Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research
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Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or ‘geoengineering’) is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.
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There is a paucity of research on SAI impacts, particularly so for catastrophic or worst-case impacts.
“There is a paucity of research on SAI impacts (Irvine et al., 2016, 2017; MacMartin et al., 2016; McCormack et al., 2016; but see Schäfer et al., 2015 for an exception), particularly so for catastrophic or worst-case impacts.”
From A Fate Worse Than Warming? Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and Global Catastrophic Risk (2021) · cites this paper as McCormack et al., 2016
The paper identifies substantial knowledge gaps about the biodiversity and ecosystem effects of climate engineering, including stratospheric sulfate aerosols (Conclusion; §3.2.1). It also says these aerosols are relatively well studied through climate-model simulations (§3.2), so its evidence for a research paucity is specific to ecological impacts. Although §3.2.1 identifies limited understanding of the potentially severe termination effect, the paper does not establish that research is particularly scarce for catastrophic or worst-case impacts. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Self-citationFail-safe solar radiation management geoengineering
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Climate forcing on marine ecosystems
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Self-citationField tests of solar climate engineering
Schäfer, S., Irvine, P. J., Hubert, A., Reichwein, D., Low, S., Stelzer, H., Maas, A., & Lawrence, M. G. (2013) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate1987 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Climate Change and Soil Biotic Carbon Cycling
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 111 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Cited by
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Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5°C Paris target
MacMartin, D. G., Ricke, K., & Keith, D. W. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0454 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The Risk of Termination Shock From Solar Geoengineering
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Self-citationTrisos, C. H., Amatulli, G., Gurevitch, J., Robock, A., Xia, L., & Zambri, B. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0431-0 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Potential ecological impacts of climate intervention by reflecting sunlight to cool Earth
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Burning embers: towards more transparent and robust climate-change risk assessments
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Self-citationAnderson, J. G., Weisenstein, D. K., Bowman, K. P., Homeyer, C. R., Smith, J. B., Wilmouth, D. M., Sayres, D. S., Klobas, J. E. W., Leroy, S. S., Dykema, J. A., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1619318114 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols: What do we not know after a decade of research?
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Quantifying the effects of solar geoengineering on vegetation
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Carbon‐dioxide Removal and Biodiversity: A Threat Identification Framework
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Novel Carbon Dioxide Utilization Technologies: A Means to an End
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Sugiyama, M., Asayama, S., Kosugi, T., Ishii, A., Emori, S., Adachi, J., Akimoto, K., Fujiwara, M., Hasegawa, T., Hibi, Y., et al. (2016) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-016-0376-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Quantifying and Comparing Effects of Climate Engineering Methods on the Earth System
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Honegger, M., Derwent, H., Harrison, N., Michaelowa, A., & Schäfer, S. (2018) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-159656 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Svoboda, T., Irvine, P. J., Callies, D., & Sugiyama, M. (2018) · Journal of Global Ethics · doi:10.1080/17449626.2018.1552180 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of the ocean in climate stabilization
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Solar radiation management and ecosystem functional responses
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Amaro, T., Bertocci, I., Queirós, A. M., Rastelli, E., Borgersen, G., Brkljacic, M. S., Nunes, J., Sørensen, K., Danovaro, R., & Widdicombe, S. (2018) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.068 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Decline in global biodiversity intactness over the past two decades
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Hawkins, S. J., O’Shaughnessy, K. A., Branch, G. M., Airoldi, L., Bray, S., Brooks, P. R., Burrows, M. T., Castilla, J. C., Crowe, T. P., Davies, T. W., et al. (2025) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118214 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRight to Food and Geoengineering
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- Authors
- McCormack, C. G., Born, W., Irvine, P. J., Achterberg, E. P., Amano, T., Ardron, J., Foster, P. N., Gattuso, J.-P., Hawkins, S. J., Hendy, E., Kissling, W. D., Lluch-Cota, S. E., Murphy, E. J., Ostle, N., Owens, N. J. P., Perry, R. I., Pörtner, H. O., Scholes, R. J., Schurr, F. M., Schweiger, O., Settele, J., Smith, R. K., Smith, S., Thompson, J., Tittensor, D. P., van Kleunen, M., Vivian, C., Vohland, K., Warren, R., Watkinson, A. R., Widdicombe, S., Williamson, P., Woods, E., Blackstock, J. J., & Sutherland, W. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Research Institute for Sustainability at GFZ (DE)
- National Oceanography Centre (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (MX)
- British Antarctic Survey (GB)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (CA)
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (DE)
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (ZA)
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (GB)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (GB)
- Museum für Naturkunde (DE)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Royal Society (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sutherland, William J.
- ORCID
- Irvine, Peter J.
- Achterberg, Eric P.
- Amano, Tatsuya
- Ardron, Jeff
- Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
- Hawkins, Stephen J.
- Hendy, Erica
- Kissling, W. Daniel
- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E.
- Murphy, Eugene J.
- Ostle, Nick
- Perry, R. Ian
- Pörtner, Hans O.
- Scholes, Robert J.
- Schurr, Frank M.
- Schweiger, Oliver
- Settele, Josef
- Smith, Rebecca K.
- Smith, Sarah
- Thompson, Jill
- Tittensor, Derek P.
- Vivian, Chris
- Vohland, Katrin
- Warren, Rachel
- Williamson, Phillip
- Sutherland, William J.
- Venue
- Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-03-23
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2-4
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 1943-815X (ISSN-L)
- 1943-8168
- OpenAlex
- W2312793266
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (submittedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database IASS (Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Funders
- Cambridge Conservation Initiative
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies
- Arcadia
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Keywords
- geoengineering, biodiversity impacts, ecosystem impacts, ocean fertilization, carbon dioxide removal, solar radiation management, marine ecosystems, research priorities, knowledge gaps
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