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Cited by 1,522Climate Change Policy and EconomicsClimate Change and GeoengineeringClimate Change and Environmental Impact

Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review

Open access
Fawzy, Samer, Osman, Ahmed I., Doran, John, Rooney, David W.·2020·Environmental Chemistry Letters
DOI 10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w
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Abstract

Climate change is defined as the shift in climate patterns mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems and human activities. So far, anthropogenic activities have caused about 1.0 °C of global warming above the pre-industrial level and this is likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist. In 2018, the world encountered 315 cases of natural disasters which are mainly related to the climate. Approximately 68.5 million people were affected, and economic losses amounted to $131.7 billion, of which storms, floods, wildfires and droughts accounted for approximately 93%. Economic losses attributed to wildfires in 2018 alone are almost equal to the collective losses from wildfires incurred over the past decade, which is quite alarming. Furthermore, food, water, health, ecosystem, human habitat and infrastructure have been identified as the most vulnerable sectors under climate attack. In 2015, the Paris agreement was introduced with the main objective of limiting global temperature increase to 2 °C by 2100 and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. This article reviews the main strategies for climate change abatement, namely conventional mitigation, negative emissions and radiative forcing geoengineering. Conventional mitigation technologies focus on reducing fossil-based CO 2 emissions. Negative emissions technologies are aiming to capture and sequester atmospheric carbon to reduce carbon dioxide levels. Finally, geoengineering techniques of radiative forcing alter the earth’s radiative energy budget to stabilize or reduce global temperatures. It is evident that conventional mitigation efforts alone are not sufficient to meet the targets stipulated by the Paris agreement; therefore, the utilization of alternative routes appears inevitable. While various technologies presented may still be at an early stage of development, biogenic-based sequestration techniques are to a certain extent mature and can be deployed immediately.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes three climate change mitigation strategies: conventional mitigation, negative emissions, and radiative forcing geoengineering. It concludes that conventional mitigation alone cannot meet Paris Agreement targets, and that negative emissions—especially mature biogenic-based sequestration—are needed alongside decarbonization.

Key findings

  • Anthropogenic activities have caused about 1.0 °C of global warming above pre-industrial levels (likely range 0.8–1.2 °C), and warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if current emission rates persist. In 2018, total greenhouse gas emissions were 55.3 GtCO₂e, including 37.5 GtCO₂ from fossil CO₂ and 3.5 GtCO₂ from land-use change; together these accounted for approximately 74% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
  • In 2018, the world experienced 315 natural disasters, mainly climate-related, affecting 68.5 million people and causing $131.7 billion in economic losses; storms, floods, wildfires, and droughts accounted for approximately 93% of those costs.
  • Conventional mitigation technologies focus on reducing fossil-based CO₂ emissions; negative emissions technologies capture and sequester atmospheric carbon; radiative forcing geoengineering alters Earth’s radiative energy budget without changing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
  • Conventional mitigation efforts alone are not sufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets. Biogenic-based sequestration techniques are relatively mature and can be deployed immediately, while many other negative emissions technologies and all radiative forcing geoengineering techniques remain at early, theoretical, or trial stages with uncertainty and risk.

Methods

  • Narrative literature review covering conventional mitigation, negative emissions, and radiative forcing geoengineering, drawing on cited studies, reports, and assessments.
  • Bibliometric analysis using the Web of Science core collection, with search terms for climate change mitigation/abatement and specific technologies, limited to 2015–2020; 3,993 papers were retrieved (3,386 articles, 362 reviews, 201 proceedings papers, 71 early access, 61 editorial materials) and analyzed with VOSviewer keyword co-occurrence maps.
  • No primary experimental data; the paper synthesizes published estimates of carbon removal potentials, costs, technology readiness, and policy barriers.

Limitations

  • The paper states that radiative forcing geoengineering techniques are still theoretical or at very early trial stages and carry uncertainty and risk; negative emissions technologies face barriers including land and resource competition, energy requirements, cost, permanence, monitoring/reporting/verification, and inadequate carbon pricing; carbon capture and storage faces leakage, cost, and public acceptance issues.
  • Evident from the text: as a review, it relies on secondary literature and cited estimates rather than original data, and the bibliometric analysis is limited to Web of Science, a 2015–2020 timespan, and specific search terms, so it may not capture all relevant research.
  • The paper does not explicitly state limitations of its own review methodology.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w

Cites

110 of 110 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 210 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Research related to policy, energy, and in particular renewable energy has received much attention in the climate change mitigation literature over the past 5 years.

    “Furthermore, research related to policy, energy and in particular renewable energy has also received much attention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Keyword co-occurrence patterns in the bibliometric maps validly indicate trends and gaps in climate change mitigation research.
  • Findingown data

    Bibliometric visualization maps of climate change mitigation research (2015-2020) show that biomass, carbon sequestration, especially soil carbon sequestration, and biochar have received high attention over the past 5 years.

    “The visualization maps highlight various trends related to climate change mitigation, where areas related to biomass, carbon sequestration, especially soil carbon sequestration, and biochar have received high attention over the past 5 years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Keyword co-occurrence patterns in the bibliometric maps validly indicate trends and gaps in climate change mitigation research.
  • Findingown data

    Radiative forcing geoengineering technologies have not received much attention in the literature.

    “It is also evident from the literature that radiative forcing geoengineering technologies have not received much attention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Keyword co-occurrence patterns in the bibliometric maps validly indicate trends and gaps in climate change mitigation research.
    • Rests on an assumption: The literature search over the last 5 years in the selected indexes captures the relevant literature on climate change mitigation.
  • Premisecitation

    Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist.

    “It is stated that global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist (IPCC 2018).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
      “this is likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist.”
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    • The authors state this as an assumption: Current emission rates will persist.
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    If the predicted best-case level of emissions is maintained between 2030 and 2050, a temperature increase of at least 3 °C would be realized.

    “It is concluded that if the predicted best-case level of emissions is maintained between 2030 and 2050 a temperature increase of at least 3 °C would be realized.”
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    • The authors state this as an assumption: The predicted best-case level of emissions is maintained between 2030 and 2050.
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    Findingnone given

    Carbon pricing for negative emissions is at a very infant stage, mainly available through voluntary markets for a very small number of carbon removal methods and technically non-existent for most of the technologies discussed.

    “The challenge at the moment is that carbon pricing for negative emissions is at a very infant stage, mainly available through voluntary markets for a very small number of carbon removal methods and technically non-existent for most of the technologies discussed.”
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    Findingown data

    A total of 3993 papers were retrieved, comprising 3386 articles, 362 reviews, 201 proceedings papers, 71 early access and 61 editorial materials.

    “Results: A total of 3993 papers were retrieved (3386 articles, 362 reviews, 201 proceedings papers, 71 early access and 61 editorial materials)”
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    Premisecitation

    Anthropogenic activities have caused about 1.0 °C of global warming above the pre-industrial level, with a likely range between 0.8 and 1.2 °C.

    “anthropogenic activities so far have caused an estimated 1.0 °C of global warming above the pre-industrial level, specifying a likely range between 0.8 and 1.2 °C.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
      “So far, anthropogenic activities have caused about 1.0 °C of global warming above the pre-industrial level”
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    The Doha amendment proposed a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of at least 18% below 1990 levels.

    “The amendment proposed a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of at least 18% below 1990 levels.”
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    Renewable energy accounted for approximately 26.2% of global electricity production as of 2018.

    “as of 2018, renewable energy accounted for approximately 26.2% of global electricity production.”
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    Premisecitation

    Methane emissions increased by 1.7% in 2018, compared to an annual increase of 1.3% over the past decade.

    “Methane (CH 4 ), another significant greenhouse gas, had an emission rate increase of 1.7% in 2018 as compared to an annual increase of 1.3% over the past decade.”
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    To maintain a 2 °C global warming level by the end of the century, emissions should decline by approximately 25% in 2030 compared to 2010 levels and net-zero emissions should be achieved by 2070.

    “To maintain a 2 °C global warming level by the end of the century, emissions should decline by approximately 25% in 2030 as compared to 2010 levels and net-zero emissions should be achieved by 2070 (IPCC 2018).”
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    Conventional mitigation technologies are well established and carry an acceptable level of managed risk.

    “Most of these technologies are well established and carry an acceptable level of managed risk (Ricke et al. 2017;Victor et al. 2018;Bataille et al. 2018;Mathy et al. 2018;Shinnar and Citro 2008;Bustreo et al. 2019).”
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    Premisecitation

    In 2018, 68.5 million people were affected by natural disasters, with floods, storms and droughts accounting for 94% of total affected people.

    “The number of people affected by natural disasters in 2018 was 68.5 million, with floods, storms and droughts accounting for 94% of total affected people.”
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    Nitrous oxide emissions increased by 0.8% in 2018, compared to a 1% annual increase over the past decade.

    “Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, which are mainly influenced by agricultural and industrial activities, saw an increase of 0.8% in 2018 as compared to a 1% annual increase over the past decade.”
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    Fossil-based and land-use-related CO2 emissions together accounted for approximately 74% of total global greenhouse gas emissions in 2018.

    “Together in 2018, fossil-based and land-use-related CO 2 emissions accounted for approximately 74% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions.”
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    Premisecitation

    All radiative forcing geoengineering techniques are still theoretical or at very early trial stages and carry a lot of uncertainty and risk in terms of practical large-scale deployment.

    “All these techniques are still theoretical or at very early trial stages and carry a lot of uncertainty and risk in terms of practical large-scale deployment.”
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    Premisecitation

    An increase of 2% in total global greenhouse gas and fossil CO2 emissions was noted in 2018, compared to an annual increase of 1.5% over the past decade.

    “An increase of 2% in 2018 is noted, as compared to an annual increase of 1.5% over the past decade for both total global greenhouse gas and fossil CO 2 emissions.”
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    In 2018, the world encountered 315 cases of natural disasters mainly related to the climate.

    “the world encountered 315 cases of natural disasters in 2018, mainly climate-related.”
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    The Paris agreement's main objective is to limit global temperature increase to 2 °C by 2100 and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C.

    “The main objective of the agreement is to limit the global temperature increase to 2 °C by 2100 and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C.”
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    Premisecitation

    Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2018 amounted to 55.3 GtCO2e, of which 37.5 GtCO2 were fossil CO2 emissions from energy production and industrial activities.

    “total greenhouse gas emissions in 2018 amounted to 55.3 GtCO 2 e, of which 37.5 GtCO 2 are attributed to fossil CO 2 emissions from energy production and industrial activities.”
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    Premisecitation

    Fluorinated gas emissions increased by 6.1% in 2018, compared to a 4.6% annual increase over the past decade.

    “A significant increase was, however, noted in the fluorinated gases during 2018 at 6.1% as compared to a 4.6% annual increase over the past decade (UNEP 2019).”
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    Premisecitation

    In 2018, economic losses from natural disasters totaled $131.7 billion, with storms, floods, wildfires and droughts accounting for approximately 93% of total costs.

    “a total of $131.7 billion was lost in 2018 due to natural disasters, with storms ($70.8B),floods ($19.7B),wildfires ($22.8B) and droughts ($9.7B) accounting for approximately 93% of the total costs.”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    Biogenic-based sequestration techniques are to a certain extent mature and can be deployed immediately.

    “While various technologies presented may still be at an early stage of development, biogenic-based sequestration techniques are to a certain extent mature and can be deployed immediately.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
      “biogenic-based sequestration techniques are to a certain extent mature and can be deployed immediately.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    For a 1.5 °C warming scenario, a 45% decline in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions must be reached by 2030 compared to 2010 levels, and net-zero emissions must be achieved by 2050.

    “Based on pathway modelling for a 1.5 °C warming scenario, a 45% decline in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions must be reached by 2030 as compared to 2010 levels, and net-zero emissions must be achieved by 2050.”
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    The share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption globally was estimated at 18.1% in 2017.

    “the share of renewable energy from the total final energy consumption globally has been estimated at 18.1% in 2017 (REN21 2019).”
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    Land-use change emissions amounted to 3.5 GtCO2 in 2018.

    “emissions related to land-use change amounted to 3.5 GtCO 2 in 2018 (UNEP 2019).”
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    Premisecitation

    Main drawbacks of carbon capture and storage include safety in relation to secured storage and the possibility of leakage.

    “Some of the main drawbacks of carbon capture and storage include safety in relation to secured storage and the possibility of leakage.”
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    As of 2018, 450 nuclear energy plants are operational with a total global installed capacity of 396.4 GW.

    “as of 2018, 450 nuclear energy plants are operational with a total global installed capacity of 396.4 GW.”
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    Premisecitation

    Other issues related to carbon capture and storage include public acceptance and high deployment costs.

    “Other issues related to this technology include public acceptance (Tcvetkov et al. 2019;Arning et al. 2019) as well as the high deployment costs associated (Vinca et al. 2018).”
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    Premisecitation

    By the end of 2018, global installed capacity for photovoltaic solar power was 505 GW, compared to 15 GW in 2008.

    “By the end of 2018, a total of 505 GW of global installed capacity for photovoltaic solar power has been noted as compared to 15 GW in 2008.”
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    Premisecitation

    Captured CO2 can be utilized in the production of chemicals, fuels, microalgae and concrete building materials, as well as in enhanced oil recovery.

    “Another pathway postcarbon capture is the utilization of the CO 2 captured in the production of chemicals, fuels, microalgae and concrete building materials, as well as utilization in enhanced oil recovery (Hepburn et al. 2019;Aresta et al. 2005;Su et al. 2016;Qin et al. 2020).”
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    Premisecitation

    Global installed wind power capacity was 591 GW in 2018, compared to 121 GW in 2008.

    “Regarding wind power, 591 GW of global installed capacity is recorded in 2018 as compared to 121 GW in 2008.”
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    Premisecitation

    Growth in energy demand, aid and high local fossil fuel production hindered non-hydro renewable energy diffusion.

    “On the other hand, growth in energy demand, aid and high local fossil fuel production hindered NHRE diffusion.”
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    Premisecitation

    To be in line with the 2 °C target, nuclear plant capacity must be expanded to approximately 930 GW by 2050, with total investment of approximately $4 trillion.

    “to be in line with the 2 °C target stipulated by the Paris agreement, nuclear plant capacity must be expanded to approximately 930 GW by 2050, with a total investment of approximately $ 4 trillion (Prăvălie and Bandoc 2018).”
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    Premisecitation

    As a low-case projection scenario, it is estimated that by 2030 a 10% dip might be realized based on the 2017 numbers.

    “As a lowcase projection scenario, it is estimated that by 2030 a 10% dip might be realized based on the 2017 numbers.”
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    Premisecitation

    The impact of financial market development on renewable energy deployment is strong for photovoltaic solar and wind technologies, while marginal under biomass and geothermal technologies.

    “There is a strong impact on photovoltaic solar and wind technologies, while the impact is marginal under biomass and geothermal technologies (Kim and Park 2016).”
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    Demand-pull policy instruments are more effective in driving renewable energy innovation compared to alternative policy types.

    “the study suggested that demand-pull policy instruments are more effective in driving renewable energy innovation compared to alternative policy types (Pitelis et al. 2019).”
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    Premisecitation

    Global biopower capacity was estimated at 130 GW in 2018, with total production of 581 TWh in that year.

    “Global biopower capacity has been estimated at 130 GW in 2018 with a total 581 TWh of production in that year.”
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    Hydropower accounted for 15.8%, wind power 5.5%, photovoltaic solar power 2.4%, biopower 2.2%, and geothermal, concentrated solar power and marine power 0.46% of generated electricity.

    “Hydropower accounted for 15.8%, while wind power's share was 5.5%, photovoltaic solar power 2.4%, biopower 2.2% and geothermal, concentrated solar power and marine power accounted for 0.46% of the generated electricity (REN21 2019).”
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    The total share of renewable energy in global power capacity reached approximately 33% in 2018.

    “The total share of renewable energy in global power capacity has reached approximately 33% in 2018 (REN21 2019).”
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    Premisecitation

    It is projected that an increase of 30% in nuclear installed capacity will be realized by 2030 from a base case of 392 GW in 2017.

    “It is projected that an increase of 30% in installed capacity will be realized by 2030 (from a base case of 392 GW in 2017).”
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    Governmental stability, higher education levels and per capita income positively influenced non-hydro renewable energy diffusion.

    “as well as governmental stability, higher education levels and per capita income.”
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    On the long term, global nuclear capacity might reach 748 GW by 2050 as a high-case scenario.

    “On the long term, it is projected that global capacity might reach 748 GW by 2050, as a high-case scenario (IAEA 2018).”
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    Premisecitation

    Storage options for captured CO2 include depleted oil and gas fields, coal beds, and underground saline aquifers not used for potable water.

    “Based on the literature, storage options include depleted oil and gas fields, coal beds and underground saline aquifers not used for potable water (Vinca et al. 2018).”
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    Interpretationcitation

    Negative emissions alone should not be relied upon to meet the 2°C target.

    “Furthermore, the study suggests that negative emissions alone should not be relied upon to meet the 2 °C target.”
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    Premisecitation

    Forests in high latitudes would be counterproductive, accelerating local warming as well as ice and snow cover loss.

    “Forests in high latitudes would actually be counterproductive, accelerating local warming as well as ice and snow cover loss.”
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    Premisecitation

    The effectiveness of bioenergy carbon capture and storage in achieving negative emissions is based on previous land cover, initial carbon gain or loss due to land-use change, bioenergy crop yields, and the amount of harvested carbon ultimately sequestered.

    “Harper et al. argue that the effectiveness of this technology in achieving negative emissions is based on several factors which include previous land cover, the initial carbon gain or loss due to land-use change, bioenergy crop yields, and the amount of harvested carbon that is ultimately sequestered.”
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    There remains a debate on the social, economic and technical feasibility as well as the risk associated with large-scale deployment of negative emissions.

    “The significant role of negative emissions in meeting climate targets is understood and appreciated amongst academics, scientists and policymakers; however, there still remains a debate on the social, economic and technical feasibility as well as the risk associated with large-scale deployment (Lenzi 2018).”
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    Depending on tree species, once forests are established CO2 uptake may span 20-100 years until trees reach maturity and then sequestration rates slow down significantly.

    “Depending on tree species, once forests are established CO 2 uptake may span 20-100 years until trees reach maturity and then sequestration rates slow down significantly.”
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    Premisecitation

    As of 2018, there were only 2 carbon capture and storage projects under operation, with a combined annual capture capacity of 2.4 MtCO2.

    “According to the international energy agency, there are only 2 carbon capture and storage projects under operation as of 2018, with a combined annual capture capacity of 2.4 MtCO 2 .”
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    Premisecitation

    Tropical areas would be the most suitable zones to host forestation projects.

    “They argue that tropical areas would be the most suitable zones to host forestation projects.”
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    Carbon can be stored in forests for a very long time; however, permanence is vulnerable due to natural and human disturbances.

    “Carbon can be stored in forests for a very long time; however, permanence is vulnerable due to natural and human disturbances.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Bioenergy technologies are to a certain extent well developed; however, carbon capture and storage are still at an early stage.

    “In terms of technology readiness, bioenergy technologies are to a certain extent well developed; however, carbon capture and storage are still at an early stage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are 9 more carbon capture projects under development, projected to increase capacity to 11 MtCO2 by 2025.

    “There are 9 more carbon capture projects under development and are projected to increase capacity to 11 MtCO 2 by 2025; however, a significant deviation exists from the sustainable development scenario targeted by the international energy agency for 2040 which is a capacity of 1488 MtCO 2 (IEA 2019a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IEA 2019a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The IPCC defined a default saturation period of 20 years for soil carbon sequestration.

    “However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defined a default saturation period of 20 years (Fuss et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other carbon sink applications for biochar include construction materials, wastewater treatment and electronics, as long as the product does not thermally degrade or oxidize throughout its life cycle.

    “Besides soil, Schmidt et al. introduced other carbon sink applications for biochar which include construction materials, wastewater treatment and electronics, as long as the product does not thermally degrade or oxidize throughout its life cycle (Schmidt et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schmidt et al. 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Risks of reversibility are significant and weaken soil carbon sequestration's storage integrity.

    “Risks of reversibility are significant and weaken this approach's storage integrity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    By 2050, global carbon removal potential through biochar can be 0.3-2 GtCO2/year, with costs ranging from $90 to $120/tCO2.

    “It is estimated that by 2050 global carbon reduction removal potential achieved through biochar can be in the range of 0.3-2 Gt CO 2 year -1 , with costs ranging from $90 to $120/tCO 2 (Fuss et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    These values are well above the proposed sequestration requirement of 0.25 tC/ha/year to make the crop carbon neutral once converted to biofuels.

    “It is reported that these values are well above the proposed sequestration requirement (0.25 tCha -1 year -1 ) to make the crop carbon neutral once converted to biofuels (Agostini et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agostini et al. 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Using waste biomass eliminates the need for land and provides a waste disposal solution; however, competition over waste for other purposes increases feedstock availability risk as well as price volatility.

    “Moreover, using waste biomass eliminates the need for land and provides a waste disposal solution; however, competition over waste for other purposes increases feedstock availability risk as well as price volatility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Once soils reach a level of saturation, further sequestration is no longer achieved; this may take 10-100 years depending on soil type and climatic conditions.

    “Once soils reach a level of saturation, further sequestration is no longer achieved.This may take 10-100 years depending on soil type and climatic conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    By 2050, global carbon dioxide removal potential through soil carbon sequestration is estimated between 2.3 and 5.3 GtCO2/year at costs ranging from $0 to $100/tCO2.

    “By 2050, the global carbon dioxide removal potential discussed in the literature is estimated between 2.3 and 5.3 GtCO 2 year -1 at costs ranging from $0 to $100 t/CO 2 (Fuss et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soil carbon sequestration promotes enhanced soil fertility and health as well as improves crop yields due to organic carbon accumulation within soils.

    “It is well noted in the literature that soil carbon sequestration promotes enhanced soil fertility and health as well as improves crop yields due to organic carbon accumulation within soils (Fuss et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    REDD+ has a poor track record in achieving its intended purpose of emissions reduction.

    “Hein et al. present a number of arguments around the programme's poor track record in achieving its intended purpose of emissions reduction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hein et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Soil quality and fertility are significantly enhanced by biochar application.

    “It is argued that soil quality and fertility are significantly enhanced.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Lack of knowledge, resistance to change, and lack of policy and financial incentives are barriers for scalability of soil carbon sequestration.

    “While soil carbon sequestration is ready for large-scale deployment, since many of such practices are already being used, lack of knowledge, resistance to change as well as lack of policy and financial incentives are identified as barriers for scalability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Soil carbon sequestration is ready for large-scale deployment, since many such practices are already being used.

    “While soil carbon sequestration is ready for large-scale deployment, since many of such practices are already being used, lack of knowledge, resistance to change as well as lack of policy and financial incentives are identified as barriers for scalability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Biochar has recently gained considerable recognition as a viable approach for carbon capture and permanent storage and is considered one of the promising negative emissions technologies.

    “Biochar has recently gained considerable recognition as a viable approach for carbon capture and permanent storage and is considered as one of the promising negative emissions technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High application rates of biochar to soil surface (e.g., 30-60 tons/ha) decrease surface reflectivity, increase soil temperature, and reduce the beneficial effect of carbon sequestration.

    “With high application rates of biochar to the soil surface, e.g.30-60 tons/ha, it is argued that a decrease in surface reflectivity would increase soil temperature, which in turn would reduce the beneficial effect of carbon sequestration through this route (RoyalSociety 2018;Fuss et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites RoyalSociety 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Permanence, sequestration uncertainty, availability of efficient financing mechanisms, and monitoring, reporting and verification systems are difficulties associated with forest-based abatement projects.

    “Permanence, sequestration uncertainty, the availability of efficient financing mechanisms as well as monitoring, reporting and verification systems are all difficulties associated around forest-based abatement projects (Gren and Aklilu 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gren and Aklilu 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    A Finnish start-up, Puro.earth, has introduced biochar as a net-negative technology.

    “A Finnish start-up, Puro.earth, has introduced biochar as a net-negative technology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Limited policy incentives and support, as well as lack of carbon pricing mechanisms that incorporate CO2 removal through biochar, hinder this technology's potential for large-scale commercialization.

    “Moreover, limited policy incentives and support, as well as lack of carbon pricing mechanisms that incorporate CO 2 removal through biochar (Ernsting et al. 2011), hinder this technology's potential for large-scale commercialization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ernsting et al. 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    A US-based platform (Nori) is based on the concept of soil carbon sequestration and operates by linking consumers and businesses that wish to offset their carbon footprint with farmers that offer carbon removal certificates that have been audited through an independent verification party.

    “A US-based platform (Nori) is based on the concept of soil carbon sequestration and operates by linking consumers and businesses that wish to offset their carbon footprint with farmers that offer carbon removal certificates that have been audited through an independent verification party.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Three types of existing policy instruments can be used to stimulate biochar deployment in the USA: commercial financial incentives, non-financial incentives, and research and development funding.

    “Pourhashem et al. examined the role of government policy in accelerating biochar adoption and identified three types of existing policy instruments that can be used to stimulate biochar deployment in the USA: commercial financial incentives, non-financial incentives and research and development funding (Pourhashem et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pourhashem et al. 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Global carbon removal potential of enhanced weathering is estimated at 2-4 GtCO2/year by 2050 at a cost ranging from $50 to $200/tCO2.

    “Based on an extensive literature assessment, Fuss et al. estimate global carbon removal potential of 2-4 GtCO 2 year -1 by 2050 at a cost ranging from $50 to $200/tCO 2 (Fuss et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive side effects of enhanced weathering include favourable impact on soil hydrological properties, a source for plant nutrients allowing lower dependence on conventional fertilizers, increase in water pH, enhanced soil health, increase in biomass production, and an opportunity to reduce dependence on conventional pesticides.

    “This includes favourable impact on soil hydrological properties, a source for plant nutrients allowing lower dependence on conventional fertilizers, increase in water pH, enhanced soil health, increase in biomass production and an opportunity to reduce dependence on conventional pesticides.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites RoyalSociety 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites de Oliveira Garcia et al. 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Increasing ocean alkalinity decreases surface ocean partial pressure, promoting further oceanic CO2 uptake, with a major positive side effect of reducing ocean acidification.

    “Increasing ocean alkalinity is argued to decrease the surface ocean partial pressure, promoting further oceanic CO 2 uptake, with a major positive side effect of reducing ocean acidification.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Renforth and Henderson 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rock grain size and weathering rates influence removal potential and cost of enhanced weathering.

    “Furthermore, the investigation highlighted the dimensions that influence removal potential and cost, mainly being rock grain size and weathering rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Strefler et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Side effects of ocean fertilization include ocean acidification, deep and mid-water oxygen decrease or depletion, increase in production of further greenhouse gases, unpredictable impact on food cycles, creation of toxic algal blooms, and mixed effects on seafloor and upper ocean ecosystems.

    “Side effects of ocean fertilization that are discussed in the literature include ocean acidification, deep and mid-water oxygen decrease or depletion, increase in production of further greenhouse gases, unpredictable impact on food cycles, creation of toxic algal blooms as well as mixed effects on the seafloor and upper ocean ecosystems (Fuss et al. 2018;Williamson et al. 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Williamson et al. 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Direct air carbon capture and storage is more energy- and material-intensive than carbon capture and storage because capturing CO2 from ambient air is more difficult than capturing CO2 from highly concentrated flue gas streams.

    “Gambhir et al. compare direct air carbon capture and storage to carbon capture and storage and explain that the former technology is more energy-and material-intensive due to the fact that capturing CO 2 from ambient air is much more difficult compared to capturing CO 2 from highly concentrated flue gas streams.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gambhir and Tavoni 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Technology developers are mainly working on reducing energy requirements because this is one of the main challenges to deployment and scalability of direct air carbon capture and storage.

    “Technology developers are mainly working on reducing energy requirements as this is one of the main challenges to deployment and scalability (RoyalSociety 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites RoyalSociety 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ocean currently stores approximately 140,000 GtCO2, and with some changes in its chemistry, it may be able to store in the order of trillions of tons of CO2.

    “The ocean currently stores approximately 140,000 GtCO 2 , and with some changes in its chemistry, it may be able to store in the order of trillions of tons of CO 2 (Renforth and Henderson 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Renforth and Henderson 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Enhanced weathering operation emits 75 kg CO2 per ton of CO2 removed and carbonation emits 135 kg CO2 per ton of CO2 removed, based on a distance of 65 km between production site and field.

    “The investigation presented several key findings, first, that the operation emits 75 kg of CO 2 per ton of CO 2 removed through enhanced weathering and 135 kg of CO 2 per ton of CO 2 removed through carbonation.This is based on a distance of 65 km between the production site and the field on which the ground rock is applied.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lefebvre et al. 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    A key issue widely discussed in the literature is the significant energy required by direct air carbon capture and storage plants.

    “A key issue widely discussed in the literature is the significant energy required by direct air carbon capture and storage plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ocean fertilization can potentially sequester up to 3.7 GtCO2/year by 2100 with a total global storage capacity of 70-300 GtCO2.

    “estimated that ocean fertilization can potentially sequester up to 3.7 GtCO 2 year -1 by 2100 with a total global storage capacity of 70-300 GtCO 2 (RoyalSociety 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites RoyalSociety 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Strefler et al. results are inline and support Fuss et al. estimates in terms of removal potential and costs.

    “The results are inline and support the estimates presented by Fuss et al. in terms of removal potential as well as costs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Strefler et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both absorption and adsorption processes for direct air carbon capture and storage require thermal energy to regenerate the sorbent and release the CO2; however, less energy is required under the adsorption route.

    “Both processes require thermal energy to regenerate the sorbent and release the CO 2 ; however, it is important to note that less energy is required under the adsorption route (Gambhir and Tavoni 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gambhir and Tavoni 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The global potential for carbon dioxide removal is estimated to be 0.5-5 GtCO2/year by 2050, potentially up to 40 GtCO2/year by the end of the century if unexpected challenges associated with large-scale deployment are overcome.

    “The global potential for carbon dioxide removal has been estimated by Fuss et al. to be in the range of 0.5-5 GtCO 2 year -1 by 2050, and this may potentially go up to 40 GtCO 2 year -1 by the end of the century if the unexpected challenges associated with large-scale deployment are overcome.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuss et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Maximum road travel distance is 540 km for carbonation and 990 km for enhanced weathering, above which emissions offset potential benefits.

    “The results indicate a maximum road travel distance of 540 km for carbonation and 990 km for enhanced weathering, above which the emissions offset the potential benefits realized from such activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lefebvre et al. 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Initial costs for deployment to reduce anthropogenically driven radiative forcing rate by half are calculated to be in the range of $3.5 billion with average annual operating costs of $2.25 billion (approximately $1500/t SO2 injected).

    “In an attempt to reduce anthropogenically driven radiative forcing rate by half, Smith et al. calculated initial costs for deployment to be in the range of $3.5 billion with average annual operating costs of $2.25 billion (approximately $1500/t SO 2 injected) (Smith and Wagner 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Smith and Wagner 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Some negative emissions technologies presented in the literature review may still be at an early stage of development.

    “While some of the negative emissions technologies presented in the literature review may still be at an early stage of development,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soil organic carbon accumulated in the top one metre amounted to 1060 tCO2e ha-1 for mangroves, 917 tCO2 ha-1 for salt marshes, and 500 tCO2 ha-1 for seagrasses.

    “Within these habitats, the soil organic carbon accumulated in the top one metre amounted to 1060tCO 2 e ha -1 , 917 tCO 2 ha -1 and 500 tCO 2 ha -1 for mangroves, salt marshes and seagrasses, respectively (Sapkota and White 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sapkota and White 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estimates of 14-31% reduction in global CO2 emissions and 12-19% reduction in global fossil fuel consumption can be realized through replacing conventional building materials such as steel and cement with biomass materials.

    “Estimates of 14-31% reduction in global CO 2 emissions and 12-19% reduction in global fossil fuel consumption can be realized through this approach (Royal-Society 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Royal-Society 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cost estimates under ex situ mineral carbonation range from $50 to $300/tCO2, while in situ carbonation is estimated at approximately $17/tCO2.

    “Cost estimates under ex situ carbonation range from $50 to $300/tCO 2 , while in situ carbonation is estimated at approximately $17/ tCO 2 (RoyalSociety 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites RoyalSociety 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Based on an extensive literature review, the cooling potential for surface-based brightening is too limited, and substantial negative side effects are associated, such as disruption of desert ecosystems.

    “According to Lawrence et al., based on an extensive literature review, the cooling potential for this approach is too limited.Furthermore, substantial negative side effects are associated, such as disruption of desert ecosystems (Lawrence et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lawrence et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The technologies to be deployed for radiative forcing geoengineering are still to be developed and tested and their side effects adequately catered for, which may be a lengthy process.

    “However, the technologies to be deployed are still to be developed and tested and side effects adequately catered for, which may be a lengthy process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estimated carbon sequestration rate is 6.3 ± 4.8 tCO2e ha-1 year-1 for mangroves, 8.0 ± 8.5 tCO2e ha-1 year-1 for salt marshes, and 4.4 ± 0.95 tCO2e ha-1 year-1 for seagrass meadows.

    “Carbon sequestration and storage potential vary amongst different types of wetlands; for example, the estimated carbon sequestration rate is 6.3 ± 4.8 tCO 2 e ha -1 year -1 for mangroves, 8.0 ± 8.5 tCO2e ha -1 year -1 for salt marshes and 4.4 ± 0.95 tCO 2 e ha -1 year -1 for seagrass meadows.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sapkota and White 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An aircraft-based delivery system is the most efficient method to deploy stratospheric aerosol injection, but a new purpose-built high-altitude aircraft will need to be developed.

    “They surveyed potential deployment techniques and concluded that an aircraft-based delivery system is the most efficient method to deploy stratospheric aerosol injection.However, a new purpose-built high-altitude aircraft will need to be developed for this purpose as current models, even with modifications will not be sufficient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Smith and Wagner 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The main issue behind stratospheric aerosol injection is uncertainty of side effects and harmful consequences, with specific negative impact on the hydrological cycle and stratospheric ozone depletion.

    “The main issue behind this technique is the uncertainty of the side effects and the harmful consequences of deployment, with a specific negative impact on the hydrological cycle as well as stratospheric ozone depletion (Zhang et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhang et al. 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A number of methodologies have already been certified in the USA by various voluntary markets.

    “A number of methodologies have already been certified in the USA by various voluntary markets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sapkota and White 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Biogenic-based sequestration projects are in a good position to efficiently utilize financial resources and policy support because most of the related technologies can be deployed immediately.

    “At the very moment, biogenicbased sequestration projects are in a good position to efficiently utilize financial resources and policy support as most of the related technologies can be deployed immediately; however, efficient carbon pricing mechanisms that focus on carbon removal need to be aggressively developed and introduced.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    There is no ultimate solution to tackle climate change.

    “It is important to clarify that there is no ultimate solution to tackle climate change and that all technologies and techniques discussed in this review if technically and economically are viable should be deployed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are no published costs for cirrus cloud thinning and this approach still requires further research to understand side effects and conduct appropriate research on potential delivery methods.

    “According to Lawrence et al., there are no published costs for cirrus cloud thinning and this approach still requires further research to understand side effects as well as to conduct appropriate research on potential delivery methods (Lawrence et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lawrence et al. 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Problems associated with marine sky brightening include lack of a spraying system capable of generating seawater particles of the required size and quantities, technical problems associated with the physical outcome due to the complex nature of cloud characteristics, and the challenge to undertake extensive trials and understand side effects.

    “This includes the lack of spraying system that is capable of generating seawater particles of the size and quantities required, as well as further technical problems that are associated with the physical outcome of this approach as a result of the complex nature of cloud characteristics.Another challenge would be to undertake extensive trials and properly understand and overcome potential side eff”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Latham et al. 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Mount Pinatubo eruption ejected between 15 and 30 million tons of SO2, which induced sunlight reflectivity and reduced global temperatures by 0.4-0.5 °C.

    “During the eruption, a very large amount of sulphur dioxide gas (SO 2 ) was ejected, between 15 and 30 million tons, which induced sunlight reflectively and reduced global temperatures by 0.4-0.5 °C (Zhang et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhang et al. 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

101 of 101

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Current emission rates will persist.

    “if the current emission rates persist”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The predicted best-case level of emissions is maintained between 2030 and 2050.

    “if the predicted best-case level of emissions is maintained between 2030 and 2050”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Annual emissions continue to increase.

    “if annual emissions continue to increase”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Capital outlay and operating costs associated with nuclear power development are significant.

    “First, the capital outlay and operating costs associated with nuclear power development are quite significant.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The International Energy Agency sustainable development scenario target of 1488 MtCO2 by 2040 is an appropriate benchmark for carbon capture and storage deployment.

    “however, a significant deviation exists from the sustainable development scenario targeted by the international energy agency for 2040 which is a capacity of 1488 MtCO 2 (IEA 2019a).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Direct air carbon capture and storage plants are more flexible and can be located anywhere, provided that low-carbon energy and adequate transportation and storage facilities are available.

    “However, direct air carbon capture and storage plants are more flexible and can be located anywhere, provided that low-carbon energy and adequate transportation and storage facilities are available.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Currently, no policies or carbon pricing mechanisms incentivize ocean alkalinity enhancement.

    “Currently, no policies or carbon pricing mechanisms incentivize the pursuit of climate change abatement through this technique, and there is still a need for field trials before deploying such approach on a large scale.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Keyword co-occurrence patterns in the bibliometric maps validly indicate trends and gaps in climate change mitigation research.

    “The results obtained were then analysed using VOSviewer software by plotting network and density visualization maps as shown in Fig. 4. The maps are based on keyword co-occurrences.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The literature search over the last 5 years in the selected indexes captures the relevant literature on climate change mitigation.

    “Timespan: Last 5 years.Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, ESCI.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The three strategies reviewed (conventional mitigation, negative emissions, and radiative forcing geoengineering) cover the main approaches to tackling climate change.

    “An extensive literature review covered three main strategies to tackling climate change, conventional mitigation technologies, negative emissions technologies as well as radiative forcing geoengineering technologies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The current state is a climate emergency.

    “Based on the current state of climate emergency, immediate development of viable mitigation and adaptation mechanisms is of extreme importance.”
11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • To achieve the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 °C-2 °C by 2100, energy systems require rapid, immediate, and sustained innovation and the effective use of renewable energy across all sectors.

    “To achieve the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 °C-2 °C by 2100, energy systems require rapid, immediate, and sustained innovation and the effective use of renewable energy across all sectors (Fawzy et al., 2020).”

    From Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Fawzy et al., 2020

  • Demand-side emission reduction efforts include efficiency gains, end-use fuel switching from fossil-based to renewable fuels, and deployment of renewable energy technologies.

    “Additionally, demand-side emission reduction efforts include efficiency gains realized through the implementation of energy-efficient processes and sector-specific technologies that reduce energy consumption, as well as end-use fuel switching from fossil-based to renewable fuels and the deployment of renewable energy technologies (Fawzy et al. 2020).”

    From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Fawzy et al. 2020

  • In the steel and cement sectors, waste heat from exhaust gases can be used for onsite power and heat production via waste-heat driven power plants.

    “In the steel and cement sectors, waste heat from exhaust gases can be used for onsite power and heat production via waste-heat driven power plants.”

    From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Fawzy et al. 2020

  • Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is an emerging technology that can play a pivotal role in achieving carbon emission reductions.

    “In conclusion, carbon capture, utilization and storage, where carbon captured can be stored or utilized in production of chemicals, algae, and concrete building materials is an emerging technology that can play a pivotal role in achieving carbon emission reductions.”

    From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Fawzy et al. 2020

  • Buildings can achieve a carbon-free future by utilizing improved building envelopes, renewable materials, 3D printing, renewable-powered heating and cooling systems, and energy-efficient technologies.

    “Buildings can achieve a carbon-free future by utilizing improved building envelopes, renewable materials, and 3D printing. Additionally, this can be achieved by developing heating and cooling systems powered by renewable energy and employing energy-efficient technologies (Fawzy et al. 2020).”

    From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Fawzy et al. 2020

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Edenhofer ORP-M, Sokona Y, Kadner S, Minx JC, Brunner S, Agrawala S, Baiocchi G, Bashmakov IA, Blanco G, Broome J, Bruckner T, Bustamante M, Clarke L, Conte Grand M, Creutzig F, Cruz-Núñez X, Dhakal S, Dubash NK, Eickemeier P, Farahani E, Fischedick M, Fleurbaey M, Gerlagh R, Gómez-Echeverri L, Gupta S, Harnisch J, Jiang K, Jotzo F, Kartha S, Klasen S, Kolstad C, Krey V, Kunreuther H, Lucon O, Masera O, Mulugetta Y, Norgaard RB, Patt A, Ravindranath NH, Riahi K, Roy J, Sagar A, Schaeffer R, Schlömer S, Seto KC, Seyboth K, Sims R, Smith P, Somanathan E, Stavins R, von Stechow C, Sterner T, Sugiyama T, Suh S, Ürge-Vorsatz D, Urama K, Venables A, Victor DG, Weber E, Zhou D, Zou J, Zwickel T (2014) Technical summary. In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, von Stechow C, Zwickel T, Minx JC (eds) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_technical-summary.pdf. Accessed 17 Dec 2019
  2. WMO (1979) Proceedings of the world climate conference—a conference of experts on climate and mankind, World Meteorological Organization. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=8346. Accessed 21 Jan 2020

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Related

Authors
Fawzy, S., Osman, A. I., Doran, J., & Rooney, D. W.
Affiliations
  • Queen's University Belfast (GB)
  • Letterkenny Institute of Technology (IE)
Corresponding author
Osman, Ahmed I.
ORCID
Venue
Environmental Chemistry Letters
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-07-30
Volume
18
Issue
6
Pages
2069-2094
ISSN
  • 1610-3653 (ISSN-L)
  • 1610-3661
DOI
10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w
OpenAlex
W3046476263
Semantic Scholar
beff0131c6dd5b9acd4e3c7f1996d144309f2e2e
Cited by
1,522
References
110
Citations by year
2026: 198 · 2025: 391 · 2024: 356 · 2023: 283 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 22
FWCI
122.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Chemistry Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/S025545/1)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
Keywords
climate change mitigation, greenhouse gas emissions, negative emissions technologies, carbon capture and storage, solar geoengineering, radiative forcing, Paris Agreement, global warming, natural disasters, biogenic carbon sequestration, CO2 emission reduction

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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