Kuru

May combine two claims.

129 Met/Val and Val/Val carriers developed kuru at a later age, after an incubation period of 20 years or longer, and many survived the epidemic.

“Based on representative statistics, it was concluded that individuals homozygous for the 129 Met allele had an earlier age of disease onset and a shorter incubation time, whereas 129 Met/Val and Val/Val carriers developed kuru at a later age, after an incubation period of 20 years or longer, and many survived the epidemic (24).”

• cites [24] Cervenakova L Goldfarb L Garruto R Phenotype-genotype studies in kuru: Implications for new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 95 13239 41 9789072 PMC23768 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page not provided) show that Met/Val patients were overrepresented in older age groups, and the Discussion infers that heterozygotes probably had longer incubation periods than homozygotes. The Results do not show later onset for Val/Val patients; Table 1 includes more Val/Val cases under age 15 than over age 30. The paper does not establish an incubation period of 20 years or longer or report that many carriers survived the epidemic. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Individuals homozygous for the 129 Met allele had an earlier age of disease onset and a shorter incubation time.

“Based on representative statistics, it was concluded that individuals homozygous for the 129 Met allele had an earlier age of disease onset and a shorter incubation time, whereas 129 Met/Val and Val/Val carriers developed kuru at a later age, after an incubation period of 20 years or longer, and many survived the epidemic (24).”

• cites [24] Cervenakova L Goldfarb L Garruto R Phenotype-genotype studies in kuru: Implications for new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 95 13239 41 9789072 PMC23768 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that Met/Met kuru patients were overrepresented at younger ages of onset, while the Discussion infers that homozygotes probably had a shorter incubation period than heterozygotes. The claim presents that inference as certain. The Results do not support grouping Val/Val carriers with Met/Val carriers as developing kuru later, and the paper does not establish a 20-year incubation period or that many carriers survived the epidemic. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The Fore did not talk about rubbing their bodies with brain tissue when describing earlier events and have recently denied the practice.

“However, the Fore did not talk about rubbing their bodies with brain tissue when describing earlier events and have recently denied the practice (52).”

• cites [52] Whitfield JP Pako WH Collinge J Mortuary rites of the South Fore and kuru Phil Trans R Soc B 2008 363 3721 24 18849288 PMC2581657 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) concludes that intentional rubbing of brain tissue on mourners did not occur, and §5 says it was never rubbed on their bodies. These passages support the paper’s account of the practice, but do not establish the specific claims that the Fore omitted it when describing earlier events or recently denied it. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent investigation of Fore mortuary practices has shown that, by consuming deceased relatives, the Fore were ensuring that the souls of the departed reached the land of the dead, to be reborn as ancestors.

“A recent investigation of Fore mortuary practices has shown that, by consuming deceased relatives, the Fore were ensuring that the souls of the departed reached the land of the dead, to be reborn as ancestors (52).”

• cites [52] Whitfield JP Pako WH Collinge J Mortuary rites of the South Fore and kuru Phil Trans R Soc B 2008 363 3721 24 18849288 PMC2581657 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Kuru is a uniformly fatal and remarkably stereotyped cerebellar ataxic syndrome accompanied by tremor and choreiform and athetoid movements.

“Kuru is a uniformly fatal and remarkably stereotyped cerebellar ataxic syndrome accompanied by tremor and choreiform and athetoid movements (27, 39, 57–61)”

• cites [27] Gajdusek DC Zigas V Degenerative disease of the central nervous system in New Guinea. The endemic occurrence of “kuru” in the native population N Engl J Med 1957 257 974 78 13483871 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [39] Collinge CJ Whitfield J McKintosh E Kuru in the 21st century—An acquired human prion disease with very long incubation periods Lancet 2006 367 2068 74 16798390 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [57] Alpers MP Kuru: Age and Duration Studies Adelaide Department of Medicine 1964 12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [58] Beasley A Fore experiences on the kuru patrols Oceania 2009 79 34 52Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [59] Collinge CJ Whitfield J McKintosch E A clinical study of kuru patients with long incubation periods at the end of the epidemic in Papua New Guinea Phil Trans R Soc B 2008 363 3725 39 18849289 PMC2581654 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) describes progressive cerebellar ataxia, a well-characterized clinical progression, usually present tremor, and eventual death. It says athetoid and choreiform movements *may occur*, rather than presenting them as invariable accompaniments of kuru. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [60] Collinge J Lessons of kuru research: Background to recent studies with some personal reflections Phil Trans R Soc B 2008 363 3689 96 18849283 PMC2577136 sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s Abstract describes people dying of kuru and notes clinical similarities between kuru and variant CJD. It does not describe kuru as a stereotyped cerebellar ataxic syndrome or specify tremor, choreiform movements, or athetoid movements; nor does it establish that the disease is uniformly fatal. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [61] Prusiner SB Gajdusek DC Alpers MP Kuru with incubation periods exceeding two decades Ann Neurol 1982 12 1 9 7114816 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Immunohistochemical studies revealed that PrPTSE is present not only as kuru plaques but also in synaptic and perineuronal sites and in the spinal cord within substantia gelatinosa in kuru.

“Immunohistochemical studies revealed that PrPTSE was present not only as kuru plaques but also in synaptic and perineuronal sites (64) and in the spinal cord within substantia gelatinosa.”

• cites [64] Hainfellner J Liberski PP Guiroy DC Pathology and immunohistochemistry of a kuru brain Brain Pathol 1997 7 547 54 9034563 PMC8098557 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (no page given) reports anti-PrP immunocytochemistry in a kuru brain and describes both diffuse synaptic-type deposits and plaques. Our copy does not report perineuronal deposits or PrP in the spinal cord’s substantia gelatinosa; searches for those sites returned no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In our previous study on amyloid plaques in prion diseases, we demonstrated that kuru plaques morphologically and ultrastructurally resemble those characteristic of sporadic CJD subtype 3 according to the Parchi and Gambetti classification but are remarkably different from florid plaques in variant CJD and multicentric plaques in GSS.

“In our previous study on amyloid plaques encountered in prion diseases (71), we demonstrated that kuru plaques morphologically and ultrastructurally resemble those that are characteristic of sporadic CJD subtype 3 according to the Parchi and Gambetti classification (22) but were remarkably different from florid plaques in variant CJD and multicentric plaques in GSS.”

• cites [71] Sikorska B Liberski PP Sobów T Ultrastructural study of florid plaques in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A comparison with amyloid plaques in kuru, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009 35 46 59 18513219 sourceSupported
• cites [22] Parchi P Castellani R Capellari S Molecular basis of phenotypic variability in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Ann Neurol 1996 39 767 78 8651649 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Most young Fore males who developed kuru in 1957-1959 were Met/Met homozygous, whereas survivors exposed at the same age completely lacked the Met/Met genotype.

“Most of the young Fore males who developed kuru in 1957–1959 were Met/Met homozygous, whereas survivors of the kuru epidemic who were exposed to the infection at the same age completely lacked the Met/Met genotype.”

May combine two claims.

In the frontal cortex of a kuru case, spongiform change was of moderate intensity, and GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were present.

“In the frontal cortex, spongiform change was of moderate intensity, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)–immunoreactive astrocytes were present.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Dystrophic neurites were occasionally seen in the vicinity of amyloid plaques.

“Occasionally, dystrophic neurites were seen in the vicinity.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

PrPTSE immunohistochemistry revealed mostly synaptic deposits and plaques of varying size and shape in the frontal cortex.

“The PrPTSE immunohistochemistry revealed mostly synaptic deposits and plaques of varying size and shape.”

May combine two claims.

In kuru and sporadic CJD, minimal immunoreactivity of MAP-tau was observed at the periphery of the plaques; this pattern differs from variant CJD and GSS, in which MAP-tau expression was much more robust.

“In kuru and sporadic CJD, minimal immunoreactivity of MAP-tau was observed at the periphery of the plaques, that is, again, the pattern of MAP-tau immunoreactivity was different from that of variant CJD and GSS, in which the expression of this protein was much more robust.”

May combine two claims.

In kuru, in contrast to plaques in variant CJD and GSS, GFAP-positive astrocytic cell processes are observed around plaques and at the peripheral part of plaques; this phenomenon is seen, albeit to a slightly lesser degree, in sporadic CJD.

“Moreover, in kuru, in contrast to plaques in variant CJD and GSS, we observed GFAP-positive astrocytic cell processes around plaques and at the peripheral part of plaques. This phenomenon was seen, albeit to a slightly lesser degree, in sporadic CJD.”

May combine two claims.

In kuru and sporadic CJD, some distended β-amyloid precursor protein-positive processes were observed, but they were dispersed throughout the cortex and not around the plaques.

“In kuru and sporadic CJD, we also observed some distended β-amyloid precursor protein–positive processes, but they were dispersed throughout the cortex and not around the plaques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

From examination of the chimpanzee infected with the "K" kuru brain, typical autophagic vacuoles were illustrated, but the process was not mentioned.

“From examination of the chimpanzee infected with the “K” kuru brain, the typical autophagic vacuoles were illustrated, but the process was not mentioned.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multiple mutations in the PRNP gene have been linked to various phenotypes of hereditary, sporadic, and iatrogenic CJD.

“Multiple mutations in the PRNP gene have been linked to various phenotypes of hereditary, sporadic, and iatrogenic CJD (25, 26).”

• cites [25] Palmer MS Dryden AJ Hughes JT Homozygous prion protein genotype predisposes to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Nature 1991 352 340 42 1677164 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [26] Collinge J Palmer MS Dryden AJ Genetic predisposition to iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Lancet 1991 337 1441 42 1675319 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The decline of kuru incidence in the Fore was determined by the discontinuation of exposure and additionally by the exhaustion of the susceptible genotype.

“Apparently, the decline of kuru incidence in the Fore was determined by the discontinuation of exposure and additionally by the exhaustion of the susceptible genotype.”

May combine two claims.

Cannibalism was no longer present in the 1960s, had been suppressed by the government and missions, but the Fore spoke openly about their practice of consuming deceased relatives.

“No longer present in the 1960s, cannibalism had been suppressed by the government and missions, but the Fore spoke openly about their practice of consuming deceased relatives.”

May combine two claims.

The disease was judged to be too common and too fatal to be a purely genetic disorder, unless the hypothetical kuru gene was maintained at high frequency by a mechanism of balanced polymorphism for which, at that time, there was no evidence.

“However, the disease was judged to be too common and too fatal to be a purely genetic disorder, unless the hypothetical kuru gene was maintained at high frequency by a mechanism of balanced polymorphism for which, at that time, there was no evidence (44).”

• cites [44] Mathews JD Kuru: A Puzzle in Culture and Environmental Medicine PhD thesis University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1971Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Those who died of dysentery, leprosy, and possibly yaws were not consumed.

“Those who died of dysentery, leprosy, and possibly yaws were not consumed”

• cites [45] Whitfield JT Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea PhD dissertation University College London, UK 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Cannibalism continued longer in the south, the area with the highest incidence of kuru in the 1960s.

“Cannibalism thus continued longer in the south, the area with the highest incidence of kuru in the 1960s.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first government patrols in the late 1940s had reported cannibalism to be customary throughout much of the region.

“The first government patrols in the late 1940s had also reported cannibalism to be customary throughout much of the region.”

May combine two claims.

Initiated youths moved to the men's house at approximately age 12 years, leaving behind the world of immaturity, femininity, and cannibalism.

“Initiated youths moved to the men’s house at approximately age 12 years, leaving behind the world of immaturity, femininity, and cannibalism.”

• cites [45] Whitfield JT Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea PhD dissertation University College London, UK 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Small children were never given meat and were also kept away from the ceremony.

“Small children were never given meat and were also kept away from the ceremony.”

• cites [45] Whitfield JT Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea PhD dissertation University College London, UK 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Brain tissue mixed with wild green vegetables was cooked in bamboo tubes, which the daughters-in-law shared with other women.

“Brain tissue mixed with wild green vegetables was cooked in bamboo tubes, which the daughters-in-law shared with other women (45).”

• cites [45] Whitfield JT Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea PhD dissertation University College London, UK 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The South Fore reported that some people had continued to hide and eat deceased kin until the road reached them.

“Nevertheless, the South Fore reported that some people had continued to hide and eat deceased kin until the road reached them.”

May combine two claims.

Nearby or distant Fore immigrant groups were welcomed and, in time, were said to possess "one blood" and to stem from a common ancestor.

“Nearby or distant Fore immigrant groups were welcomed and, in time, were said to possess “one blood” and to stem from a common ancestor.”

May combine two claims.

The Fore could name those who had died of kuru and those who had participated in the consumption of the deceased person, which allowed for an account of the appearance of the disease in particular hamlets some 4 to 20 years after ingestion.

“Moreover, the Fore could name those who had died of kuru and those who had participated in the consumption of the deceased person, which allowed for an account of the appearance of the disease in particular hamlets some 4 to 20 years after ingestion.”

May combine two claims.

Adult men in the North Fore consumed the dead more frequently than in the South, where adult men rarely ate human flesh.

“Adult men in the North Fore consumed the dead more frequently than in the South, where adult men rarely ate human flesh”

• cites [45] Whitfield JT Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea PhD dissertation University College London, UK 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [46] Glasse RM Lindenbaum S Kuru at Wanitabe Hornabrook RW Essays on Kuru Berks. E. W. Classey Faringdon, Oxon, UK 1976 38 52Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Female relatives by marriage, who were the main consumers, could also request certain body parts.

“Female relatives by marriage, who were the main consumers, could also request certain body parts.”

• cites [45] Whitfield JT Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea PhD dissertation University College London, UK 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A balancing selection at the PRNP locus somewhat similar to what occurred in the Fore was discovered in some other world populations and has been interpreted as evidence of selection pressure from possible epidemics of prion diseases in prehistoric humans.

“Surprisingly, a balancing selection at the PRNP locus somewhat similar to what occurred in the Fore was discovered in some other world populations and has been interpreted as evidence of selection pressure from possible epidemics of prion diseases in prehistoric humans (40, 41).”

• cites [40] Mead S Stumpf MP Whitfield J Balancing selection at the prion protein gene consistent with prehistoric kurulike epidemics Science 2003 300 640 43 12690204 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [41] Hardy J Scholz S Evans W Prion genotypes in Central America suggest selection for the V129 allele Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006 141B 33 35 16287045 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Fore genealogies gave legitimacy to ties based on culturally defined notions of kinship, providing a moral guide for living but were not reliable statements of genetic proximity.

“Fore genealogies gave legitimacy to ties based on culturally defined notions of kinship, providing a moral guide for living but were not reliable statements of genetic proximity (42).”

• cites [42] Lindenbaum S Kuru Sorcery. Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands Palo Alto, CA Mayfield Publishing Company 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The duration of kuru, as measured from the onset of prodromal signs and symptoms until death, was about 12 months (range, 3-23 months).

“The duration of kuru, as measured from the onset of prodromal signs and symptoms until death, was about 12 months (range, 3–23 months) (54, 62).”

• cites [54] Knauft BM Good Company and Violence. Sorcery and Social Action in a Lowland New Guinea Society Berkeley, CA University of California Press 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [62] Klatzo I Gajdusek DC Pathology of kuru Lab Invest 1959 8 799 847 13665963Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Deep reflexes were increased, but the plantar reflex was still flexor and the Babinski sign has never been seen.

“Deep reflexes were increased, but the plantar reflex was still flexor and the Babinski sign has never been seen.”

May combine two claims.

The Romberg sign was almost always negative (2 of 34 kuru cases in Alpers' series), but with disease progression, ataxia became marked and the Romberg sign became positive.

“The Romberg sign was almost always negative (2 of 34 kuru cases in Alpers’ series [63]), but with disease progression, ataxia became marked and the Romberg sign became positive.”

• cites [63] Alpers MP Kuru: A Clinical Study Washington, DC US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1964 1 38Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The infectious agent was then recycled through the consumption of those who had died of the disease, amplifying the infectious agent and resulting in the epidemic.

“The infectious agent was then recycled through the consumption of those who had died of the disease, amplifying the infectious agent and resulting in the epidemic.”

May combine two claims.

Consumption of human flesh and exposure to the infectious agent was limited to adult women, children of both sexes, and a few adult men, matching the epidemiology of kuru in the 1960s.

“Consumption of human flesh and exposure to the infectious agent was thus limited to adult women, children of both sexes, and a few adult men, matching the epidemiology of kuru in the 1960s (46).”

• cites [46] Glasse RM Lindenbaum S Kuru at Wanitabe Hornabrook RW Essays on Kuru Berks. E. W. Classey Faringdon, Oxon, UK 1976 38 52Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the third stage, the patient was bedridden, incontinent, and covered with urine and feces, with dysphasia and primitive reflexes, and eventually succumbed in a state of severe emaciation, generalized muscle wasting, and fasciculation, spontaneous or evoked by tapping.

“In the third stage, the patient was bedridden, incontinent, and covered with urine and feces, with dysphasia and primitive reflexes, and eventually succumbed in a state of severe emaciation, generalized muscle wasting, and fasciculation, spontaneous or evoked by tapping.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kuru plaques were found in about three quarters of the 13 cases of Beck and Daniel.

“in “about three quarters” of the 13 cases of Beck and Daniel (68)”

• cites [68] Beck E Daniel PM Kuru and scrapie compared: Are they examples of system degeneration? Gajdusek DC Gibbs CJ Jr Alpers MP Slow, Latent, and Temperate Virus Infections Washington, DC US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1965 85 93Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Fowler et al described severe demyelination in the lateral corticospinal tract and degeneration of dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts in kuru.

“Fowler et al (67) described severe demyelination in the lateral corticospinal tract and degeneration of dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts.”

• cites [67] Fowler M Robertson EG Observations on kuru. III. Pathological features in five cases Australas Ann Med 1959 8 16 26 13638205 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kuru was divided into 3 clinical stages: ambulant, sedentary, and terminal.

“Kuru was divided into 3 clinical stages: ambulant, sedentary, and terminal.”

May combine two claims.

Intention tremor was detected in more than 50% of cases in Alpers' series in the first stage of kuru but was constantly present through the second stage.

“Intention tremor was detected in more than 50% of cases in Alpers’ series in the first stage of kuru but was constantly present through the second stage.”

• cites [63] Alpers MP Kuru: A Clinical Study Washington, DC US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1964 1 38Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Swollen neurons are occasionally described in kuru.

“Swollen neurons were occasionally described (67, 68).”

• cites [67] Fowler M Robertson EG Observations on kuru. III. Pathological features in five cases Australas Ann Med 1959 8 16 26 13638205 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [68] Beck E Daniel PM Kuru and scrapie compared: Are they examples of system degeneration? Gajdusek DC Gibbs CJ Jr Alpers MP Slow, Latent, and Temperate Virus Infections Washington, DC US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1965 85 93Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In kuru, neurons are shrunken and either hyperchromatic or pale, with dispersion of the Nissl substance or intracytoplasmic vacuoles similar to those in scrapie.

“Neurons were shrunken and either hyperchromatic or pale, with dispersion of the Nissl substance or contained intracytoplasmic vacuoles similar to those that had been described in scrapie (66).”

• cites [66] Innes JRM Saunders LZ Comparative Neuropathology New York, NY Academic Press 1962 839Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Beck and Daniel noticed "small spongy spaces" in 7 of 13 kuru cases.

“but “small spongy spaces” were noticed in 7 of 13 cases studied by Beck and Daniel (68).”

• cites [68] Beck E Daniel PM Kuru and scrapie compared: Are they examples of system degeneration? Gajdusek DC Gibbs CJ Jr Alpers MP Slow, Latent, and Temperate Virus Infections Washington, DC US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1965 85 93Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Well-documented accounts of the practice in Papua New Guinea have recently been published.

“well-documented accounts of the practice in Papua New Guinea have recently been published (54, 55).”

• cites [54] Knauft BM Good Company and Violence. Sorcery and Social Action in a Lowland New Guinea Society Berkeley, CA University of California Press 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [55] Gillison G Between Culture and Fantasy A New Guinea Highlands Mythology Chicago, IL Chicago University Press 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Spongiform change is poorly visible in thick celloidin blocks stained with Nissl stain, as opposed to paraffin blocks stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

“It must be stressed, however, that the spongiform change is poorly visible in thick celloidin blocks stained with Nissl stain, as opposed to paraffin blocks stained with hematoxylin and eosin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The discovery of transmissibility of kuru and subsequent transmission of CJD set the stage for the timely discovery of variant CJD almost 50 years later, without which its cause might have remained a mystery for a very long time.

“Also, the discovery of transmissibility of kuru and subsequent transmission of CJD would set the stage for the timely discovery of variant CJD almost 50 years later, without which its cause might have remained a mystery for a very long time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The amount of ultrastructural data on kuru-affected brains is extremely limited, probably because of severe constraints on obtaining well-fixed material.

“The amount of ultrastructural data on kuru-affected brains is extremely limited probably because of severe constraints on obtaining well-fixed material.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Field et al. described a typical fine structure of amyloid plaques and numerous Hirano bodies in kuru brains.

“They described a typical fine structure of amyloid plaques as well as numerous Hirano bodies.”

• cites [81] Field EJ Mathews JD Raine CS Electron microscopic observations on the cerebellar cortex in kuru J Neurol Sci 1969 8 209 24 4185060 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Peat and Field reported cytoplasmic lamellar bodies, which were subsequently shown to be normal cell constituents.

“Peat and Field (82) reported on “cytoplasmic lamellar bodies,” which subsequently were shown to be perfectly normal cell constituents (83).”

• cites [82] Peat A Field EJ An unusual structure in kuru brain Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1970 15 288 92 4988012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [83] Liberski PP Gibson PH Cerebellar lamellar bodies in two strains of murine scrapie J Comp Pathol 1987 97 491 93 3668000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As early as 1969, Lampert et al. suggested that spongiform change is related to autophagy.

“It is of utmost interest that as early as 1969, Lampert et al (having cited an earlier article by Arstila et al [88]) suggested that the spongiform change is somehow related to autophagy (84).”

• cites [84] Lampert PW Earle KM Gibbs CJ Jr Experimental kuru encephalopathy in chimpanzees and spider monkey J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1969 28 353 70 4978020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [88] Arstila AU Trump BF Studies on cellular autophagocytosis. The formation of autophagic vacuoles in the liver after glucagon administration Am J Pathol 1968 53 687 733 4300890 PMC2013521Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Kuru was the first slow virus disease of humans discovered in a remote tribe of Papua New Guinea.

“Kuru was the first slow virus disease of humans discovered in a remote tribe of Papua New Guinea.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The new type of human infectious pathogen called "a slow virus" was discovered through the work of D. Carleton Gajdusek and subsequent collaborators and followers.

“Through the insight, endurance, persistence, and genius of D. Carleton Gajdusek and subsequent collaborators and followers, the new type of human infectious pathogen, called “a slow virus,” was discovered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

That discovery opened a new field of neurodegenerations viewed as protein conformational disorders.

“That discovery opened a new field of neurodegenerations viewed as protein conformational disorders.”

May combine two claims.

Beck et al. confirmed the pioneer data and reported membrane lamination observed before full-blown pathology could be appreciated.

“Those pioneer data were confirmed by Beck et al (89), who also reported membrane lamination observed before full-blown pathology could be appreciated.”

• cites [89] Beck E Bak IJ Christ JF Experimental kuru in the Spider monkey: Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of the brain during early stages of incubation Brain 1975 98 595 612 814967 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The histogenesis of vacuoles is not well understood, and most ultrastructural studies cannot detect the subcellular organelles from which vacuoles originate.

“The histogenesis of vacuoles is not well understood, and most of the ultrastructural studies have an inability to detect subcellular organelles from which vacuoles originate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

With the passage of time, the slow virus concept became a "prion."

“With the passage of time, the slow virus changed clothes to become a “prion.””

May combine two claims.

Our immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of microglial cells, astrocytic processes, and dystrophic neurites at the periphery of kuru plaques and a striking resemblance of the amyloid plaques in kuru with those in the plaque subtype of sporadic CJD.

“Our immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of microglial cells, astrocytic processes, and dystrophic neurites at the periphery of kuru plaques and a striking resemblance of the amyloid plaques in kuru with those in the plaque subtype of sporadic CJD.”