The Kraepelinian dichotomy – going, going … but still not gone
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Summary: Recent genetic studies reinforce the view that current approaches to the diagnosis and classification of major psychiatric illness are inadequate. These findings challenge the distinction between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and suggest that more attention should be given to the relationship between the functional psychoses and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. We are entering a transitional period of several years during which psychiatry will need to move from using traditional descriptive diagnoses to clinical entities (categories and/or dimensions) that relate more closely to the underlying workings of the brain.
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The hypothesis of a shared pathophysiology for neurodevelopmental disorders is not novel; autism exists along a continuum between intellectual disability and schizophrenia.
“The hypothesis of a shared pathophysiology for neurodevelopmental disorders is not novel, with Craddock and Owen [22] suggesting that autism exists along a continuum between mental retardation (intellectual disability (ID)) and schizophrenia.”
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- Authors
- Craddock, N., & Owen, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Craddock, Nick
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 196
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 92-95
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- PMC
- PMC2815936
- OpenAlex
- W2139870060
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 35.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Cardiff University
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- Kraepelinian dichotomy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, functional psychoses, neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, classification of mental illness, genetic evidence
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Humans, Models, Psychological, Schizophrenia, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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