Genetic Determinants of Depression: Recent Findings and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to: 1. Evaluate current evidence regarding the genetic determinants of depression 2. Assess findings from studies of gene-environment interaction 3. Identify challenges to gene discovery in depression Depression is one of the most prevalent, disabling, and costly mental health conditions in the United States and also worldwide. One promising avenue for preventing depression and informing its clinical treatment lies in uncovering the genetic and environmental determinants of the disorder as well as their interaction (G × E). The overarching goal of this review article is to translate recent findings from studies of genetic association and G × E related to depression, particularly for readers without in-depth knowledge of genetics or genetic methods. The review is organized into three major sections. In the first, we summarize what is currently known about the genetic determinants of depression, focusing on findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In the second section, we review findings from studies of G × E, which seek to simultaneously examine the role of genes and exposure to specific environments or experiences in the etiology of depression. In the third section, we describe the challenges to genetic discovery in depression and promising strategies for future progress.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A recent review noted that serotonergic and other frequently studied candidate genes have not shown association with depression.
“Indeed, a recent review of the genetics studies of depression has remarked upon the failure to demonstrate association with depression for serotonergic and other popular candidate genes 49.”
From Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions (2019) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology
Ashburner, M., Ball, C. A., Blake, J. A., Botstein, D., Butler, H., Cherry, J. M., Davis, A. P., Dolinski, K., Dwight, S. S., Eppig, J. T., et al. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/75556 · Cited by 43,206 · see citing works
KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
Kanehisa, M. (2000) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/28.1.27 · Cited by 37,077 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · see citing works
GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis
Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011 · Cited by 8,279 · see citing works
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067 · see citing works
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278 · see citing works
The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions
Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.636 · Cited by 5,615 · see citing works
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431 · see citing works
Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0017376 · Cited by 3,039 · see citing works
Hammen, C. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938 · Cited by 2,979 · see citing works
Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges
McCarthy, M. I., Abecasis, G. R., Cardon, L. R., Goldstein, D. B., Little, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2344 · Cited by 2,891 · see citing works
Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 · Cited by 2,884 · see citing works
The effects of poverty on children.
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602387 · Cited by 2,837 · see citing works
Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism
Sebat, J., Lakshmi, B., Malhotra, D., Troge, J., Lese-Martin, C., Walsh, T., Yamrom, B., Yoon, S., Krasnitz, A., Kendall, J., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1138659 · Cited by 2,795 · see citing works
Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.629 · Cited by 2,695 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, only slightly more than half of all people who experience depression seek treatment, and those who do tend to drop out prematurely or receive poor quality care.(4,5) Existing treatments for depression are modestly effective; only about one-fifth of adults receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychodynamic…”
BackgroundCognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305 · Cited by 2,420 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood
Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013 · Cited by 2,267 · see citing works
Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2711 · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
The new NHGRI-EBI Catalog of published genome-wide association studies (GWAS Catalog)
MacArthur, J., Bowler, E., Cerezo, M., Gil, L., Hall, P., Hastings, E., Junkins, H., McMahon, A., Milano, A., Morales, J., et al. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1133 · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406 · Cited by 2,143 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 · Cited by 2,111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“maltreatment,(17,18) and other stressful life events more generally.(19,20) Although the risk of depression is elevated in the immediate aftermath of experiencing these environmental adversities, the effects of adversity can persist over the life course.”
BackgroundCognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916 · Cited by 2,100 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci
The Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.940 · Cited by 1,919 · see citing works
Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia.
GROUP, Stefansson, H., Rujescu, D., Cichon, S., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Ingason, A., Steinberg, S., Fossdal, R., Sigurdsson, E., Sigmundsson, T., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07229 · Cited by 1,745 · see citing works
Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K.-Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., Griem, A., Kovacs, M., Ott, J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.878 · Cited by 1,655 · see citing works
Genomewide Association Studies and Assessment of the Risk of Disease
Manolio, T. A. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0905980 · Cited by 1,512 · see citing works
Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia
Multicenter Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia Consortium, Ripke, S., Psychosis Endophenotypes International Consortium, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, O'Dushlaine, C., Chambert, K., Moran, J. L., Kähler, A. K., Akterin, S., Bergen, S. E., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2742 · Cited by 1,496 · see citing works
The exposome: from concept to utility
Wild, C. P. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr236 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
A polygenic burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia
Purcell, S. M., Moran, J. L., Fromer, M., Ruderfer, D., Solovieff, N., Roussos, P., O’Dushlaine, C., Chambert, K., Bergen, S. E., Kähler, A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12975 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101452 · Cited by 1,346 · see citing works
Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group, Sklar, P., Ripke, S., Scott, L. J., Andreassen, O. A., Cichon, S., Craddock, N., Edenberg, H. J., Nurnberger, J. I., Rietschel, M., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.943 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Self-citationA tutorial on statistical methods for population association studies
Balding, D. J. (2006) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1916 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Sanders, S. J., Ercan-Sencicek, A. G., Hus, V., Luo, R., Murtha, M. T., Moreno-De-Luca, D., Chu, S. H., Moreau, M. P., Gupta, A. R., Thomson, S. A., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.002 · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression
Dunlop, B. W., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.327 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Ferreira, M. A. R., O'Donovan, M. C., Meng, Y. A., Jones, I. R., Ruderfer, D. M., Jones, L., Fan, J., Kirov, G., Perlis, R. H., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.209 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Self-citationPizzagalli, D. A., Holmes, A. J., Dillon, D. G., Goetz, E. L., Birk, J. L., Bogdan, R., Dougherty, D. D., Iosifescu, D. V., Rauch, S. L., & Fava, M. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08081201 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Discovering Endophenotypes for Major Depression
Hasler, G., Drevets, W. C., Manji, H. K., & Charney, D. S. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300506 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder
Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium, Ripke, S., Wray, N. R., Lewis, C. M., Hamilton, S. P., Weissman, M. M., Breen, G., Byrne, E. M., Blackwood, D. H. R., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.21 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatz Widom, C., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. J. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
How to Interpret a Genome-wide Association Study
Pearson, T. A. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.11.1335 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis
Weisz, J. R., McCarty, C. A., & Valeri, S. M. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.132 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter
Owens, M. J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1994) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.2.288 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
The genetics of depression: A review
Levinson, D. F. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.024 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Nemeroff, C. B., Heim, C. M., Thase, M. E., Klein, D. N., Rush, A. J., Schatzberg, A. F., Ninan, P. T., McCullough, J. P., Weiss, P. M., Dunner, D. L., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2336126100 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Manning, A. K., Hivert, M., Scott, R. A., Grimsby, J., Bouatia‐Naji, N., Chen, H., Rybin, D. V., Liu, C.-T., Bielak, L. F., Prokopenko, I., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2274 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., Wang, P. S.-E., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020909 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Strategy for Investigating Interactions Between Measured Genes and Measured Environments
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.473 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
636,120 Ways to Have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613504115 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Analysing biological pathways in genome-wide association studies
Wang, K., Li, M., & Hakonarson, H. H. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2884 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
The STAR*D project results: A comprehensive review of findings
Warden, D., Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Fava, M., & Wisniewski, S. R. (2007) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-007-0061-3 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Gene–environment-wide association studies: emerging approaches
Thomas, D. C. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2764 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Common disorders are quantitative traits
Plomin, R., Haworth, C. M. A., & Davis, O. S. P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2670 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review
Hart, H., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Research Domain Criteria: cognitive systems, neural circuits, and dimensions of behavior
Morris, S. E., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.1/smorris · Cited by 638 · see citing works
The Kraepelinian dichotomy – going, going … but still not gone
Craddock, N., & Owen, M. J. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.073429 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Patel, C. J., Bhattacharya, J., & Butte, A. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010746 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Gene×environment interactions at the serotonin transporter locus
Munafò, M. R., Durrant, C., Lewis, G., & Flint, J. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.009 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Identification of common variants associated with human hippocampal and intracranial volumes
Stein, J., Medland, S., Vásquez, A., Hibar, D., Senstad, R. E., Winkler, A., Toro, R., Appel, K., Barteček, R., Bergmann, Ø., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2250 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Uher, R., & McGuffin, P. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002067 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Overview of the Genetics of Major Depressive Disorder
Lohoff, F. W. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0150-6 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Meta-analyses of genetic studies on major depressive disorder
López‐León, S., Janssens, A. C. J. W., Ladd, A. M. G., Del‐Favero, J., Claes, S. J., Oostra, B. A., & van Duijn, C. M. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002088 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Trajectories of Poverty and Children's Mental Health
McLeod, J. D., & Shanahan, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137292 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Genomewide Association Studies: History, Rationale, and Prospects for Psychiatric Disorders
Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08091354 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Wray, N. R., Pergadia, M. L., Blackwood, D. H. R., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Gordon, S. D., Nyholt, D. R., Ripke, S., MacIntyre, D. J., McGhee, K. A., Maclean, A. W., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.109 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Boundaries of Major Depression: An Evaluation of DSM-IV Criteria
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.172 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Uher, R., & McGuffin, P. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.123 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Weisz, J. R., Kuppens, S., Eckshtain, D., Ugueto, A. M., Hawley, K. M., & Jensen-Doss, A. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1176 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Sullivan, P. F., de Geus, E. J. C., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., James, M. R., Smit, J. H., Zandbelt, T., Arolt, V., Baune, B., Blackwood, D., Cichon, S., et al. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.125 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Self-citationEtiology of Depression: Genetic and Environmental Factors
Saveanu, R. V., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.12.001 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Progress and challenges in genome-wide association studies in humans
Donnelly, P. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07631 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Risk and resilience: genetic and environmental influences on development of the stress response
Gillespie, C. F., Phifer, J., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20605 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
High frequencies of de novo CNVs in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Malhotra, D., McCarthy, S., Michaelson, J. J., Vacic, V., Burdick, K. E., Yoon, S., Cichon, S., Corvin, A., Gary, S., Gershon, E. S., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.007 · Cited by 325 · cited 1× · see citing works
“De novo CNVs—those that are present in offspring but not in either parent—have been shown to be important risk factors for several neuropsychiatric disorders— namely autism,(115,116) schizophrenia,(117,118) and bipolar disorder.(119) After conducting a systematic literature search of PubMed for articles published by D…”
BackgroundKendler, K. S. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050025004 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Data-driven subtypes of major depressive disorder: a systematic review
van Loo, H. M., de Jonge, P., Romeijn, J., Kessler, R. C., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-156 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The genetic aetiology of childhood depression: a review
Rice, F. J., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00004 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Dunn, E. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Slopen, N. B., Rosand, J. M., & Smoller, J. W. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22102 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationHosang, G. M., Shiles, C., Tansey, K. E., McGuffin, P., & Uher, R. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-7 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The Psychiatric GWAS Consortium: Big Science Comes to Psychiatry
Sullivan, P. F. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.003 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Wu, C. H., Kraft, P., Zhai, K., Chang, J., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Hu, Z., He, Z., Jia, W., Abnet, C. C., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2411 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Gene–environment interactions: early life stress and risk for depressive and anxiety disorders
Nugent, N. R., Tyrka, A. R., Carpenter, L. L., & Price, L. H. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2151-x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study of recurrent early-onset major depressive disorder
Shi, J., Potash, J. B., Knowles, J. A., Weissman, M. M., Coryell, W. H., Scheftner, W. A., Lawson, W. B., DePaulo, J. R., Gejman, P. V., Sanders, A. R., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.124 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Zimmermann, P., Brückl, T., Nocon, A., Pfister, H., Binder, E. B., Uhr, M., Lieb, R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Holsboer, F., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111577 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Hamshere, M. L., Walters, J., Smith, R. L., Richards, A. L., Green, E., Grozeva, D., Jones, I. R., Forty, L., Jones, L. A., Gordon‐Smith, K., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.67 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Driessen, E., Van, H. L., Don, F. J., Peen, J., Kool, S., Westra, D., Hendriksen, M., Schoevers, R. A., Cuijpers, P., Twisk, J. W. R., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070899 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Key Principles and Clinical Applications of “Next-Generation” DNA Sequencing
Rizzo, J. M., & Buck, M. J. (2012) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0432 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Logue, M. W., Baldwin, C. T., Guffanti, G., Melista, E., Wolf, E. J., Reardon, A. F., Uddin, M., Wildman, D. E., Galea, S., Koenen, K. C., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.113 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Association Study of Major Recurrent Depression in the U.K. Population
Lewis, C. M., Ng, M., Butler, A. W., Cohen‐Woods, S., Uher, R., Pirlo, K. J., Weale, M. E., Schosser, A., Paredes, U. M., Rivera, M., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091380 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Appel, K., Schwahn, C., Mahler, J., Schulz, A., Spitzer, C., Fenske, K., Stender, J., Barnow, S., John, U., Teumer, A., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.81 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Family Disruption in Childhood and Risk of Adult Depression
Gilman, S. E., Kawachi, I. I., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Buka, S. L. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.939 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The Neuronal Transporter Gene SLC6A15 Confers Risk to Major Depression
Kohli, M. A., Lucae, S., Saemann, P. G., Schmidt, M. V., Demirkan, A., Hek, K., Czamara, D., Alexander, M., Salyakina, D., Ripke, S., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.005 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Hamza, T. H., Chen, H., Hill-Burns, E. M., Rhodes, S. L., Montimurro, J., Kay, D. M., Tenesa, A., Kusel, V. I., Sheehan, P., Eaaswarkhanth, M., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002237 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
A framework for interpreting genome-wide association studies of psychiatric disorders
The Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Steering Committee (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.126 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.009 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Genomic copy number variation, human health, and disease
Wain, L. V., Armour, J. A., & Tobin, M. D. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60249-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Rietschel, M., Mattheisen, M., Frank, J., Treutlein, J., Degenhardt, F., Breuer, R., Steffens, M., Mier, D. U., Esslinger, C., Walter, H., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.038 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Evidence for gene-environment interaction in a genome wide study of nonsyndromic cleft palate
Beaty, T. H., Ruczinski, I., Murray, J. C., Marazita, M. L., Munger, R. G., Hetmanski, J. B., Murray, T., Redett, R. J., Fallin, M. D., Liang, K., et al. (2011) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.20595 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
CACNA1C (rs1006737) is associated with schizophrenia
Nyegaard, M., Demontis, D., Foldager, L., Hedemand, A., Flint, T. J., Sørensen, K. M., Andersen, P. S., Nordentoft, M., Werge, T., Pedersen, C. B., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.69 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts
Demirkan, A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Hek, K., Wray, N. R., Amin, N., Aulchenko, Y. S., van Dyck, R., de Geus, E. J. C., Hofman, A., Uitterlinden, A. G., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.65 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A Genome-Wide Association Study of Depressive Symptoms
Hek, K., Demirkan, A., Lahti, J., Terracciano, A., Teumer, A., Cornelis, M. C., Amin, N., Bakshis, E., Baumert, J., Ding, J., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.033 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Hancock, D. B., Artigas, M. S., Gharib, S. A., Henry, A. P., Manichaikul, A. W., Ramasamy, A., Loth, D. W., Imboden, M., Koch, B., McArdle, W. L., et al. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003098 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Thomas, D. C. (2010) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103619 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair-repeat polymorphism and mood disorders: A meta-analysis
López‐León, S., Croes, E. A., Sayed‐Tabatabaei, F. A., Claes, S. J., Broeckhoven, C. V., & van Duijn, C. M. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.030 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Association Scan of Trait Depression
Terracciano, A., Tanaka, T., Sutin, A. R., Sanna, S., Deiana, B., Lai, S., Uda, M., Schlessinger, D., Abecasis, G. R., Ferrucci, L., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.030 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Evidence for Multiple Genetic Factors Underlying DSM-IV Criteria for Major Depression
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., & Neale, M. C. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.751 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Estimating the genetic variance of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) due to all SNPs
Lubke, G., Hottenga, J., Walters, R., Laurin, C., de Geus, E. D., Willemsen, G., Smit, J., Middeldorp, C., Penninx, B., Vink, J., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.011 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Lavebratt, C., Åberg, E., Sjöholm, L. K., & Forsell, Y. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.113 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Duncan, L. E., Pollastri, A. R., & Smoller, J. W. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0036320 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression, IV: STAR*D Treatment Trial for Depression
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., & Fava, M. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.237 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Genome‐wide association uncovers shared genetic effects among personality traits and mood states
Michelle Luciano, A., Huffman, J. E., Vásquez, A. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Middeldorp, C. M., Giegling, I., Payton, A., Davies, G., Zgaga, L., Janzing, J., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32072 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Cumulative Adversity in Childhood and Emergent Risk Factors for Long-Term Health
Slopen, N. B., Koenen, K. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Life stress, 5-HTTLPR and mental disorder: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Miller, A. L., & Kennedy, M. A. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085993 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Use of next-generation sequencing and other whole-genome strategies to dissect neurological disease
Brás, J., Guerreiro, R. J., & Hardy, J. (2012) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3271 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Finding Novel Genes by Testing G × E Interactions in a Genome‐Wide Association Study
Gauderman, W. J., Zhang, P., Morrison, J. L., & Lewinger, J. P. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21748 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Genome-wide association studies: a primer
Corvin, A. P., Craddock, N. J., & Sullivan, P. F. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991723 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Cornelis, M. C., Tchetgen, E. J. T., Liang, L., Qi, L., Chatterjee, N., Hu, F. B., & Kraft, P. L. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr368 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Gene‐Environment Interactions in Cancer Epidemiology: A National Cancer Institute Think Tank Report
Hutter, C. M., Mechanic, L. E., Chatterjee, N., Kraft, P. L., & Gillanders, E. M. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21756 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Dunn, E. C., Uddin, M., Subramanian, S. V., Smoller, J. W., Galea, S., & Koenen, K. C. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02466.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationHolmans, P. (2010) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380862-2.00007-2 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Genetics of Major Depression: Moving Beyond the Monoamine Hypothesis
Shyn, S. I., & Hamilton, S. P. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.10.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Lee, P. H., Perlis, R. H., Jung, J. Y., Byrne, E. M., Rueckert, E. H., Siburian, R., Haddad, S. A., Mayerfeld, C., Heath, A. C., Pergadia, M. L., et al. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.95 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationThe current state of play on the molecular genetics of depression
Cohen-Woods, S., Craig, I. W., & McGuffin, P. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001286 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Structure of major depressive disorder in adolescents and adults in the US general population
Lamers, F., Burstein, M., He, J.-P., Avenevoli, S., Angst, J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.098079 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dunn, E. C., Gilman, S. E., Willett, J. B., Slopen, N. B., & Molnar, B. E. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21916 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationWinham, S. J., & Biernacka, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12114 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cox, G. R., Callahan, P., Churchill, R., Hunot, V., Merry, S. N., Parker, A. G., & Hetrick, S. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008324.pub2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rare Copy Number Variation in Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder
O'Dushlaine, C. T., Ripke, S., Ruderfer, D. M., Hamilton, S. P., D, M. F. M., Iosifescu, D. V., Kohane, I. S., Churchill, S. E., Castro, V. M., Clements, C. C., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.028 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationDuplication of the SLIT3 Locus on 5q35.1 Predisposes to Major Depressive Disorder
Glessner, J., Wang, K., Abou‐Sleiman, P. M., Zhang, H., Kim, C., Flory, J. H., Bradfield, J. P., Imielinski, M. B., Frackelton, E. C., Qiu, H., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015463 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Pharmacogenomic Testing and Personalized Treatment of Depression
Perlis, R. H. (2013) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2013.204446 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Aragam, N., Wang, K., & Pan, Y. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.054 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The PCLO gene and depressive disorders: replication in a population-based study
Hek, K., Mulder, C. L., Luijendijk, H. J., van Duijn, C. M., Albert Hofman, D., Uitterlinden, A. G., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2009) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp529 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wankerl, M., Wüst, S., & Otte, C. (2010) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833f0e3a · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dunn, E. C., Masyn, K. E., Yudron, M., Jones, S. M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0809-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationEnriched pathways for major depressive disorder identified from a genome-wide association study
Kao, C.-F., Jia, P., Zhao, Z., & Kuo, P. (2012) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145711001891 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Genome-wide investigation of gene–environment interactions in colorectal cancer
Siegert, S., Hampe, J., Schafmayer, C., et al. (2012) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-012-1239-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Degenhardt, F., Priebe, L., Herms, S., Mattheisen, M., Mühleisen, T. W., Meier, S., Moebus, S., Strohmaier, J., Groß, M., Breuer, R., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32034 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dissecting the Genetic Heterogeneity of Depression Through Age at Onset
Power, R. A., Keers, R., Ng, M., Butler, A. W., Uher, R., Cohen‐Woods, S., Ising, M., Craddock, N. J., Owen, M. J., Korszun, A., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32093 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Arguable Assumptions, Debatable Conclusions
Kaufman, J., Gelernter, J. E., Kaffman, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.041 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Haenisch, B., Herms, S., Mattheisen, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Identification of tag haplotypes for 5HTTLPR for different genome-wide SNP platforms
Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Dumenil, T. D., Ryan, L., Gordon, S. D., Henders, A. K., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C., Montgomery, G. W., Martin, N. G., & Wray, N. R. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.68 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER GENE AND DEPRESSION
Munafo, M. R. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Power, R. A., Cohen‐Woods, S., Ng, M., Butler, A. W., Craddock, N. J., Korszun, A., Jones, L. A., Jones, I. R., Gill, M., Rice, J. P., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32180 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- [12]Kessler RC Zhao S Blazer DG Prevalence, course, and correlates of minor and MDD in the National Comorbidity Survey Journal of Affective Disorders 1997 45 19 30 9268772
- [27]Thase ME Neurobiological aspects of depression 2nd New York, NY The Guilford Press 2009
- [35]Attia J Ioannidis JP Thakkinstian A How to use an article about genetic association: Background concepts Journal of the American Medical Association 2009 301 74 81 19126812
- [36]Attia J Ioannidis JP Thakkinstian A How to use an article about genetic association: Are the results of the study valid? Journal of the American Medical Association 2009 301 191 7 19141767
- [39]Hardy J Low NC Genes and environment in psychiatry: Winner's curse or cure? Archives of General Psychiatry 2011 68 455 6 21536973
- [46]Muglia P Tozzi F Galwey NW Genome-wide association study of recurrent major depressive disorder in two European case-control cohorts Mol Psychiatry 2010 15 589 601 19107115
- [51]Shyn SI Shi J Kraft JB Novel loci for major depression identified by genome-wide association study of Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression and meta-analysis of three studies Molecular Psychiatry 2011 16 202 15 20038947 PMC2888856
- [64]Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder Molecular Psychiatry 2013 18 497 511 22472876 PMC3837431
- [71]Moffitt TE Caspi A Rutter M Measured gene-environment interactions in psychopathology: Concepts, research strategies, and implications for research, intervention, and public understanding of genetics Perspectives on Psychological Science 2006 1 5 27 26151183
- [96]Bradley RG Binder EB Epstein MP Influence of child abuse on adult depression: Moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene Archives of General Psychiatry 2008 65 190 200 18250257 PMC2443704
- [124]Rucker JJ Breen G Pinto D Genome-wide association analysis of copy number variation in recurrent depressive disorder Mol Psychiatry 2013 18 183 9 22042228 PMC3939438
- [150]Takayanagi Y Spira AP Roth KB Gallo JJ Eaton WW Mojtabai R Accuracy of reports of lifetime mental and physical disorders: Results from the Baltimore Epidemiological Catchment Area Study JAMA Psychiatry 2014 71 272 80 PMC4135054 24402003
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Howard, D. M., Adams, M. J., Clarke, T.-K., Hafferty, J. D., Gibson, J., Shirali, M., Coleman, J. R. I., Hagenaars, S. P., Ward, J., Wigmore, E. M., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0326-7 · Cited by 2,565 · see citing works
Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants
Duman, R. S., Aghajanian, G. K., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4050 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Biomarkers for depression: recent insights, current challenges and future prospects
Strawbridge, R., Young, A. H., & Cleare, A. J. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s114542 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Jesulola, E., Micalos, P., & Baguley, I. J. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.025 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
What do DNA methylation studies tell us about depression? A systematic review
Li, M., D’Arcy, C., Li, X., Zhang, T., Joober, R., & Meng, X. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0412-y · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Maller, J. J., Broadhouse, K., Rush, A. J., Gordon, E., Koslow, S., & Grieve, S. M. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.224 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Rantamäki, T., & Kohtala, S. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.119.018697 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gonda, X., Petschner, P., Eszlari, N., Sutori, S., Gal, Z., Koncz, S., Anderson, I. M., Deakin, B., Juhasz, G., & Bagdy, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00138 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kitzlerová, E., Fišar, Z., Lelková, P., Jirák, R., Zvěřová, M., Hroudová, J., Manukyan, A., Martásek, P., & Raboch, J. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.907202 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Van Assche, E., Moons, T., Van Leeuwen, K., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., Van Den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., & Claes, S. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2428 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dunn, E. C., Brown, R. C., Dai, Y., Rosand, J., Nugent, N. R., Amstadter, A. B., & Smoller, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dunn, Erin C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-18
- ISSN
- 1067-3229 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4309382
- OpenAlex
- W2331436176
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH087240, K01MH102403, K24MH094614)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, genetic factors, gene-environment interaction, genome-wide association study, genetic association, etiology of depression, environmental risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
