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Cited by 558Diabetes and associated disordersSex and Gender in HealthcareDiabetes Management and Research

Diabetes and gender

Open access
Gale, E. A.M., Gillespie, K. M.·2001·Diabetologia
DOI 10.1007/s001250051573
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Abstract

It is often assumed that there is little or no sex bias within either Type I (insulin-dependent) or Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. This review considers evidence that sex effects of interest and importance are present in both forms of the disease. Type I diabetes is the only major organ-specific autoimmune disorder not to show a strong female bias. The overall sex ratio is roughly equal in children diagnosed under the age of 15 but while populations with the highest incidence all show male excess, the lowest risk populations studied, mostly of non-European origin, characteristically show a female bias. In contrast, male excess is a consistent finding in populations of European origin aged 15-40 years, with an approximate 3:2 male:female ratio. This ratio has remained constant in young adults over two or three generations in some populations. Further, fathers with Type I diabetes are more likely than affected mothers to transmit the condition to their offspring. Women of childbearing age are therefore less likely to develop Type I diabetes, and--should this occur--are less likely to transmit it to their offspring. Type II diabetes showed a pronounced female excess in the first half of the last century but is now equally prevalent among men and women in most populations, with some evidence of male preponderance in early middle age. Men seem more susceptible than women to the consequences of indolence and obesity, possibly due to differences in insulin sensitivity and regional fat deposition. Women are, however, more likely to transmit Type II diabetes to their offspring. Understanding these experiments of nature might suggest ways of influencing the early course of both forms of the disease.

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  • Type 1 diabetes is the only common autoimmune disease characterized by a male predominance in populations of European origin (ratio 1:7).

    “Type 1 diabetes is the only common autoimmune disease characterized by a male predominance in populations of European origin (ratio 1:7) (reviewed in [42]).”

    From Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity (2015) · cites this paper as [42]

    The Abstract and Table 1 distinguish type 1 diabetes from other common autoimmune diseases by its lack of female predominance. The Early adult life section reports male predominance in the European-origin populations studied, but qualifies it by age; childhood rates vary. It reports a male:female ratio of approximately 1.7:1 in Belgian patients over age 14, not the printed 1:7 ratio. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Many reports indicate an excess of type 1 diabetes cases in male adults after the pubertal years, with a male-to-female ratio of at least 1.5, in populations of European origin.

    “Many reports indicate an excess of T1D cases in male adults after the pubertal years (male-female ratio ≥1.5) in populations of European origin 31–34.”

    From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [31]

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Authors
Gale, E. A. M., & Gillespie, K. M.
Affiliations
University of Bristol (GB)
ORCID
Gillespie, K. M.
Venue
Diabetologia
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2001-01-10
Volume
44
Issue
1
Pages
3-15
ISSN
  • 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0428
DOI
10.1007/s001250051573
OpenAlex
W2055388500
Cited by
558
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 16
FWCI
1.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
sex differences, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sex ratio, autoimmune disease, diabetes incidence, paternal transmission, mother-to-child transmission, obesity, insulin sensitivity, childbearing age women
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Autoimmune Diseases, Contraception, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Pregnancy, Puberty, Sex Factors

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