Teeth as a biomarker of past chemical exposure
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Accurate prenatal exposure assessment is one of the major challenges in environmental epidemiologic studies. Variations in placental transport make maternal biospecimens unreliable for many chemicals and fetal specimens collected at birth do not provide information on exposure timing over the prenatal period. RECENT FINDINGS: The skeletal compartment is an important chemical repository, making calcified tissues important for measuring exposure. For decades teeth have been used to estimate long-term cumulative exposure to metals and some organic chemicals. Recently developed methodologies that combine sophisticated histological and chemical analysis to precisely sample tooth layers that correspond to specific life stages have the potential to reconstruct exposure in the second and third trimesters of prenatal development and during early childhood. SUMMARY: Such a retrospective biomarker that precisely measures exposure intensity and timing during prenatal development would substantially aid epidemiologic investigations, particularly case-control studies of rare health outcomes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The tooth-matrix biomarkers are recently developed and rigorously validated, and objectively reconstruct fetal and early postnatal exposure to multiple metals with detailed temporal resolution.
“The teeth samples we collected from the twins were analysed using recently developed and rigorously validated tooth-matrix biomarkers, which objectively reconstruct fetal and early postnatal exposure to multiple metals with detailed temporal resolution141516171819.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
The tooth-matrix biomarkers provide time-series data from the second trimester onwards on multiple metal exposures.
“We have developed these direct fetal biomarkers that can be collected at the time of diagnosis in childhood and provide time-series data from the second trimester onwards on multiple metal exposures (overview of these biomarkers shown in Fig. 2)14.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
The observed metal distributions were in agreement with previous studies using tooth-matrix biomarkers.
“The observed metal distributions were in agreement with previous studies using tooth-matrix biomarkers1419.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
Cites
Rice, D., & Barone, S. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s3511 · Cited by 2,944 · see citing works
Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals
Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69665-7 · Cited by 1,984 · see citing works
Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels
Needleman, H. L., Gunnoe, C., Leviton, A., Reed, R. B., Peresie, H., Maher, C., & Barrett, P. V. D. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197903293001301 · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Dentin structure composition and mineralization
GOLDBERG, M. E. (2010) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e281 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans.
Rabinowitz, M., Wetherill, G. W., & Kopple, J. D. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108467 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Cellular and Chemical Events During Enamel Maturation
Smith, C. E. (1998) · Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1177/10454411980090020101 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms.
Hu, H., Rabinowitz, M., & Smith, D. R. (1998) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.981061 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Partition of Environmental Chemicals between Maternal and Fetal Blood and Tissues
Needham, L. L., Grandjean, P., Heinzow, B., Jørgensen, P. J., Nielsen, F., Patterson, D. G., Sjödin, A., Turner, W. E., & Weihe, P. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es1019614 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Dingemans, M. M. L., van den Berg, M., & Westerink, R. H. S. (2011) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1003035 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Bioimaging of metals by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS)
Becker, J. S., Zoriy, M. V., Matusch, A., Wu, B., Salber, D., Palm, C., & Becker, J. S. (2009) · Mass Spectrometry Reviews · doi:10.1002/mas.20239 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
INFLUENCE OF BLOOD LEAD ON THE ABILITY AND ATTAINMENT OF CHILDREN IN EDINBURGH
Fulton, M., Thomson, G. O. B., Hunter, R., RAAB, G. M., LAXEN, D. P. H., & Hepburn, W. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92683-3 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Strontium isotope evidence for landscape use by early hominins
Copeland, S. R., Sponheimer, M., de Ruiter, D. J., Lee‐Thorp, J. A., Codron, D., le Roux, P., Grimes, V., & Richards, M. P. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10149 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations
Winneke, G., Kr�mer, U., Brockhaus, A., et al. (1983) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/bf00377755 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Lederman, S. A., Jones, R. L., Caldwell, K. L., Rauh, V., Sheets, S. E., Tang, D. L., Viswanathan, S., Becker, M., Stein, J. L., Wang, R. Y., et al. (2008) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.10831 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Maternal Blood Manganese Levels and Infant Birth Weight
Zota, A. R., Ettinger, A. S., Bouchard, M. F., Amarasiriwardena, C. J., Schwartz, J. D., Hu, H., & Wright, R. O. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31819b93c0 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Rudge, C. V. C., Röllin, H. B., Nogueira, C. M. C. A., Thomassen, Y., Rudge, M. V. C., & Odland, J. Ø. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Monitoring · doi:10.1039/b903805a · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations
Winneke, G., Hrdina, K. G., & Brockhaus, A. (1982) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/bf00378161 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Kang, D., Amarasiriwardena, D. D., & Goodman, A. H. (2004) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-004-2504-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The effects of lead exposure on urban children: the Institute of Child Health/Southampton Study.
Smith, M., Delves, T., Lansdown, R., et al. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Incremental dental development: Methods and applications in hominoid evolutionary studies
Smith, T. M. (2007) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.020 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Lifetime Consequences of Combined Maternal Lead and Stress
Cory‐Slechta, D. A., Virgolini, M. B., Rossi‐George, A., Thiruchelvam, M. J., Lisek, R., & Weston, D. (2008) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00189.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Budd, P., Montgomery, J., Cox, A. J., Krause, P., Barreiro, B. A., & Thomas, R. (1998) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00244-7 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Hare, D. J., Austin, C. E., Doble, P., & Arora, M. (2011) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2011.03.004 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationSabel, N., Johansson, C., Kühnisch, J., Robertson, A., Steiniger, F., Norén, J. G., Klingberg, G., & Nietzsche, S. (2008) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.05.003 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Subclinical Lead Exposure in Philadelphia Schoolchildren
Needleman, H. L., Davidson, I., Sewell, E. M., & Shapiro, I. M. (1974) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197401312900504 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Deciduous teeth as an index of body burden of lead
Altshuller, L. F., Halak, D. B., Landing, B. H., et al. (1962) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(62)80040-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Arora, M., Kennedy, B. J., Elhlou, S., Pearson, N. J., Walker, D. M., Bayl, P., & Chan, S. W. Y. (2006) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.035 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermining Fetal Manganese Exposure from Mantle Dentine of Deciduous Teeth
Arora, M., Bradman, A., Austin, C., Vedar, M., Holland, N., Eskenazi, B., & Smith, D. R. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es203569f · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationYoon, M., Nong, A., M.A., H. J. C. I., Taylor, M. D., Dorman, D. C., & Andersen, M. E. (2009) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp198 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study of Chronic Lead Exposure and Physical Growth in Boston Children
Kim, R., Hu, H., Rotnitzky, A. G., Bellinger, D. C., & Needleman, H. L. (1995) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.95103952 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Association between Prenatal Lead Exposure and Blood Pressure in Children
Zhang, A., Hu, H., Sánchez, B. N., Ettinger, A. S., Park, S. K., Cantonwine, D. E., Schnaas, L., Wright, R. O., Lamadrid‐Figueroa, H., & Téllez‐Rojo, M. M. (2011) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1103736 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Using Strontium Isotope Ratios to Estimate Inputs to Ecosystems
Gosz, J. R., Brookins, D. G., & Moore, D. I. (1983) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1309240 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Adams, J., Barone, S., LaMantia, A., Philen, R. M., Rice, D. C., SPEAR, L. P., & Susser, E. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s3535 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hansen, O. N., Trillingsgaard, A., Beese, I., et al. (1989) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/0892-0362(89)90060-3 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Tooth analyses of sources and intensity of lead exposure in children.
Gulson, B. L. (1996) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.96104306 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
History of Lead Exposure in Children Revealed from Isotopic Analyses of Teeth
Gulson, B. L., & Wilson, D. (1994) · Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal · doi:10.1080/00039896.1994.9937480 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Lear, J., Hare, D. J., Fryer, F., Adlard, P. A., Finkelstein, D. I., & Doble, P. (2012) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac301156f · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Molina, R. M., Phattanarudee, S., Kim, J., Thompson, K., Wessling‐Resnick, M., Maher, T. J., & Brain, J. D. (2011) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2011.03.010 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Basha, D. C., Rani, M., Devi, C. B., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.01.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Variation in elemental intensities among teeth and between pre‐ and postnatal regions of enamel
Dolphin, A. E., Goodman, A. H., & Amarasiriwardena, D. D. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20213 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Polychlorinated Biphenyls Cause Developmental Enamel Defects in Children
Jan, J., & Vrbic, V. (2000) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000016625 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Transcriptional Effects of Prenatal and Neonatal Exposure to PFOS in Developing Rat Brain
Wang, F., Liu, W., Jin, Y., Dai, J., Yu, W., Liu, X., & Liu, L. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es902799f · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Strontium-90 Absorption by Deciduous Teeth
Reiss, L. Z. (1961) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.134.3491.1669 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Strontium isotopes as tracers of airborne fly ash from coal-fired power plants
Hurst, R. W., & Davis, T. E. (1981) · Environmental Geology · doi:10.1007/bf02473525 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Wöltgens, J. H. M., Lyaruu, D. M., Bronckers, A. L. J. J., et al. (1995) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.7626408 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Dentin Mineralization and the Role of Odontoblasts in Calcium Transport
Linde, A. (1995) · Connective Tissue Research · doi:10.3109/03008209509016997 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Tooth Lead Levels and IQ in School-Age Children: The Port Pine Cohort Study
McMichael, A. J., Baghurst, P., Vimpani, G., Wigg, N. R., Robertson, E. F., & Tong, S. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117275 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Lead exchange in teeth and bone--a pilot study using stable lead isotopes.
Gulson, B. L., & Gillings, B. R. D. (1997) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.97105820 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lead in deciduous teeth of children living in a non-ferrous smelter area and a rural area of the FRG
Ewers, U., Brockhaus, A., Winneke, G., et al. (1982) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/bf00378076 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Internal lead and cadmium exposure in 6-year-old children from western and eastern Germany
Begerow, J., Freier, I., Turfeld, M., et al. (1994) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/bf00454362 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Childhood lead exposure and uptake in teeth in the Cleveland area during the era of leaded gasoline
Robbins, N., Zhang, Z.-F., Sun, J., et al. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.060 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Reconstructing the life-time lead exposure in children using dentine in deciduous teeth
Shepherd, T. J., Dirks, W., Manmee, C., Hodgson, S., Banks, D. A., Averley, P., & Pless‐Mulloli, T. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lead levels among various deciduous tooth types
Rabinowitz, M. B., Bellinger, D., Leviton, A. E., et al. (1991) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/bf01700952 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cattaneo, C., Gigli, F., Lodi, F., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, F., Liu, W., Ma, J., Yu, M., Jin, Y., & Dai, J. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3008547 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Stable Isotopes of Lead for Source Identification
Rabinowitz, M. B. (1995) · Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.3109/15563659509010623 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pellegrini, M., Casá, A., Marchei, E., et al. (2005) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cory‐Slechta, D. A., Merchant‐Borna, K., Allen, J. L., Liu, S. M., Weston, D., & Conrad, K. (2012) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs260 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Blood lead—Tooth lead relationship among Boston children
Rabinowitz, M. B., Leviton, A. E., & Bellinger, D. C. (1989) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/bf01701924 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Needleman, H. L., & Shapiro, I. M. (1974) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.74727 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Spatial Distribution of Lead in Enamel and Coronal Dentine of Wistar Rats
Arora, M., Chan, S. W. Y., Ryan, C. G., et al. (2005) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1385/bter:105:1-3:159 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationRelating tooth and blood lead levels in children
Rabinowitz, M. (1995) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/bf00209464 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Strontium-90 Content of Deciduous Human Incisors
Rosenthal, H. L., Gilster, J. E., & Bird, J. T. (1963) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.140.3563.176 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lead Exchange in Teeth and Bone: A Pilot Study Using Stable Lead Isotopes
Gulson, B. L., & Gillings, B. R. D. (1997) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.2307/3433699 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nicotine Concentrations in Deciduous Teeth and Cumulative Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Childhood
García‐Algar, Ó. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.2.196 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Enamel Lead Biomarker for Prenatal Exposure Assessment
Ericson, J. E. (2001) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1006/enrs.2001.4283 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kim, R., Hu, H., Rotnitzky, A. G., Bellinger, D. C., & Needleman, H. L. (1996) · Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal · doi:10.1080/00039896.1996.9934425 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ericson, J. E., Rinderknecht, A. L., Gonzalez, E. J., Crinella, F. M., & Kleinman, M. T. (2001) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.4240 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
lead levels in deciduous teeth of children from selected urban areas in the Cape Peninsula.
van Wyk, C. W., & Grobler, S. R. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Evidence of undue lead exposure in Cape Town before the advent of leaded petrol.
Grobler, S. R., Theunissen, F., & Maresky, L. S. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kalkbrenner, A. E., Schmidt, R. J., & Penlesky, A. C. (2014) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.06.001 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“Metals in acid-digested whole baby teeth included metal exposures up until the tooth was shed.(211) 212”
Biospecimens and the ABCD study: Rationale, methods of collection, measurement and early data
Uban, K. A., Horton, M. K., Jacobus, J., Heyser, C., Thompson, W. K., Tapert, S. F., Madden, P. A. F., & Sowell, E. R. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism
Arora, M., Reichenberg, A., Willfors, C., Austin, C., Gennings, C., Berggren, S., Lichtenstein, P., Anckarsäter, H., Tammimies, K., & Bölte, S. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15493 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationThe NIH ECHO program: investigating how early environmental influences affect child health
Blaisdell, C. J., Park, C., Hanspal, M., Roary, M., Arteaga, S. S., Laessig, S., Luetkemeier, E., Gillman, M. W., & Outcomes, O. B. O. P. C. F. E. I. O. C. H. (2022) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01574-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Arora, M., Austin, C., Sarrafpour, B., Hernández-Ávila, M., Hu, H., Wright, R. O., & Tellez-Rojo, M. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097805 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationCurtin, P., Austin, C., Curtin, A., Gennings, C., Arora, M., (for the Emergent Dynamical Systems Group), Tammimies, K., Willfors, C., Berggren, S., Siper, P., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat1293 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Consequences of Environmental Exposures: Causal Thinking in Global Environmental Epidemiology
Sly, P. D., Carpenter, D. O., Van den Berg, M., Stein, R. T., Landrigan, P. J., Brune-Drisse, M.-N., & Suk, W. (2016) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2016.01.004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Environmental exposure to metals, neurodevelopment, and psychosis
Modabbernia, A., Arora, M., & Reichenberg, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000332 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, P., Arora, M., Chaleckis, R., Isobe, T., Jain, M., Meister, I., Melén, E., Perzanowski, M., Torta, F., Wenk, M. R., et al. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9060106 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Arora, M., & Austin, C.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Arora, Manish
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pediatrics
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 261-267
- ISSN
- 1040-8703 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091291773
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (K99ES019597)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- prenatal chemical exposure, dental histology, exposure timing, metals, organic compounds, calcified tissues, retrospective exposure assessment, placental transport, early childhood exposure, case-control study
- MeSH terms
- Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Humans, Metals, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Tooth, Deciduous, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
