Can animals recall the past and plan for the future?
Abstract
According to the 'mental time travel hypothesis' animals, unlike humans, cannot mentally travel backwards in time to recollect specific past events (episodic memory) or forwards to anticipate future needs (future planning). Until recently, there was little evidence in animals for either ability. Experiments on memory in food-caching birds, however, question this assumption by showing that western scrub-jays form integrated, flexible, trial-unique memories of what they hid, where and when. Moreover, these birds can adjust their caching behaviour in anticipation of future needs. We suggest that some animals have elements of both episodic-like memory and future planning.
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An essential feature of experimental design required in any episodic-like memory paradigm is that the encoding of the event in question occurs over a single unique experience.
“An essential feature of experimental design required in any episodic-like memory paradigm is that the encoding of the event in question occurs over a single unique experience [52,58].”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Clayton, N. S., Bussey, T. J., & Dickinson, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Clayton, Nicola S.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2003-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 685-691
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2132039854
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- mental time travel, episodic memory, episodic-like memory, future planning, food caching, scrub jay, animal cognition, memory flexibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Population Groups, Forecasting, Planning Techniques, Mental Recall
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