Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues.
Open accessAbstract
Infant cues, such as smiling or crying facial expressions, are powerful motivators of human maternal behavior, activating dopamine-associated brain reward circuits. Oxytocin, a neurohormone of attachment, promotes maternal care in animals, although its role in human maternal behavior is unclear. We examined 30 first-time new mothers to test whether differences in attachment, based on the Adult Attachment Interview, were related to brain reward and peripheral oxytocin response to infant cues. On viewing their own infant's smiling and crying faces during functional MRI scanning, mothers with secure attachment showed greater activation of brain reward regions, including the ventral striatum, and the oxytocin-associated hypothalamus/pituitary region. Peripheral oxytocin response to infant contact at 7 months was also significantly higher in secure mothers, and was positively correlated with brain activation in both regions. Insecure/dismissing mothers showed greater insular activation in response to their own infant's sad faces. These results suggest that individual differences in maternal attachment may be linked with development of the dopaminergic and oxytocinergic neuroendocrine systems.
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The brain-level attachment system is maintained in large part by the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin.
“Our particular focus will be on the brain-level attachment system [30], maintained (in large part) by the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin [31, 32].”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies the oxytocinergic system as contributing to the maintenance of maternal behavior, and the Discussion links oxytocin to brain pathways involved in attachment. The paper does not establish the attributed role for vasopressin; it instead names dopaminergic reward processing alongside oxytocin. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMothers with a secure attachment style showed greater activation in brain reward regions of the ventral striatum and in the oxytocin-associated hypothalamus/pituitary region compared to mothers with an insecure adult attachment style.
“Mothers with a secure attachment style showed greater activation in brain reward regions of the ventral striatum and in the oxytocin-associated hypothalamus/pituitary region compared to mothers with an insecure adult attachment style.”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al. (2009)
The Abstract reports greater ventral striatum and hypothalamus/pituitary activation in securely attached mothers viewing their infants’ faces. The Discussion specifies that the comparison group was insecure/dismissing mothers and says further research is needed for insecure/preoccupied mothers, so the broader reference to mothers with an insecure attachment style is not fully supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPlasma oxytocin was also higher in secure mothers.
“Plasma oxytocin was also higher in secure mothers.”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al. (2009)
The Results section (Oxytocin response to mother-infant interaction, page unavailable) reports significantly higher oxytocin levels in securely attached mothers after five minutes of interaction with their infants, but no difference at baseline. The Methods section (Study design, page unavailable) describes the blood measurement as serum oxytocin, not plasma oxytocin. The claim omits the interaction condition and specifies a different sample type. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOxytocin plays a role in both relaxation and secure attachment physiology and is associated with greater pro-social behaviors.
“Oxytocin plays a role in both relaxation and secure attachment physiology and is also associated with greater pro-social behaviors (e.g., improved face expression recognition, enhanced encoding of positive social memories; Isgett, Algoe, Boulton, Way, & Fredrickson, 2016; Mascaro et al, 2015; Strathearn, Fonagy, Amico, & Montague, 2009).”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Meditation on Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behaviors (2018) · cites this paper as Strathearn, Fonagy, Amico, & Montague, 2009
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports higher oxytocin levels in securely attached mothers after interacting with their infants and suggests a role in attachment and social behavior. The Introduction (page unavailable) describes improved facial-expression recognition, social memory, and trust in trials of intranasal oxytocin. Our copy does not establish a role for oxytocin in relaxation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferences in adult attachment styles have been associated with modulation of endogenous oxytocin levels.
“Differences in adult attachment styles have been associated with modulation of endogenous oxytocin levels.”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al. (2009)
New mothers who viewed their own 11-month infant smiling and crying showed brain activation differences based upon adult attachment type.
“New mothers who viewed their own 11-month infant smiling and crying showed brain activation differences based upon adult attachment type (Strathearn et al., 2009).”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al. (2009)
Exposure to baby faces is associated with maternal hypothalamus activation that correlates with serum OT, contributing to increased reward circuitry and decreased negative social assessment circuits in maternal brains.
“This may be similar to the way in which exposure to baby faces is associated with maternal hypothalamus activation that correlates with serum OT (43) to contribute to increased reward circuitry and decrease negative social assessment circuits in maternal brains (44).”
From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [43]
Neural activity within hypothalamus was engaged in response to mothers viewing their own child's face versus an unknown child's face and this activity was significantly correlated with plasma oxytocin responses induced by physical interaction with their baby.
“Neural activity within hypothalamus was engaged in response to mothers viewing their own child’s face versus an unknown child’s face and this activity was significantly correlated with plasma oxytocin responses induced by physical interaction with their baby (Strathearn et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
fMRI paradigms have shown recruitment of the amygdala, ventral striatum, VTA/substantia nigra as well as areas within the frontal cortex and insula in response to mothers seeing photographs of their own children versus other peoples children.
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms have shown recruitment of the amygdala, ventral striatum, VTA/substantia nigra as well as areas within the frontal cortex and insula in response to mothers seeing photographs of their own children versus other peoples children (Bartels and Zeki, 2004, Leibenluft et al., 2004, Strathearn et al., 2009, Strathearn et al., 2008, but see Wittfoth-S”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
New mothers classified as having a secure attachment style exhibited heightened BOLD activation within the orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum and hypothalamus while viewing pictures of their own infants relative to mothers displaying insecure/dismissing attachment styles.
“Strathearn and colleagues demonstrated that new mothers classified as having a secure attachment style exhibited heightened BOLD activation within the orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum and hypothalamus while viewing pictures of their own infants relative to mothers displaying insecure/dismissing attachment styles (Strathearn et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
In Strathearn et al. (2009), mothers with secure attachment showed greater activation of brain reward regions including ventral striatum and oxytocin-associated hypothalamus/pituitary region.
“They found that in response to their own infant’s smiling and crying faces during fMRI, mothers with secure attachment showed greater activation of brain reward regions, including the ventral striatum, and the oxytocin-associated hypothalamus/pituitary region.”
From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
Peripheral oxytocin responses to infant contact provocations at 7 months were significantly higher in secure mothers and positively correlated with brain activation in ventral striatum and hypothalamus/pituitary.
“Peripheral oxytocin responses to infant contact provocations at 7 months were also significantly higher in secure mothers, and positively correlated with brain activation in both regions.”
From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
Insecure/dismissing mothers showed greater insular activation in response to own infant's sad faces.
“Insecure/dismissing mothers showed greater insular activation in response to their own infant’s sad faces.”
From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
In response to own infant's smiling and crying faces during fMRI, mothers with secure attachment showed greater activation of brain reward regions, including ventral striatum, and oxytocin-rich hypothalamic/pituitary regions (Strathearn et al., 2009).
“In response to their own infant’s smiling and crying faces during fMRI, mothers with secure attachment showed greater activation of brain reward regions, including ventral striatum, and oxytocin-rich hypothalamic/pituitary regions.”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
Higher levels of plasma OT were reported following mother-infant physical interaction among mothers reporting secure attachment patterns with their own mothers compared to those with insecure attachment patterns (Strathearn et al., 2009).
“higher levels of plasma OT were reported following mother-infant physical interaction among mothers reporting secure attachment patterns with their own mothers compared to those with insecure attachment patterns.”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
Oxytocin can facilitate appetitive approach behaviors, such as interpersonal trust and generosity, pair bonding and maternal behavior, and emotional empathy and face recognition.
“While OT can facilitate appetitive approach behaviors, such as interpersonal trust and generosity (Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007), pair bonding and maternal behavior (Strathearn et al., 2009; Scheele et al., 2012) and emotional empathy and face recognition (Hurlemann et al., 2010; Marsh et al., 2010)”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
The observed inhibitory effects of OT on striatum and AI activity conflict with previous findings that OT-induced alterations on human social behavior are associated with increased activity in the striatum and AI.
“and some previous findings that OT-induced alterations on human social behavior are associated with increased activity in the striatum and AI (Baumgartner et al., 2008; Strathearn et al., 2009; Striepens et al., 2011; Yao et al., 2018).”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
Activations in prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum have been related more specifically to maternal affiliation, as well as to maternal and romantic love.
“In addition to this convergence with previous neuroimaging findings on positive affect and reward, activations in prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum have been related more specifically to maternal affiliation (Strathearn et al., 2009), as well as to maternal and romantic love (Bartels and Zeki, 2004).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Strathearn et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J., & Montague, P. R.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Strathearn, Lane
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2009-08-26
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2655-2666
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3041266
- OpenAlex
- W2163081513
- Cited by
- 773
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 53.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 11723, R01DA011723)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS045790, NS045790)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Center for Research Resources (MO1-RR-00188, M01RR000188)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD041648, K23HD043097)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- adult attachment, maternal behavior, oxytocin, brain reward, ventral striatum, insula, infant facial expressions, insecure attachment, dopamine, neuroendocrine system, primiparous women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cues, Epinephrine, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Norepinephrine, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Reward
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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