The N501Y spike substitution enhances SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Beginning in the summer of 2020, a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged in the United Kingdom (UK). This B.1.1.7 variant increased rapidly in prevalence among sequenced strains, attributed to an increase in infection and/or transmission efficiency. The UK variant has 19 nonsynonymous mutations across its viral genome including 8 substitutions or deletions in the spike protein, which interacts with cellular receptors to mediate infection and tropism. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we show that, of the 8 individual spike protein substitutions, only N501Y exhibited consistent fitness gains for replication in the upper airway in the hamster model as well as primary human airway epithelial cells. The N501Y substitution recapitulated the phenotype of enhanced viral transmission seen with the combined 8 UK spike mutations, suggesting it is a major determinant responsible for increased transmission of this variant. Mechanistically, the N501Y substitution improved the affinity of the viral spike protein for cellular receptors. As suggested by its convergent evolution in Brazil and South Africa, our results indicate that N501Y substitution is a major adaptive spike mutation of major concern.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
N501Y increases ACE2 affinity and increases virus replication in human upper-airway cells and in the upper respiratory tracts of hamsters.
“N501Y increases ACE2 affinity 128,146,147 and increases virus replication in human upper-airway cells and in the upper respiratory tracts of hamsters 127”
From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [127]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969 · see citing works
Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S., & Li, F. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00127-20 · Cited by 4,341 · see citing works
The New Statistics: Why and How
Cumming, G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613504966 · Cited by 3,200 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Yang, C., Xu, X.-F., Xü, W., & Liu, S. (2020) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-020-0485-4 · Cited by 2,207 · see citing works
Starr, T. N., Greaney, A. J., Hilton, S. K., Ellis, D., Crawford, K. H. D., Dingens, A. S., Navarro, M. J., Bowen, J. E., Tortorici, M. A., Walls, A. C., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.012 · Cited by 1,956 · see citing works
Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium, Volz, E., Mishra, S., Chand, M., Barrett, J. C., Johnson, R., Geidelberg, L., Hinsley, W. R., Laydon, D. J., Dabrera, G., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03470-x · Cited by 1,611 · see citing works
Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness
Plante, J. A., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Xia, H., Johnson, B. A., Lokugamage, K. G., Zhang, X., Muruato, A. E., Zou, J., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2895-3 · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
Self-citationChan, J., Zhang, A., Yuan, S.-F., Poon, V., Chan, C., Lee, A., Chan, W., Fan, Z., Tsoi, H.-W., Wen, L., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa325 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo
Hou, Y. J., Chiba, S., Halfmann, P., Ehre, C., Kuroda, M., Dinnon, K. H., Leist, S. R., Schäfer, A., Nakajima, N., Takahashi, K., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe8499 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Chen, R. E., Zhang, X., Case, J. B., Winkler, E. S., Liu, Y., VanBlargan, L. A., Liu, J., Errico, J. M., Xie, X., Suryadevara, N., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy
Gu, H., Chen, Q., Yang, G., He, L., Fan, H., Deng, Y.-Q., Wang, Y., Teng, Y., Zhao, Z., Cui, Y., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc4730 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Leung, K., Shum, M. H., Leung, G. M., Lam, T. T., & Wu, J. T. (2021) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.26.1.2002106 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
An Infectious cDNA Clone of SARS-CoV-2
Xie, X., Muruato, A., Lokugamage, K. G., Narayanan, K., Zhang, X., Zou, J., Liu, J., Schindewolf, C., Bopp, N. E., Aguilar, P. V., et al. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.004 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Self-citationXie, X., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Zou, J., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., Xia, H., Swanson, K. A., Cutler, M., Cooper, D., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01270-4 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Self-citationEmergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage — United States, December 29, 2020–January 12, 2021
Galloway, S. E., Paul, P., MacCannell, D., Johansson, M., Brooks, J., MacNeil, A., Slayton, R., Tong, S., Silk, B., Armstrong, G., et al. (2021) · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7003e2 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G change enhances replication and transmission
Zhou, B., Thao, T. T. N., Hoffmann, D., Taddeo, A., Ebert, N., Labroussaa, F., Pohlmann, A., King, J., Steiner, S., Kelly, J. N., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03361-1 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum
Liu, Y., Liu, J., Xia, H., Zhang, X., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., Swanson, K. A., Cai, H., Sarkar, R., Chen, W., Cutler, M., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2102017 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Self-citationSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with Coronavirus Disease, United States
Harcourt, J. L., Tamin, A., Lu, X., Kamili, S., Sakthivel, S. K., Murray, J., Queen, K. J., Tao, Y., Paden, C. R., Zhang, J., et al. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2606.200516 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, E. C., Blanc, H., Vignuzzi, M., & Denison, M. R. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003565 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Recurrent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike deletion H69/V70 and its role in the Alpha variant B.1.1.7
Meng, B., Kemp, S. A., Papa, G., Datir, R. P., Ferreira, I. A. T. M., Marelli, S., Harvey, W. T., Lytras, S., Mohamed, A., Gallo, G., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109292 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Frampton, D., Rampling, T., Cross, A., Bailey, H., Heaney, J., Byott, M., Scott, R., Sconza, R., Price, J., Margaritis, M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00170-5 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease mediates extensive viral recombination
Gribble, J., Pruijssers, A. J. P., Agostini, M. L., Anderson-Daniels, J., Chappell, J. D., Lu, X., Stevens, L. J., Routh, A. L., & Denison, M. R. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009226 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Recurrent emergence and transmission of a SARS-CoV-2 spike deletion H69/V70
Kemp, S. A., Meng, B., Ferriera, I. A., Datir, R., Harvey, W. T., Papa, G., Lytras, S., Collier, D. A., Mohamed, A., Gallo, G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422555 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Engineering SARS-CoV-2 using a reverse genetic system
Xie, X.-P., Lokugamage, K. G., Zhang, X.-W., Vu, M., Muruato, A. E., Menachery, V., & Shi, P.-Y. (2021) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-021-00491-8 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationCoffey, L. L., & Vignuzzi, M. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01918-10 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A Comparison of Methods to Measure Fitness in Escherichia coli
Wiser, M. J., & Lenski, R. E. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126210 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Molecular determinants and mechanism for antibody cocktail preventing SARS-CoV-2 escape
Ku, Z., Xie, X., Davidson, E., Ye, X., Su, H., Menachery, V. D., Li, Y., Yuan, Z., Zhang, X., Muruato, A. E., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20789-7 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationGrubaugh, N. D., Weger‐Lucarelli, J., Murrieta, R. A., Fauver, J. R., Garcia-Luna, S., Prasad, A. N., Black, W. C., & Ebel, G. D. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.002 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Recurrent Emergence and Transmission of a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Deletion H69/V70Preprint
Kemp, S. A., Meng, B., Ferriera, I. A., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3780277 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Inferring relative proportions of DNA variants from sequencing electropherograms
Carr, I., Robinson, J. I., Dimitriou, R. I., Markham, A. F., Morgan, A. W., & Bonthron, D. T. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp583 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 UK variant
Thorne, L. G., Bouhaddou, M., Reuschl, A.-K., Zuliani-Alvarez, L., Polacco, B., Pelin, A., Batra, J., Whelan, M. V. X., Ummadi, M., Rojc, A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.446826 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bergren, N. A., Haller, S. L., Rossi, S. L., Seymour, R. L., Huang, J., Miller, A. L., Bowen, R. A., Hartman, D. A., Brault, A. C., & Weaver, S. C. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008102 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.1.7, Brazil, December 2020
Claro, I. M., Sales, F. C. D. S., Ramundo, M. S., Cândido, D. D. S., da Silva, C. A. M., de Jesus, J. G., Manuli, E. R., de Oliveira, C. M., Scarpelli, L. C., Campana, G., et al. (2021) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2703.210038 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Role of mutational reversions and fitness restoration in Zika virus spread to the Americas
Liu, J., Liu, Y., Shan, C., Nunes, B. T. D., Yun, R., Haller, S. L., Rafael, G. H., Azar, S. R., Andersen, C. R., Plante, K. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20747-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationTouret, F., Lucıanı, L., Baronti, C., Cochin, M., Driouich, J., Gilles, M., Thirion, L., Nougaırède, A., & de Lamballerie, X. N. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00850-21 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
catseyes: Create Catseye Plots Illustrating the Normal Distribution of the Means
Andersen, C. (2019) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.catseyes · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Harcourt, J. et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with 455 Coronavirus Disease, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 26, 1266-1273, doi:10.3201/eid2606.200516 (2020). · DOI
- Chan, J. F. et al. Simulation of the clinical and pathological manifestations of 475 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in golden Syrian hamster model: implications for disease pathogenesis and transmissibility. Clin. Infect. Dis., doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa325 (2020). · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: immune escape, transmission and fitness
Carabelli, A. M., Peacock, T. P., Thorne, L., Harvey, W. T., Hughes, J., de Silva, T. I., Peacock, S. J., Barclay, W., de Silva, T. I., Towers, G. J., et al. (2023) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00841-7 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
Tao, K., Tzou, P. L., Nouhin, J., Gupta, R. K., de Oliveira, T., Kosakovsky Pond, S. L., Fera, D., & Shafer, R. W. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Lamers, M. M., & Haagmans, B. L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00713-0 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Attenuated fusogenicity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Suzuki, R., Yamasoba, D., Kimura, I., Wang, L., Kishimoto, M., Ito, J., Morioka, Y., Nao, N., Nasser, H., Uriu, K., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04462-1 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review
Holmes, E. C., Goldstein, S. A., Rasmussen, A. L., Robertson, D. L., Crits‐Christoph, A., Wertheim, J. O., Anthony, S. J., Barclay, W., Boni, M. F., Doherty, P. C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Kurhade, C., Zou, J., Xia, H., Liu, M., Chang, H. C., Ren, P., Xie, X., & Shi, P. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02162-x · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Self-citationDelta spike P681R mutation enhances SARS-CoV-2 fitness over Alpha variant
Liu, Y., Liu, J., Johnson, B. A., Xia, H., Ku, Z., Schindewolf, C., Widen, S. G., An, Z., Weaver, S. C., Menachery, V. D., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110829 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citationRecurrent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike deletion H69/V70 and its role in the Alpha variant B.1.1.7
Meng, B., Kemp, S. A., Papa, G., Datir, R. P., Ferreira, I. A. T. M., Marelli, S., Harvey, W. T., Lytras, S., Mohamed, A., Gallo, G., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109292 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
BNT162b2-elicited neutralization of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants
Liu, J., Liu, Y., Xia, H., Zou, J., Weaver, S. C., Swanson, K. A., Cai, H., Cutler, M., Cooper, D., Muik, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03693-y · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid assessment of SARS-CoV-2–evolved variants using virus-like particles
Syed, A. M., Taha, T. Y., Tabata, T., Chen, I. P., Ciling, A., Khalid, M. M., Sreekumar, B. K. N., Chen, P., Hayashi, J. M., Soczek, K. M., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abl6184 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Shifting mutational constraints in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain during viral evolution
Starr, T. N., Greaney, A. J., Hannon, W. W., Loes, A. N., Hauser, K., Dillen, J., Ferri, E., Farrell, A. G., Dadonaite, B., McCallum, M., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1126/science.abo7896 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Characterization and antiviral susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2
Uraki, R., Kiso, M., Iida, S., Imai, M., Takashita, E., Kuroda, M., Halfmann, P., Loeber, S. J., Maemura, T., Yamayoshi, S., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04856-1 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationNucleocapsid mutations R203K/G204R increase the infectivity, fitness, and virulence of SARS-CoV-2
Wu, H., Xing, N., Meng, K., Fu, B., Xue, W., Dong, P., Tang, W., Xiao, Y., Liu, G., Luo, H., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.11.005 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Ou, J., Lan, W., Wu, X., Zhao, T., Duan, B., Yang, P., Ren, Y., Quan, L., Zhao, W., Seto, D., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00992-2 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Increased immune escape of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron
Hu, J., Peng, P., Cao, X., Wu, K., Chen, J., Wang, K., Tang, N., & Huang, A.-L. (2022) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00836-z · Cited by 204 · see citing works
COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies
Raman, R., Patel, K. J., & Ranjan, K. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11070993 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
SARS‐CoV‐2 Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants display enhanced Spike‐mediated syncytia formation
Rajah, M. M., Hubert, M., Bishop, E., Saunders, N., Robinot, R., Grzelak, L., Planas, D., Dufloo, J., Gellenoncourt, S., Bongers, A., et al. (2021) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2021108944 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern link to increased spike cleavage and virus transmission
Escalera, A., Gonzalez-Reiche, A. S., Aslam, S., Mena, I., Laporte, M., Pearl, R. L., Fossati, A., Rathnasinghe, R., Alshammary, H., van de Guchte, A., et al. (2022) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.006 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Mechanism and Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Fusion and Syncytia Formation
Rajah, M. M., Bernier, A., Buchrieser, J., & Schwartz, O. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167280 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Defining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 variants on immune protection
DeGrace, M. M., Ghedin, E., Frieman, M. B., Krammer, F., Grifoni, A., Alisoltani, A., Alter, G., Amara, R. R., Baric, R. S., Barouch, D. H., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04690-5 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationNucleocapsid mutations in SARS-CoV-2 augment replication and pathogenesis
Johnson, B. A., Zhou, Y., Lokugamage, K. G., Vu, M. N., Bopp, N. E., Crocquet-Valdes, P. A., Kalveram, B., Schindewolf, C., Liu, Y., Scharton, D., et al. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010627 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2 Mutations and Their Impact on Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Vaccines
Thakur, S., Sasi, S., Pillai, S. G., Nag, A., Shukla, D., Singhal, R., Phalke, S., & Velu, G. S. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.815389 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The origins and molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in the UK
Hill, V., du Plessis, L., Peacock, T. P., Aggarwal, D., Colquhoun, R., Carabelli, A. M., Ellaby, N. A. F., Gallagher, E., Groves, N., Jackson, B., et al. (2022) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veac080 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Quantifying the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infectiousness
Marc, A., Kerioui, M., Blanquart, F., Bertrand, J., Mitjà, J., Corbacho‐Monné, M., Marks, M., & Guedj, J. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.69302 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Spike deep mutational scanning helps predict success of SARS-CoV-2 clades
Dadonaite, B., Brown, J. T., McMahon, T. E., Farrell, A. G., Figgins, M. D., Asarnow, D. E., Stewart, C., Lee, J., Logue, J., Bedford, T., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07636-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19
Ryu, J. K., Yan, Z., Montano, M., Sozmen, E. G., Dixit, K., Suryawanshi, R. K., Matsui, Y., Helmy, E., Kaushal, P., Makanani, S. K., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07873-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural and antigenic variations in the spike protein of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
Mittal, A., Khattri, A., & Verma, V. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010260 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Neutralization against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 from previous non-Omicron infection
Zou, J., Xia, H., Xie, X., Kurhade, C., Machado, R. R. G., Weaver, S. C., Ren, P., & Shi, P. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28544-w · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Spike of Concern—The Novel Variants of SARS-CoV-2
Winger, A., & Caspari, T. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13061002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Han, J., Zhang, Y., He, J., Yu, W., Zhang, X., Wu, J., Zhang, S., Kong, Y., Guo, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.877101 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationDroplet digital RT-PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2 signature mutations of variants of concern in wastewater
Heijnen, L., Elsinga, G., de Graaf, M., Molenkamp, R., Koopmans, M., & Medema, G. J. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149456 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Variants with the N501Y mutation extend SARS-CoV-2 host range to mice, with contact transmissionPreprint
Montagutelli, X., Prot, M., Levillayer, L., Baquero, E., Jouvion, G., Conquet, L., Beretta, M., Donati, F., Albert, M., Gámbaro, F., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436013 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Animal models in SARS-CoV-2 research
Chu, H., Chan, J. F.-W., & Yuen, K.-Y. (2022) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-022-01447-w · Cited by 103 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2, CT-Values, and Infectivity—Conclusions to Be Drawn from Side Observations
Platten, M., Hoffmann, D., Grosser, R., Wisplinghoff, F., Wisplinghoff, H., Wiesmüller, G. A., Schildgen, O., & Schildgen, V. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13081459 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer in the United States
Feng, A., Bevins, S. N., Chandler, J. C., Deliberto, T. J., Ghai, R. R., Lantz, K., Lenoch, J. B., Retchless, A. C., Shriner, S. A., Tang, C. Y., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39782-x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Enhanced fitness of SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Alpha but not Beta
Ulrich, L., Halwe, N. J., Taddeo, A., Ebert, N., Schön, J., Devisme, C., Trüeb, B. S., Hoffmann, B., Wider, M., Fan, X., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04342-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
COVID-19: Challenges of Viral Variants
Jacobs, J. L., Haidar, G., & Mellors, J. W. (2022) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042921-020956 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cool, K. R., Gaudreault, N. N., Morozov, I., Trujillo, J. D., Meekins, D. A., McDowell, C. D., Carossino, M., Bold, D., Mitzel, D., Kwon, T., et al. (2021) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.2012528 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Kumar, V., Singh, J., Hasnain, S. E., & Sundar, D. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179131 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate with accessory protein deletions
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Xia, H., Zou, J., Muruato, A. E., Periasamy, S., Kurhade, C., Plante, J. A., Bopp, N. E., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31930-z · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationContribution of single mutations to selected SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants spike antigenicity
Gong, S. Y., Chatterjee, D., Richard, J., Prévost, J., Tauzin, A., Gasser, R., Bo, Y., Vézina, D., Goyette, G., Gendron‐Lepage, G., et al. (2021) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2021.09.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 protects animals from lethal SARS-CoV challenge
Muruato, A. E., Vu, M. N., Johnson, B. A., Davis-Gardner, M. E., Vanderheiden, A., Lokugamage, K. G., Schindewolf, C., Crocquet-Valdes, P. A., Langsjoen, R. M., Plante, J. A., et al. (2021) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001284 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationNewman, J., Thakur, N., Peacock, T. P., Bialy, D., Elrefaey, A. M. E., Bogaardt, C., Horton, D. L., Ho, S., Kankeyan, T., Carr, C., et al. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01163-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Causes Lung Infection without Severe Disease in Human ACE2 Knock-In Mice
Winkler, E. S., Chen, R. E., Alam, F., Yildiz, S., Case, J. B., Uccellini, M. B., Holtzman, M. J., García‐Sastre, A., Schotsaert, M., & Diamond, M. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01511-21 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Accelerated evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer
McBride, D. S., Garushyants, S. K., Franks, J., Magee, A. F., Overend, S. H., Huey, D. D., Williams, A. M., Faith, S. A., Kandeil, A., Trifkovic, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40706-y · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Shastri, J. S., Parikh, S., Aggarwal, V., Agrawal, S. R., Chatterjee, N., Shah, R. J., Devi, P., Mehta, P., & Pandey, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.737007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Melo-González, F., Soto, J. A., González, L. A., Fernández, J. O., Duarte, L. F., Schultz, B. M., Gálvez, N. M. S., Pacheco, G. A., Ríos, M., Vázquez, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.747830 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
An early warning system for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
Subissi, L., von Gottberg, A., Thukral, L., Worp, N., Munnink, B. B. O., Rathore, S., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Aguilera, X., Alm, E., Archer, B. N., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01836-w · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Møhlenberg, M., Thakor, J. C., Tuli, H. S., Wang, P., Assaraf, Y. G., Dhama, K., & Jiang, S. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-22 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
PCR performance in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern?
Metzger, C., Lienhard, R., Seth-Smith, H. M. B., Roloff, T. C., Wegner, F., Sieber, J., Bel, M., Greub, G., & Egli, A. (2021) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2021.w30120 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Li, M., Ren, Y., Aw, Z. Q., Chen, B., Yang, Z., Lei, Y., Cheng, L., Liang, Q., Hong, J., Yang, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35642-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Xue, S., Han, Y., Wu, F., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwae007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Goethem, N. V., Chung, P. Y. J., Meurisse, M., Vandromme, M., Mot, L. D., Brondeel, R., Stouten, V., Klamer, S., Cuypers, L., Braeye, T., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14061297 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Insights on the mutational landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant receptor-binding domain
Miller, N. L., Clark, T., Raman, R., & Sasisekharan, R. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100527 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Immune evasion and ACE2 binding affinity contribute to SARS-CoV-2 evolution
Ma, W., Fu, H., Jian, F., Cao, Y., & Li, M. (2023) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02123-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Controversy surrounding the Sputnik V vaccine
Cazzola, M., Rogliani, P., Mazzeo, F., & Matera, M. G. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106569 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 variants and effectiveness of vaccines: a review of current evidence
Tatsi, E., Filippatos, F., & Michos, A. G. (2021) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268821002430 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Genomic Perspectives on the Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant
Ma, W., Yang, J., Fu, H., Su, C., Yu, C., Wang, Q., de Vasconcelos, A. T. R., Bazykin, G. A., Bào, Y., & Li, M. (2022) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2022.01.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rapid and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 mutations using a Cas12a-based sensing platform
He, C., Lin, C., Mo, G., Xi, B., Li, A., Huang, D., Wan, Y., Chen, F., Liang, Y., Zuo, Q., et al. (2021) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2021.113857 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Structures of Omicron spike complexes and implications for neutralizing antibody development
Guo, H., Gao, Y., Li, T., Li, T., Lu, Y., Zheng, L., Liu, Y., Yang, T., Luo, F., Song, S., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110770 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs)
Salehi-Vaziri, ., Fazlalipour, M., Khorrami, S. M. S., Azadmanesh, K., Pouriayevali, M. H., Jalali, T., Shoja, Z., & Maleki, A. (2022) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-022-05365-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
In vitro evaluation of therapeutic antibodies against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron B.1.1.529 isolate
Touret, F., Baronti, C., Bouzidi, H. S., & de Lamballerie, X. N. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08559-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A delicate balance between antibody evasion and ACE2 affinity for Omicron BA.2.75
Huo, J., Dijokaite-Guraliuc, A., Liu, C., Zhou, D., Ginn, H. M., Das, R., Supasa, P., Selvaraj, M., Nutalai, R., Tuekprakhon, A., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111903 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain modulates TMPRSS2-dependent viral entry and fusogenicity
Meng, B., Datir, R. P., Choi, J., Baker, S. G., Dougan, G., Hess, C., Kingston, N., Lehner, P. J., Lyons, P., Matheson, N. J., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111220 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Understanding Mutations in Human SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis
Kumar, R., Srivastava, Y., Muthuramalingam, P., Singh, S. K., Verma, G., Tiwari, S., Tandel, N., Beura, S. K., Panigrahi, A. R., Maji, S., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15040856 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanism of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Cell Tropism
Li, Z., Ma, Z., Dong, L., Yang, T., Li, Y., Jiao, D., Han, W., Zheng, H., & Xiao, S. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03739-21 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Differential Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Human ACE2-Expressing Mice
Natekar, J. P., Pathak, H., Stone, S., Kumari, P., Sharma, S., Auroni, T. T., Arora, K., Rothan, H. A., & Kumar, M. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14061139 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Shuai, H., Chan, J. F., Hu, B., Chai, Y., Yoon, C., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Shi, J., Zhu, T., Hu, J., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104753 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2 spike protein: structure, viral entry and variants
Chen, B., Farzan, M., & Choe, H. (2025) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-025-01185-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Variations within the Glycan Shield of SARS-CoV-2 Impact Viral Spike Dynamics
Newby, M., Fogarty, C., Allen, J., Butler, J., Fadda, E., & Crispin, M. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167928 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Uses Nonstructural Protein 16 To Evade Restriction by IFIT1 and IFIT3
Schindewolf, C., Lokugamage, K. G., Vu, M. N., Johnson, B. A., Scharton, D., Plante, J. A., Kalveram, B., Crocquet-Valdes, P. A., Sotcheff, S. L., Jaworski, E. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01532-22 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationAhmad, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.742167 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Sun, L., Ullah, I., Beaudoin-Bussières, G., Anand, S. P., Hederman, A. P., Tolbert, W. D., Sherburn, R. T., Nguyen, D. N. P., Marchitto, L., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4188 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Molecular Interactions of Tannic Acid with Proteins Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity
Haddad, M., Gaudreault, R., Sasseville, G., Nguyen, P. T., Wiebe, H., van de Ven, T. G. M., Bourgault, S., Mousseau, N., & Ramassamy, C. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052643 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Islam, M. A., Haque, M. A., Rahman, M. A., Hossen, F., Reza, M., Barua, A., Marzan, A. A., Das, T., Baral, S. K., He, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.837290 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Molecular insights into the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
Yao, Z., Zhang, L., Duan, Y., Tang, X., & Lü, J. (2024) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106121 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants: a brief review and practical implications
Candido, K. L., Eich, C. R., de Fariña, L. O., Kadowaki, M. K., Silva, J. L. D. C., Maller, A., & Simão, R. D. C. G. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s42770-022-00743-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Development of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: The Gene Makes the Disease
Pérez-Gómez, R. (2021) · Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.3390/jdb9040058 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kumar, R., Murugan, N. A., & Srivastava, V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063409 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Yang, Z. L., Zhang, S., Tang, Y., Zhang, S., Xu, D.-Q., Yue, S., & Liu, Q. (2022) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2021.1210 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hawman, D. W., Meade-White, K. D., Clancy, C. S., Archer, J. F., Hinkley, T. C., Leventhal, S. S., Rao, D., Stamper, A., Lewis, M. C., Rosenke, R., et al. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104196 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A comparative overview of SARS‑CoV‑2 and its variants of concern
Ahmad, A., Fawaz, M. A. M., & Aisha, A. (2022) · Infezioni in Medicina · doi:10.53854/liim-3003-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Saha, A., Roy, S. G., Dwivedi, R., Tripathi, P., Kumar, K., Nambiar, S. M., & Pathak, R. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13040424 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and emergence of variants of concern
Safari, I., & Elahi, E. (2021) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05295-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hybrid CRISPR/Cas protein for one-pot detection of DNA and RNA
Guk, K., Yi, S., Kim, H., Bae, Y., Yong, D., Kim, S., Lee, K., Lim, E., Kang, T., & Jung, J. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114819 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kane, Y., Wong, G., & Gao, G. F. (2023) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-020420-025011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant induces enhanced pathology and inflammatory responses in K18-hACE2 mice
Lee, K. S., Wong, T. Y., Russ, B. P., Horspool, A. M., Miller, O. A., Rader, N. A., Givi, J. P., Winters, M. T., Wong, Z. Y., Cyphert, H. A., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273430 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Rapid escape of new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants from BA.2-directed antibody responses
Dijokaite-Guraliuc, A., Das, R., Zhou, D., Ginn, H. M., Liu, C., Duyvesteyn, H. M. E., Huo, J., Nutalai, R., Supasa, P., Selvaraj, M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112271 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 variants: biology, pathogenicity, immunity and control
Uraki, R., Korber, B., Diamond, M., & Kawaoka, Y. (2025) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-025-01255-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
ACE2 N-glycosylation modulates interactions with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a site-specific manner
Isobe, A., Arai, Y., Kuroda, D., Okumura, N., Ono, T., Ushiba, S., Nakakita, S., Daidoji, T., Suzuki, Y., Nakaya, T., et al. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04170-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Ye, S., Zhou, Z., Song, A., Zhu, X., Peng, J., Liang, R., Yang, C., Yu, X., Huang, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28407 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Antigenic evolution of SARS coronavirus 2
Mykytyn, A. Z., Fouchier, R. A. M., & Haagmans, B. L. (2023) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101349 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kazybay, B., Ahmad, A., Mu, C., Mengdesh, D., & Xie, Y. (2021) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102242 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Shi, Y., Huang, J., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Guo, X., Li, J., Gong, L., Zhou, X., Cheng, G., Qiu, Y., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo1827 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationUmair, M., Ikram, A., Salman, M., Haider, S. A., Badar, N., Rehman, Z., Ammar, M., Rana, M. S., & Ali, Q. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27429 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Villa, A. M., Brunialti, E., Dellavedova, J., Meda, C., Rebecchi, M., Conti, M., Donnici, L., Francesco, R. D., Reggiani, A. M., Lionetti, V., et al. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105982 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
da Silva, S. J. R., de Lima, S. C., da Silva, R. C., Kohl, A., & Pena, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.836826 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants through pandemic waves using RT-PCR testing in low-resource settings
Nasir, A., Aamir, U. B., Kanji, A., Bukhari, A. R., Ansar, Z., Ghanchi, N. K., Masood, K. I., Samreen, A., Islam, N., Ghani, S., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001896 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Insights on the mutational landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variantPreprint
Miller, N. L., Clark, T., Raman, R., & Sasisekharan, R. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471499 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Beesley, L. J., Moran, K. R., Wagh, K., Castro, L. A., Theiler, J. P., Yoon, H., Fischer, W., Hengartner, N., Korber, B., & Valle, S. Y. D. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104534 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Liu, J., Plante, K. S., Plante, J. A., Xie, X., Zhang, X., Ku, Z., An, Z., Scharton, D., Schindewolf, C., Menachery, V. D., Shi, P.-Y., & Weaver, S. C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shi, Pei-Yong
- Weaver, Scott C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2021-03-09
- Volume
- 602
- Issue
- 7896
- Pages
- 294-299
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8900207
- OpenAlex
- W3216019834
- Cited by
- 574
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 87
- FWCI
- 37.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP150551, RP150551 and RP190561, RP190561, AI153602)
- University of Texas System
- National Institutes of Health (AG049042, UL1TR001439)
- National Institute on Aging (AG049042)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R24AI120942, R01AI134907, R01AI153602, AI153602, AG049042, AI134907, T32AI007526)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, N501Y mutation, spike protein, B.1.1.7 Alpha variant, virus transmission, viral fitness, receptor binding affinity, airway epithelial cells, hamster model, convergent evolution, COVID-19 pandemic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
