Functional organization of human supplementary motor cortex studied by electrical stimulation
Open accessAbstract
The presence of somatotopic organization in the human supplementary motor area (SMA) remains a controversial issue. In this study, subdural electrode grids were placed on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres in 13 patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment. Electrical stimulation mapping with currents below the threshold of afterdischarges showed somatotopic organization of supplementary motor cortex with the lower extremities represented posteriorly, head and face most anteriorly, and the upper extremities between these two regions. Electrical stimulation often elicited synergistic and complex movements involving more than one joint. In transitional areas between neighboring somatotopic representations, stimulation evoked combined movements involving the body parts represented in these adjacent regions. Anterior to the supplementary motor representation of the face, vocalization and speech arrest or slowing of speech were evoked. Various sensations were elicited by electrical stimulation of SMA. In some cases a preliminary sensation of “urge” to perform a movement or anticipation that a movement was about to occur were evoked. Most responses were contralateral to the stimulated hemisphere. Ipsilateral and bilateral responses were elicited almost exclusively from the right (nondominant) hemisphere. These data suggest the presence of combined somatotopic organization and left-right specialization in human supplementary motor cortex.
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Electrical stimulation of SMA in humans induces an urge to move limbs.
“It is of interest that electrical stimulation of SMA in humans induces an urge to move limbs (19)”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Fried, I., Katz, A., McCarthy, G., Sass, K., Williamson, P., Spencer, S., & Spencer, D.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- Fried, I
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1991-11-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3656-3666
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6575551
- OpenAlex
- W2132301123
- Cited by
- 791
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 4.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-06208, P50NS006208)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- supplementary motor area, somatotopic organization, electrical stimulation mapping, drug-resistant epilepsy, motor cortex, speech arrest, hemispheric lateralization, movement anticipation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Electric Stimulation, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Cortex, Sensation, Speech
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