Patterns of Emotional-Cognitive Functioning in Pediatric Conversion Patients: Implications for the Conceptualization of Conversion Disorders
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine patterns of emotion processing in children and adolescents with conversion disorders and to determine whether those patterns are associated with particular clusters of conversion symptoms. Autobiographical narratives were used to investigate the organization of information about distressing feelings and memories. METHODS: Structured interviews about attachment relationships and autobiographical events were administered to 76 controls and 76 matched subjects aged 6 to 18 years. Age-appropriate assessments of attachment were used: the School-aged Assessment of Attachment for children and the Transition to Adulthood Attachment Interview for adolescents. Patterns of emotion processing were identified using dynamic-maturational model discourse analysis and categorized into four clusters: inhibitory, normative/balanced, coercive-preoccupied, and mixed inhibitory and coercive-preoccupied. These clusters were then cross-tabulated with the sensorimotor characteristics of children with conversion disorders. RESULTS: Emotion processing in children with conversion disorders was categorized as psychological inhibition (57%), psychological coercion-preoccupation (34%), and mixed (9%). Psychological inhibition was associated with negative conversion symptoms (discrete sensorimotor deficits, p = .003) and positive conversion symptoms (tremors and tics, p = .04). Psychological coercion-preoccupation was associated with all other disturbances of motor function: bizarre gaits and postures, whole-body floppiness, and refusals to move (p < .0001). Nonepileptic seizures occurred across both groups (56% versus 42%, p = .8). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the classic understanding of conversion disorder as a unified diagnostic entity with diverse symptoms, this study identified two distinct subtypes of conversion patients-those using psychological inhibition and those using psychological coercion-preoccupation-whose symptoms fell into discrete clusters. Further research is needed to determine the neural mechanisms underlying these processes.
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The more common pattern of presentation in paediatric FND is that of cumulative common-place stressors that exceed the child's adaptive capacities to cope.
“Instead, the more common pattern of presentation is that of cumulative common-place stressors that exceed the child’s adaptive capacities to cope [38,56,66],”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
Assessments of attachment using the dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation (DMM) classify children with FND versus healthy controls into at-risk patterns of attachment with high rates of unresolved loss and trauma.
“Assessments of attachment using the dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation (DMM) classify children with FND (vs. healthy controls) into at-risk patterns of attachment with high rates of unresolved loss and trauma [56].”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
Children with FND showed higher rates of unresolved loss or trauma than healthy controls (75% vs. 12%).
“Children with FND also showed higher rates of unresolved loss or trauma than healthy controls (75% vs. 12%) (see Figure 4).”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
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“Instead, the more common pattern of presentation is that of cumulative common-place stressors that exceed the child’s adaptive capacities to cope [38,56,66], Such stressors include physical stressors (illness, injury, and medical procedures), relational stressors (family stress, parental…”
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“…contrary, “positive” symptoms of dissociation, such as aberrant movements, gait disturbances, and psychogenic tremor and seizures, are associated with under-regulation of affect, excitatory experiences, and hyperarousal manifestations (van Dijke et al., 2010; Kozlowska, Scher, & Williams, 2011).”
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- Authors
- Kozlowska, K., Scher, S., & Williams, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital at Westmead (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kozlowska, Kasia
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 775-788
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035416338
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- conversion disorder, emotional processing, children and adolescents, non-epileptic seizures, attachment, autobiographical narrative
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Basal Ganglia, Mental Disorders, Child, Cognition, Conversion Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emotions, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Life Change Events, Male, Models, Psychological, Nerve Net, New South Wales, Seizures, Comorbidity, Prefrontal Cortex, Narration, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Memory, Episodic
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