analysis with community controls
Hamilton, A., Tallberg, P., Ilahi, F., Hoff, E. V., Ahmadi, B., & Daukantaité, D. (2024) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2024.2434736 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This study recognizes the utility of the Swedish translation of the BRIEF-2’s in assessing day-to-day behavioral manifestations of EF, while exploring differences between youth with NDDs (specifically ADHD and ASD) and those with non-NDD psychiatric comorbidities as well as community controls in terms of parent-rated…”
Influential
The impact of parental stress, executive function and communication skills on challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder
Ranjbar, F., Dadgar, H., Azizi, M., & Dalvand, H. (2024) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-06-2024-0040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Las Funciones Ejecutivas en Población Infanto-juvenil que presenta TEA y TDAH en comorbilidad: Una revisión sistemática
Cid-Duarte, S., Departamento de Psicología, U. D. O. (., Areces, D., Departamento de Psicología, U. D. O. (., Núñez, J. C., & Departamento de Psicología, U. D. O. (. (2022) · Revista de Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education · doi:10.23923/rpye2023.01.232 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cognitive and emotional profiles in children with ASD, ADHD, and comorbid presentations: evidence for a distinct clinical phenotype
Narzisi, A., Barbetti, F., Fabbri‐Destro, M., Berloffa, S., Fantozzi, P., Viglione, V., Muccio, R., Valente, E., Accorinti, I., Foti, E., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1765698 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This dissociation may re ﬂ ect a breakdown in the cognitive-emotional integration mechanisms that typically support adaptive functioning in neurodevelopmental populations (18, 40, 55).”
Cognitive Flexibility Mediates the Associations Between Perceived Stress, Social Camouflaging and Mental Health Challenges in Autistic Adults
Hollocks, M. J., McQuaid, G. A., Lee, N., & Wallace, G. L. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70061 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…lower levels of cognitive flexibility when compared to those without an autism diagnosis (Bertollo et al. 2020), and this has been associated directly with increased symptoms of both anxiety and depression (Hollocks et al. 2022; Lawson et al. 2015; Ozsivadjian et al. 2021; Wallace et al. 2016).”
Self-citation

Inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning in autism spectrum disorders with and without comorbid ADHD-symptoms
Sinzig, J., Morsch, D., Bruning, N., Schmidt, M. H., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-4 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Cognitive flexibility and planning processes in Autism spectrum disorder and Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Nicita, A., Caparello, C., Nicita, F., Mafodda, A. V., Orecchio, S., & Filippello, G. (2023) · Journal of Clinical & Developmental Psychology · doi:10.13129/2612-4033/0110-3700
Executive Function in Autism: Association with ADHD and ASD Symptoms
Lee, R. R., Ward, A. R., Lane, D. M., Aman, M. G., Loveland, K. A., Mansour, R., & Pearson, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04852-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Unique Roles of Executive Function in Co‐Occurring Psychopathologies in Autism
Ng, S., Leung, J., Lee, K., Lam, A. M. W., Wong, I. H. W., Ng, S., Gabrysiak, M., Lau, P., Chan, S. S. M., Moore, T. M., et al. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70296 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A review of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Margari, L., Craig, F., Margari, F., Legrottaglie, A., Palumbi, R., & De Giambattista, C. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s104620 · Cited by 557 · see citing works

Authors: Lawson, R. A., Papadakis, A. A., Higginson, C. I., Barnett, J. E., Wills, M. C., Strang, J. F., Wallace, G. L., & Kenworthy, L.
Affiliations: Loyola University Maryland (US)
Children's National (US)
George Washington University (US)
ORCID: Higginson, Christopher I.
Barnett, Jeffrey E.
Strang, John F.
Wallace, Gregory L.
Kenworthy, Lauren
Venue: Neuropsychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2015-05
Volume: 29
Issue: 3
Pages: 445-453
ISSN: 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
1931-1559
DOI: 10.1037/neu0000145
OpenAlex: W2084269933
Cited by: 169
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 5.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Isadore and Bertha Gudelsky Foundation
Frederick and Elizabeth Singer Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: executive function, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, flexibility, behavioral inhibition, inflexibility, disinhibition, anxiety and depression, mediation, children
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Executive Function

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Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders

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