The future of future-oriented cognition in non-humans: theory and the empirical case of the great apes
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One of the most contested areas in the field of animal cognition is non-human future-oriented cognition. We critically examine key underlying assumptions in the debate, which is mainly preoccupied with certain dichotomous positions, the most prevalent being whether or not ‘real’ future orientation is uniquely human. We argue that future orientation is a theoretical construct threatening to lead research astray. Cognitive operations occur in the present moment and can be influenced only by prior causation and the environment, at the same time that most appear directed towards future outcomes. Regarding the current debate, future orientation becomes a question of where on various continua cognition becomes ‘truly’ future-oriented. We question both the assumption that episodic cognition is the most important process in future-oriented cognition and the assumption that future-oriented cognition is uniquely human. We review the studies on future-oriented cognition in the great apes to find little doubt that our closest relatives possess such ability. We conclude by urging that future-oriented cognition not be viewed as expression of some select set of skills. Instead, research into future-oriented cognition should be approached more like research into social and physical cognition.
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These ape studies were conducted without adequate controls to rule out simple associative explanations, unlike the New Caledonian crow study.
“these studies were importantly conducted without adequate controls to rule out simple associative explanations [169], as were implemented in the New Caledonian crow study ([50]; but see [170]).”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [170]
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Casal, P. (2018) · Daímon · doi:10.6018/daimon/217741 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Psychometric Properties of the Children’s Future Thinking Questionnaire in Iranian Children
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- Authors
- Osvath, M., & Martin-Ordas, G.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Cognitive Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- ORCID
- Osvath, Mathias
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2014-11-05
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 1655
- Pages
- 20130486
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC4186238
- OpenAlex
- W2015065770
- Semantic Scholar
- 4c09326183a201ac652ac058d6a9dcdde68af3cf
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 0.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- future-oriented cognition, animal cognition, great apes, human uniqueness, nonhuman cognition, social cognition, physical cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cognition, Forecasting, Humans, Hominidae
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