Cited by 327Stress Responses and CortisolMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsExercise and Physiological Responses

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Stress, Inflammation, and Yoga Practice

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Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., Christian, Lisa, Preston, Heather, Houts, Carrie R., Malarkey, William B., Emery, Charles F., Glaser, Ronald·2010·Psychosomatic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181cb9377PMC PMC2820143

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Abstract

Objective: To address the mechanisms underlying hatha yoga’s potential stress-reduction benefits, we compared inflammatory and endocrine responses of novice and expert yoga practitioners before, during, and after a restorative hatha yoga session, as well as in two control conditions. Stressors before each of the three conditions provided data on the extent to which yoga speeded an individual’s physiological recovery. Methods: A total of 50 healthy women (mean age, 41.32 years; range, 30–65 years), 25 novices and 25 experts, were exposed to each of the conditions (yoga, movement control, and passive-video control) during three separate visits. Results: The yoga session boosted participants’ positive affect compared with the control conditions, but no overall differences in inflammatory or endocrine responses were unique to the yoga session. Importantly, even though novices and experts did not differ on key dimensions, including age, abdominal adiposity, and cardiorespiratory fitness, novices’ serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels were 41% higher than those of experts across sessions, and the odds of a novice having detectable C-reactive protein (CRP) were 4.75 times as high as that of an expert. Differences in stress responses between experts and novices provided one plausible mechanism for their divergent serum IL-6 data; experts produced less lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-6 in response to the stressor than novices, and IL-6 promotes CRP production. Conclusion: The ability to minimize inflammatory responses to stressful encounters influences the burden that stressors place on an individual. If yoga dampens or limits stress-related changes, then regular practice could have substantial health benefits. CRC = Clinical Research Center; CRP = C-reactive protein; HR = heart rate; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL = interleukin; LPS = lipopolysaccharide; MASQ = Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Scale; PBLs = peripheral blood leukocytes; sIL-6r = soluble IL-6 receptor; TEWL = transepidermal water loss; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; JOURNAL/psme/04.03/00006842-201002000-00002/OV0312/v/2021-02-12T104333Z/r/image-pngo2 max = maximum oxygen consumption.

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“is thought to reduce response to stress and affect the autonomic nervous system through relaxation techniques and breath control.(23,24) Three recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest that yoga may significantly improve risk factors for CVD such as body weight, lipid profile, and BP.”
Background
Yogic breathing when compared to attention control reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in saliva: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Twal, W. O., Wahlquist, A. E., & Balasubramanian, S. (2016) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1286-7 · Cited by 63
“, self report of quality of life and stress) to determine the effectiveness of Yoga intervention [48].”
Background
Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune mechanisms of action of yoga in type II diabetes
Singh, V. P., Khandelwal, B., & Sherpa, N. T. (2015) · Ancient Science of Life · doi:10.4103/0257-7941.165623 · Cited by 58
Mechanisms of Yogic Practices in Health, Aging, and Disease
Kuntsevich, V. I., Bushell, W. C., & Theise, N. D. (2010) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.20214 · Cited by 57
Mindfulness in Motion: a Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Reduce Stress and Enhance Quality of Sleep in Scandinavian Employees
Klatt, M., Norre, C., Reader, B., Yodice, L., & White, S. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0621-x · Cited by 56
Isometric yoga improves the fatigue and pain of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome who are resistant to conventional therapy: A randomized, controlled trial
Oka, T., Tanahashi, T., Chijiwa, T., Lkhagvasuren, B., Sudo, N., & Oka, K. (2014) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-014-0027-8 · Cited by 59
“Yoga has been reported to reduce serum levels of cortisol [24] and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 [25,26].”
Background
Anti-inflammatory potential of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. on carrageenan induced paw edema in Wistar rats
Archer, A. C., Peddha, M. S., & Halami, P. M. (2015) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.044 · Cited by 54
Effect of Yoga Module on Pro- Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Industrial Workers of Lonavla: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Rajbhoj, P. H., Shete, S. U., Verma, A., & Bhogal, R. S. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/11426.5551 · Cited by 53
“Reduction of stress and an empowered mind-body complex, in all probabilities, might have been instrumental in causing the above findings [31,43].”
BackgroundResult
Chronic Stress, Immune Dysregulation, and Health
Gouin, J. (2011) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827610395467 · Cited by 65
“Frequent yoga practitioners also have lower CRP levels compared with non–yoga practitioners.(116) Moreover, cognitivebehavioral stress management improved antibody response to influenza among family dementia caregivers.”
Associations between mental disorders and the common cold in adults: A population-based cross-sectional study
Adam, Y., Meinlschmidt, G., & Lieb, R. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.08.013 · Cited by 53
“Additionally, emotional states have been found to affect individuals’ engagement in health-promoting behaviors [30, 31].”
Background
Interpersonal stressors predict ghrelin and leptin levels in women
Jaremka, L. M., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Malarkey, W. B., Glaser, R., Christian, L. M., Emery, C. F., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.018 · Cited by 52
“Women were catgorized as either novice (n = 25) or expert (n = 25) yoga ractitioners; women with an intermediate level of experise were excluded (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2010).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Benefits of Yoga on IL-6: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Yoga for Depression
Nugent, N. R., Brick, L. A. D., Armey, M. F., Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1604489 · Cited by 53
“The benefits of yoga may further accrue over time: when compared with yoga novices, yoga experts show lower CRP as well as lower serum and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated IL-6, suggesting that yoga may dampen basal and induced levels of inflammation.(23) These findings point to the potential promise of yoga relate…”
Background
Molecular signature of the immune response to yoga therapy in stress-related chronic disease conditions: An insight
Ravish, H., Venkatesh, H., Wilma Silvia, C. R., & Srinivas, H. (2020) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_82_18 · Cited by 53
“Type 2 diabetes mellitus C‑reactive protein, IL‑6 Pradhan et al.[71] Kohut et al.[51] IL‑8, IL‑6 (MCP‑1) Longo et al.[72] Wang et al.[73] Schizophrenia IL‑1 beta, IL‑6, IL‑9, and TNF‑beta significant increase Manu et al.[74] Rao et al.[75] IL‑6 in both plasma and CSF Coughlin et al.[76] Sanada et al.[77] Increase in C…”
Background
Effect of yoga intervention on biochemical, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers and sleep quality among subjects with type 2 diabetes in South India: Results from the SATYAM project
Viswanathan, V., Sivakumar, S., Prathiba, A. S., Devarajan, A., George, L., & Kumpatla, S. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108644 · Cited by 50
Effect of yoga training on inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein in employees of small-scale industries
Shete, S. U., Verma, A., Kulkarni, D. D., & Bhogal, R. S. (2017) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_65_17 · Cited by 48
“Nevertheless, it is evident that the physical activity or exercise plays an important role in inflammation.[30] Earlier studies showed that the treatments, such as weight loss and exercise, which are used to improve glucose metabolism,[31‐33] can also decrease inflammatory markers.”
BackgroundResult
Impact of yoga on periodontal disease and stress management
Sudhanshu, A., Sharma, U., Vadiraja, H., Rana, R., & Singhal, R. (2017) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.213468 · Cited by 47
“Exercises boost production and release of IL‐6 from muscles which, in turn, can reduce inflammation.[20] It was evident from the study results that PIS, BOP, CAL, pocket probing depth all these outcome variables have shown a significant Table 5: Comparison of outcome variables at the end of the study”
Result
Effect of restorative yoga vs. stretching on diurnal cortisol dynamics and psychosocial outcomes in individuals with the metabolic syndrome: The PRYSMS randomized controlled trial
Corey, S., Epel, E. S., Schembri, M. E., Pawlowsky, S., Cole, R. J., Araneta, M. R. G., Barrett-Connor, E. L., & Kanaya, A. M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.012 · Cited by 50
“Social support is a powerful buffer of stress, and it can reduce threat reactivity, neurally, and reduce peripheral reactivity of neuroendocrine and inflammatory pathways (Coan et al., 2006; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2010).”
Caring for the Caregivers: Results of an Extended, Five-component Stress-reduction Intervention for Hospital Staff
Sallon, S., Katz-Eisner, D., Yaffe, H., & Bdolah‐Abram, T. (2015) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2015.1053426 · Cited by 46
Specific Immunologic Countermeasure Protocol for Deep-Space Exploration Missions
Makedonas, G., Mehta, S. K., Choukèr, A., Simpson, R. J., Marshall, G. D., Orange, J. S., Auñón-Chancellor, S. M., Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., Stowe, R. P., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02407 · Cited by 46
The Social Patterns of a Biological Risk Factor for Disease: Race, Gender, Socioeconomic Position, and C-reactive Protein
Herd, P., Karraker, A., & Friedman, E. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs048 · Cited by 43
Yoga and meditation, an essential tool to alleviate stress and enhance immunity to emerging infections: A perspective on the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on students
Dalpati, N., Jena, S., Jain, S., & Sarangi, P. P. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100420 · Cited by 52
Anger responses to psychosocial stress predict heart rate and cortisol stress responses in men but not women
Lupis, S. B., Lerman, M., & Wolf, J. M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.004 · Cited by 46
Positive mood on the day of influenza vaccination predicts vaccine effectiveness: A prospective observational cohort study
Ayling, K., Fairclough, L. C., Tighe, P. J., Todd, I., Halliday, V., Garibaldi, J. M., Royal, S., Hamed, A., Buchanan, H., & Vedhara, K. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.008 · Cited by 42
Role of yoga in hormonal homeostasis
Mahajan, A. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology · doi:10.4103/2348-8093.143474 · Cited by 42
“[68] Meditation is known to decrease the release of IL-6 and its levels are found to be less in yoga experts compared to novice yoga practitioners.[69] Thus, yoga may help in immunomodulation [Figure 2].”
Background
Effect of yoga-based interventions for anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Vousoura, E., Diamond, M. C., & Miller, L. (2019) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000202 · Cited by 41
“Yoga may help to shift from the activated HPA axis and SNS to the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and it may help to decrease the possibility of becoming activated in the ﬁrst place (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2010).”
Background
A brief yoga intervention implemented during chemotherapy: A randomized controlled pilot study
Sohl, S. J., Danhauer, S. C., Birdee, G. S., Nicklas, B. J., Yacoub, G., Aklilu, M., & Avis, N. E. (2016) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2016.02.003 · Cited by 41
“Preliminary evidence also supports that yoga reduces inflammation [8].”
Background
Molecular mechanisms linking stress and insulin resistance
Yaribeygi, H., Maleki, M., Butler, A. E., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · EXCLI journal · doi:10.17179/excli2021-4382 · Cited by 59
A sociocultural neuroscience approach to pain
Anderson, S. R., & Losin, E. A. R. (2016) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-016-0037-4 · Cited by 42
“For example, experienced practitioners of various forms of yoga (Kiecolt-Glaser et al. 2010) and meditation (Kaliman et al.”
Background
Yoga and psychiatric disorders: a review of biomarker evidence
Bhargav, H., George, S., Varambally, S. S., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2020) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1761087 · Cited by 40
“…subjects have also demonstrated the impact of yoga on other neurotransmitters and hormones such as increase in b-endorphins (Tolahunase et al., 2017; Yadav et al., 2012), reduction in catecholamines (Infante et al., 2001) and increase in dopamine (with intense meditation) (Kjaer et al., 2002).”
Background
State of the Science: Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer
Payne, J. K. (2014) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/14.onf.533-540 · Cited by 35
“In another study, Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (2010) reported that a yoga intervention with 50 healthy women decreased their levels of inﬂammatory markers signiﬁcantly and could impact health beneﬁts.”
BackgroundInfluential
Mind-Body Medicine in Chronic Heart Failure
Emani, S., & Binkley, P. F. (2010) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.110.951509 · Cited by 33
A multispecies approach for understanding neuroimmune mechanisms of stress
Deak, T., Kudinova, A. Y., Lovelock, D. F., Gibb, B. E., & Hennessy, M. B. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.1/tdeak · Cited by 33
Potential Role of Yoga Intervention in the Management of Chronic Non-malignant Pain
Gupta, S., Gautam, S., Kumar, U., Arora, T., & Dada, R. (2022) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/5448671 · Cited by 40
“Depression IL-6, Cortisol [98] IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP [104] Multiple sclerosis IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 IL-10, IFN-c, TGF-β, and TNF-α [105] Inflammatory bowel disease IL-6 [106]”
A randomized controlled trial examining Iyengar yoga for young adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a study protocol
Evans, S., Cousins, L. A., Tsao, J. C. I., Subramanian, S. K., Sternlieb, B., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-19 · Cited by 35
“Hence, yoga has been associated with a number of physical benefits including lowered autonomic arousal (including decreased diastolic and systolic blood pressure and decreased heart rate) [21-23] and a reduction in inflammatory responses in both healthy individuals [24] and those with disease [25].”
Background
Yoga training modulates adipokines in adults with high‐normal blood pressure and metabolic syndrome
Supriya, R., Yu, A. P., Lee, P. H., Lai, C. W. K., Cheng, K. K. Y., Yau, S., Chan, L., Yung, B. Y., & Siu, P. M. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13029 · Cited by 33
Effect of Yoga on Primary Dysmenorrhea and Stress in Medical Students
Nag, U. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences · doi:10.9790/0853-0416973 · Cited by 32
Yoga in Rheumatic Diseases
Bartlett, S. J., Moonaz, S. H., Mill, C., Bernatsky, S., & Bingham, C. O. (2013) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-013-0387-2 · Cited by 32
“There is some suggestion that yoga may help reduce levels of inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein and interleukin-6[27, 28].”
Chronic physical illness: a psychophysiological approach for chronic physical illness.
Purdy, J. (2013) · PubMed Central · Cited by 31
Serum and gene expression profile of cytokines following combination of yoga training and vitamin D supplementation in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial
Naderi, M., Kordestani, H., Sahebi, Z., Zare, V. K., Amani-Shalamzari, S., Kaviani, M., Wiskemann, J., & Shamsi, M. M. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01671-8 · Cited by 32
“In contrast, some researchers reported yoga could lower inflammatory markers, IL-6, and TNF-α [25, 45, 46].”
Yoga and the Interplay between Attentional Load and Emotion Interference
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Yoga and Psychophysiological Determinants of Cardiovascular Health: Comparing Yoga Practitioners, Runners, and Sedentary Individuals
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“One study found no difference in BP or HR between female yogis (yoginis ) who had practiced yoga one to two times per week for at least 2 years and female yoga novices who had practiced yoga for between 6 and 12 sessions [8].”
Background
Yoga Practice Is Beneficial for Maintaining Healthy Lifestyle and Endurance Under Restrictions and Stress Imposed by Lockdown During COVID-19 Pandemic
Nagarathna, R., Anand, A., Rain, M., Srivastava, V., Sivapuram, M. S., Kulkarni, R., Ilavarasu, J. V., Sharma, M. N. K., Singh, A., & Nagendra, H. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.613762 · Cited by 37
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Friedl, K. E., & Grate, S. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190455132.003.0002 · Cited by 29

Authors: Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Christian, L., Preston, H., Houts, C. R., Malarkey, W. B., Emery, C. F., & Glaser, R.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author: Glaser, Ronald
ORCID: Christian, Lisa
Houts, Carrie R.
Malarkey, William B.
Emery, Charles F.
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2010-02
Volume: 72
Issue: 2
Pages: 113-121
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181cb9377
PMC: PMC2820143
OpenAlex: W2165834433
Cited by: 327
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 8.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (P30CA016058)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI055411)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025755, M01RR000034)
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT002971)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords: hatha yoga, stress reduction, inflammation, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, physiological recovery, endocrine response, positive affect, soluble IL-6 receptor, women, restorative yoga, stress response mechanisms, mood and anxiety symptoms, transepidermal water loss
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Aged, Complementary Therapies, C-Reactive Protein, Catecholamines, Cold Temperature, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Inflammation, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Physical Fitness, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, Psychological, Water Loss, Insensible, Yoga, Interleukin-6, Meditation

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