Activin receptor patterning of foregut organogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Foregut development produces a characteristic sequence of gastrointestinal and respiratory organs, but the signaling pathways that ensure this developmental order remain largely unknown. Here, mutations of activin receptors ActRIIA and ActRIIB are shown to disrupt the development of posterior foregut-derived organs, including the stomach, pancreas, and spleen. Foregut expression of genes including Shh and Isl1 is shifted in mutant mice. The endocrine pancreas is particularly sensitive to the type and extent of receptor inactivation. ActRIIA+/−B+/−animals lack axial defects, but have hypoplastic pancreatic islets, hypoinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Thus, activin receptor-mediated signaling regulates axial patterning, cell differentiation, and function of foregut-derived organs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
FGF2 and Activin, secreted by the notochord, lead to expression of pancreatic markers by repressing Shh in pancreatic endoderm.
“FGF2 and Activin, secreted by the notochord, lead to the expression of pancreatic markers by repressing expression of Shh in pancreatic endoderm [15-19].”
From A systematic screen for genes expressed in definitive endoderm by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) (2007) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results and Discussion say that notochord-derived activin signals may repress Shh in chick pancreatic endoderm, and report that activin receptor signaling restricts Shh in mouse foregut endoderm and regulates pancreatic Isl1 expression. They do not establish the claimed pathway from Shh repression to pancreatic-marker expression or address a role for FGF2. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
TGF-β signalling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins
Heldin, C., Miyazono, K., & ten Dijke, P. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/37284 · Cited by 3,697 · see citing works
Controlling TGF-beta signaling.
Massagué, J., & Chen, Y. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 1,780 · see citing works
Controlling TGF-β signalingPreprint
Massagué, J., & Chen, Y. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.14.6.627 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
A molecular pathway determining left-right asymmetry in chick embryogenesis
Levin, M. G., Johnson, R. L., Stern, C. D., Kuehn, M. R., & Tabin, C. J. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90477-8 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Sonic hedgehog is essential to foregut development
Litingtung, Y., Li, L., Westphal, H., & Chiang, C. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/1717 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Independent requirement for ISL1 in formation of pancreatic mesenchyme and islet cells
Ahlgren, U., Pfaff, S. L., Jessell, T. M., Edlund, H., & Edlund, H. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/385257a0 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Sonic hedgehog regulates branching morphogenesis in the mammalian lung.
Pepicelli, C. V., Lewis, P. M., & McMahon, A. (1998) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70446-4 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Attisano, L. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90488-c · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Notochord repression of endodermal Sonic hedgehog permits pancreas development
Hebrok, M., Kim, S. K., & Melton, D. A. (1998) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.12.11.1705 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferent phenotypes for mice deficient in either activins or activin receptor type II
Matzuk, M. M., Kumar, T. R., & Bradley, A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/374356a0 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Involvement of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in mouse embryonic lung growth and morphogenesis
Bellusci, S., Furuta, Y., Rush, M., Henderson, R., Winnier, G. E., & Hogan, B. L. M. (1997) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.124.1.53 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Development of a Novel Polygenic Model of NIDDM in Mice Heterozygous for IR and IRS-1 Null Alleles
Brüning, J. C., Winnay, J. N., Bonner‐Weir, S., Taylor, S. I., Accili, D., & Kahn, C. R. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81896-6 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Roberts, D. J., Johnson, R. L., Burke, A. C., Nelson, C. E., Morgan, B. A., & Tabin, C. J. (1995) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.121.10.3163 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
McPherron, A. C., Lawler, A. M., & Lee, S.-J. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/10320 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Ectodermal Patterning in Vertebrate Embryos
Sasai, Y., & Robertis, E. M. D. (1997) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.8445 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Sonic hedgehog directs specialised mesoderm differentiation in the intestine and pancreas
Apelqvist, Å., Ahlgren, U., & Edlund, H. (1997) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00340-x · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Wrana, J. L. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81556-1 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Regulation of pancreas development by hedgehog signaling
Hebrok, M., Kim, S. K., St-Jacques, B., McMahon, A. P., & Melton, D. A. (2000) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.127.22.4905 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Self-citationNotochord to endoderm signaling is required for pancreas development
Kim, S. K., Hebrok, M., & Melton, D. A. (1997) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.124.21.4243 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Self-citationOh, S. P., & Li, E. (1997) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.11.14.1812 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationPancreas development is promoted by cyclopamine, a Hedgehog signaling inhibitor
Kim, S. K., & Melton, D. A. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13036 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, K.-L., GANNON, M. A., Peshavaria, M., Offield, M. F., Henderson, E., Ray, M., Marks, A., Gamer, L. W., Wright, C. V. E., & Stein, R. W. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.10.6002 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Feijen, A., Goumans, M., van den, A. J. M., & van Raaij, E. J. (1994) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.120.12.3621 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Song, J., Oh, S. P., Schrewe, H., Nomura, M., Lei, H., Okano, M., Gridley, T., & Li, E. (1999) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1999.9370 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationHypoplasia of pancreatic islets in transgenic mice expressing activin receptor mutants.
Yamaoka, T., Idehara, C., Yano, M., Matsushita, T., Yamada, T., Ii, S., Moritani, M., Hata, J., Sugino, H., Noji, S., et al. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci2769 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Pancreatic-duodenal homeobox 1 -role in gastric endocrine patterning
Larsson, L., Madsen, O. D., Serup, P., Jönsson, J., & Edlund, H. (1996) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/s0925-4773(96)00609-0 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Verschueren, K., Dewulf, N. D. L. S., Goumans, M., Lonnoy, O., Feijen, A., Grimsby, S., Spiegle, K. V., ten Dijke, P., Morén, A., Vanscheeuwijck, P., et al. (1995) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/0925-4773(95)00395-h · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Shiozaki, S., Tajima, T., Zhang, Y.-Q., Furukawa, M., Nakazato, Y., & Kojima, I. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00022-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dominant-Negative Smad2 Mutants Inhibit Activin/Vg1 Signaling and Disrupt Axis Formation in Xenopus
Hoodless, P. A., Tsukazaki, T., Nishimatsu, S., Attisano, L., Wrana, J. L., & Thomsen, G. H. (1999) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1998.9168 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
α-Cell Neogenesis in an Animal Model of IDDM
O’Reilly, L. A., Gu, D., Sarvetnick, N., Edlund, H., Phillips, J. M., Fulford, T. J., & Cooke, A. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.4.599 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pancreas development in the chick embryo.Preprint
Kim, S. K., Hebrok, M., & Melton, D. A. (1997) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.1997.062.01.045 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationManova, K., Leon, V. D., Angeles, M., Kalantry, S., Giarrè, M., Attisano, L., Wrana, J. L., & Bachvarova, R. F. (1995) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/0925-4773(94)00295-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Five types of pyloric cells in the antral mucosa of the stomach
Rubio‐Terres, C. (1992) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/s0344-0338(11)81173-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Generation of Functional Human Pancreatic β Cells In Vitro
Pagliuca, F. W., Millman, J. R., Gürtler, M., Segel, M., Van Dervort, A., Ryu, J. H., Peterson, Q. P., Greiner, D., & Melton, D. A. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.040 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
“Studies on pancreatic development in model organisms (Gamer and Wright, 1995; Henry and Melton, 1998; Ninomiya et al., 1999; Apelqvist et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2000; Hebrok et al., 2000; Murtaugh et al., 2003) identified genes and signals important for the pancreatic lineage, and these have been…”
BackgroundSelf-citationVertebrate Endoderm Development and Organ Formation
Zorn, A. M., & Wells, J. M. (2009) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
“Shh in the stomach/duodenal domain is also regulated by Activin, and mouse embryos with Activin receptor mutations have a posterior shift in Shh expression (Kim et al. 2000).”
BackgroundBardeesy, N., Cheng, K.-H., Berger, J. H., Chu, G. C., Pahler, J., Olson, P., Hezel, A. F., Horner, J., Lauwers, G. Y., Hanahan, D., et al. (2006) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1478706 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
“Null mutations in the Activin signaling pathway are associated with gross pancreatic defects (Kim et al. 2000; Harmon et al. 2004).”
BackgroundThyroid Development and Its Disorders: Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms
Felice, M. D., & Lauro, R. D. (2004) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0028 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
TGF-β Tumor Suppression through a Lethal EMT
David, C. J., Huang, Y.-H., Chen, M., Su, J., Zou, Y., Bardeesy, N. M., Iacobuzio–Donahue, C. A., & Massagué, J. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.009 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Que, J., Okubo, T., Goldenring, J. R., Nam, K.-T., Kurotani, R., Morrisey, E. E., Taranova, O., Pevny, L., & Hogan, B. L. M. (2007) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.003855 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
“Typically, such epithelial-mesenchymal interactions involve conserved intercellular signaling pathways and transcription factors, including those of the hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), activin, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt and retinoic acid pathways (Calmont et al., 2006; Kim, B. et al., 2005; Kim,…”
BackgroundDevelopmental biology of the pancreas: A comprehensive review
Gittes, G. K. (2008) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.024 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
“Such a role for activins would explain the expanded Shh expression and decreased pancreas formation seen in activin receptor mutants (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundRegulation of pancreas development by hedgehog signaling
Hebrok, M., Kim, S. K., St-Jacques, B., McMahon, A. P., & Melton, D. A. (2000) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.127.22.4905 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Self-citationIntercellular signals regulating pancreas development and functionPreprint
Kim, S. K., & Hebrok, M. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.859401 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
“ActRIIA and ActRIIB are broadly expressed in the midgestation mouse embryo, including in the pancreatic epithelium (Manova et al. 1995; Verschueren et al. 1995), and later are expressed in adult islets (Yamaoka et al. 1998; S.K. Kim, unpubl.).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKarnik, S. K., Hughes, C. M., Gu, X., Rozenblatt–Rosen, O., McLean, G. W., Xiong, Y., Meyerson, M. M., & Kim, S. K. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503484102 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationGene regulatory factors in pancreatic development
Jensen, J. (2004) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.10460 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“, 1998) display a strongly hypoplastic islet mass at late embryogenesis as do compound heterozygous mice of the Activin type IIA and B receptors (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAn illustrated review of early pancreas development in the mouse.
Jørgensen, M. C., Ahnfelt-Rønne, J., Hald, J., Madsen, O., Serup, P., & Hecksher-Sørensen, J. (2007) · Endocrine reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0016 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Unique and conserved aspects of gut development in zebrafish
Wallace, K. N., & Pack, M. A. (2003) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0012-1606(02)00034-9 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Wnt signaling regulates pancreatic β cell proliferation
Rulifson, I. C., Karnik, S. K., Heiser, P. W., ten Berge, D., Chen, H., Gu, X., Taketo, M. M., Nusse, R., Hebrok, M., & Kim, S. K. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701509104 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationM2 macrophages promote beta-cell proliferation by up-regulation of SMAD7
Xiao, X., Gaffar, I. M., Guo, P., Wiersch, J. C., Fischbach, S., Peirish, L., Song, Z., El‐Gohary, Y., Prasadan, K. L., Shiota, C., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321347111 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Hedgehog Signaling in Development and Homeostasis of the Gastrointestinal Tract
van den Brink, G. R. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2006 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Activins and Inhibins: Roles in Development, Physiology, and Disease
Namwanje, M., & Brown, C. W. (2016) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021881 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Pancreas and beta-cell development: from the actual to the possible
Murtaugh, L. C. (2006) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.02770 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“This result suggests that endogenous activin-family ligands normally promote endocrine development; consistent with this hypothesis, the developing pancreata of mice that lack the type IIB activin receptor have severely reduced islet mass, but apparently normal acinar tissue (Kim et al., 2000).”
ResultLack of TCF2/vHNF1 in mice leads to pancreas agenesis.
Haumaître, C., Barbacci, E., Jenny, M., Ott, M., Gradwohl, G., & Cereghini, S. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0405776102 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Signals from lateral plate mesoderm instruct endoderm toward a pancreatic fate
Kumar, M. E., Jordan, N., Melton, D. A., & Grapin‐Botton, A. (2003) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00183-0 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“In addition, activin receptor II inactivation in the mouse reveals a requirement for these receptors in A-P patterning in the stomach and pancreas (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationActivins in reproductive biology and beyond
Wijayarathna, R., & de Kretser, D. M. (2016) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv058 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Furthermore, activin A signalling was shown to be essential in the formation of many posterior fore-gut derived organs, such as the stomach, pancreas and the spleen (Kim et al., 2000; Xu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundKim, S. K., Selleri, L., Lee, J. S., Zhang, A. Y., Gu, X., Jacobs, Y., & Cleary, M. L. (2002) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng860 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationActivin A in Mammalian Physiology
Bloise, E., Ciarmela, P., Cruz, C. D., Luisi, S. V., Petraglia, F., & dos Reis, F. M. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2018 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“As a consequence, the surviving adult animals developed pancreatic islet hypoplasia and compromised glucose sensitivity (204).”
BackgroundActivin type IIA and IIB receptors mediate Gdf11 signaling in axial vertebral patterningPreprint
Oh, S. P., Yeo, C., Lee, Y. J., Schrewe, H., Whitman, M., & Li, E. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1021802 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationActivin signaling as an emerging target for therapeutic interventions
Tsuchida, K., Nakatani, M., Hitachi, K., Uezumi, A., Sunada, Y., Ageta, H., & Inokuchi, K. (2009) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/1478-811x-7-15 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Transcriptional dynamics of endodermal organ formation
Sherwood, R. I., Chen, T. A., & Melton, D. A. (2009) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.21810 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“, 1998) and Activin (Hebrok et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2000) families have been implicated in endoderm organ formation, yet little is known about direct transcriptional targets of these pathways.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHepatocyte differentiation: from the endoderm and beyond
Zaret, K. S. (2001) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00234-3 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular mechanisms coordinating pancreas development
Bastidas-Ponce, A., Scheibner, K., Lickert, H., & Bakhti, M. (2017) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.140756 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“By contrast, FGF signaling from the cardiac mesoderm inhibits ventral pancreatic bud specification (Deutsch et al., 2001; Hebrok et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2003; Martín et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHeller, R. S., Dichmann, D. S., Jensen, J. N., Miller, C., Wong, G. G., Madsen, O. D., & Serup, P. (2002) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.10157 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Inactivation of the activin receptors IIA and IIB disrupts the development of the posterior foregut organs and results in hypoplastic pancreatic islets (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundWnt/β-catenin signaling is required for development of the exocrine pancreas
Wells, J. M., Esni, F., Boivin, G. P., Aronow, B. J., Stuart, W. D., Combs, C., Sklenka, A. M., Leach, S. D., & Lowy, A. M. (2007) · BMC Developmental Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-213x-7-4 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Components of the hedgehog, and activin signaling pathways that are implicated in endocrine, but not exocrine development, are reduced in β-catenin mutants [44,45].”
BackgroundHarmon, E. B., Apelqvist, Å., Smart, N. G., Gu, X., Osborne, D. H., & Kim, S. K. (2004) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.01535 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“To detect hybridization of digoxigenin-UTP (dig-UTP) labeled riboprobes to tissue sections, we used antibodies that detect dig-UTP and NBT/BCIP (blue) or INT/BCIP (rust brown, Roche, Indianapolis, IN) as previously described (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCellular Plasticity within the Pancreas— Lessons Learned from Development
Puri, S., & Hebrok, M. (2010) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2010.02.005 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Similarly, combined activities of activin, a ligand of the TGF-b family, and retinoic acid signaling originating from the pancreatic mesenchyme regulate appropriate development within the pancreatic epithelium (Kim et al., 2000; Martı́n et al., 2005; Molotkov et al., 2005).”
Self-citationHedgehog signaling in pancreas development
Hebrok, M. (2002) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00331-3 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman Follistatin-Related Protein: A Structural Homologue of Follistatin with Nuclear Localization
Tortoriello, D. V., Sidis, Y., Holtzman, D. A., Holmes, W. E., & Schneyer, A. L. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.8.8319 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Indeed, the critical effects activin exerts on the ontogeny and physiology of several organ systems (3, 4) are at least partially regulated in a paracrine/autocrine manner by the coordinate expression of FS (5).”
BackgroundThe molecular and morphogenetic basis of pancreas organogenesis
Larsen, H. L., & Grapin‐Botton, A. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.005 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Shh is expressed broadly n the endoderm, but is excluded from the future dorsal pancretic domain possibly due to FGF2- and activin-signaling provided y the notochord [41,46] (Fig.”
On the diabetic menu: Zebrafish as a model for pancreas development and function
Kinkel, M., & Prince, V. (2009) · Bioessays · doi:10.1002/bies.200800123 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Further, mouse mutations in the activin receptors ActRIIA and ActRIIB,(48) which can transduce signals from activins and a subset of BMPs, lead to reduced pancreatic islets.”
BackgroundBMP4-BMPR1A Signaling in β Cells Is Required for and Augments Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion
Goulley, J., Dahl, U., Baeza, N., Mishina, Y. M., & Edlund, H. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.01.009 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Combined activities of hedgehog signaling inhibitors regulate pancreas development
Kawahira, H., Nancy, H., Tzanakakis, E. S., McMahon, A. P., Chuang, P., & Hebrok, M. (2003) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.00653 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Isl1 is normally found in pancreatic and posterior stomach mesenchyme but is excluded from anterior stomach mesenchyme (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMetabolic Functions of Myostatin and GDF11
McPherron, A. C. (2010) · Immunology Endocrine & Metabolic Agents - Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/187152210793663810 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
COUP-TFIIis essential for radial and anteroposterior patterning of the stomach
Takamoto, N., You, L., Moses, K. A., Chiang, C. C., Zimmer, W. E., Schwartz, R. J., DeMayo, F. J., Tsai, M., & Tsai, S. Y. (2005) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.01808 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Conversely, the stomach of the activin receptor IIA and B compound mutant (ActRIIA/B mutant; Acvr2a/Acvr2b – Mouse Genome Informatics) exhibits posterior extension of the fore-stomach epithelium with expansion of Shh expression (Kim et al., 2000), a process referred to as ‘anteriorization’.”
BackgroundInfluentialRequirement for the L-type Ca2+ channel α1D subunit in postnatal pancreatic β cell generation
Namkung, Y., Skrypnyk, N., Jeong, M.-J., Lee, T., Lee, M., Kim, H., Chin, H. R., Suh, P., Kim, S.-S., & Shin, H. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci13310 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Pancreatic expression of a dominant negative type II activin receptor (dn-ActR) in transgenic mice results in islet hypoplasia (32, 33), and ActRIIA+/–B+/– mice show hypoplastic pancreatic islets, hypoinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance (34).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmart, N. G., Apelqvist, Å., Gu, X., Harmon, E. B., Topper, J. N., MacDonald, R. J., & Kim, S. K. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040039 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Point-counting morphometry, hormone-positive area, and adult islet area were performed using standard morphometric techniques [2,3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDichmann, D. S., Miller, C. P., Jensen, J. N., Heller, R. S., & Serup, P. (2003) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.10270 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“However, recent studies of the ActR-IIA and -IIB knockouts have convincingly established a role for them in foregut patterning and shown that, independent hereof, they are necessary for endocrinogenesis (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundFagman, H., Grände, M., Gritli-Linde, A., & Nilsson, M. (2004) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63745-5 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Inappropriate expression of Shh in the posterior stomach results in hypoplasia of the dorsal pancreas.(45) Conversely, in Shh-deficient mice the pancreas is proportionally larger than in wild-type animals.”
BackgroundLi, L., Yi, Z., Seno, M., & Kojima, I. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.3.608 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor(TGF- ) superfamily, regulates growth and differentiation of many types of cells (16) and also regulates pancreatic development and endocrine determination (17,18).”
BackgroundPancreatic Development and Disease
Cano, D. A., Hebrok, M., & Zenker, M. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.054 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationStomach regional specification requiresHoxa5-driven mesenchymal-epithelial signaling
Aubin, J., Déry, U., Lemieux, M., Chailler, P., & Jeannotte, L. (2002) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.129.17.4075 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Hedgehog signaling pathway is essential for pancreas specification in the zebrafish embryo
Roy, S., Qiao, T., Wolff, C., & Ingham, P. W. (2001) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00402-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Requirement for the L-type Ca2+ channel α1D subunit in postnatal pancreatic β cell generation
Namkung, Y., Skrypnyk, N., Jeong, M.-J., Lee, T., Lee, M., Kim, H., Chin, H. R., Suh, P., Kim, S.-S., & Shin, H. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200113310 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationStem cells to pancreatic beta-cells: new sources for diabetes cell therapy.
Guo, T.-X., & Hebrok, M. (2009) · Endocrine reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2009-0004 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterning the gastrointestinal epithelium to confer regional-specific functions
Thompson, C. A., DeLaForest, A., & Battle, M. A. (2018) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…in the hindstomach as a consequence of Hnf1b knockout, Fgf10 knockout, Fgfr2 knockout, or the expression of mutant Activin receptors compromises the IHH domain within the hindstomach and anteriorizes the epithelium (Figure 3) (Haumaitre et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2000; Spencer-Dene et al., 2006).”
BackgroundActivins as Regulators of Branching Morphogenesis
Ball, E. M. A., & Risbridger, G. P. (2001) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0399 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Jacobsen, C. M., Narita, N., Bielińska, M., Syder, A. J., Gordon, J. I., & Wilson, D. B. (2002) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0424 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that downregulation of Shh signaling is re- ll rights reserved. quired for gut organogenesis (Apelqvist et al., 1997; Kim et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialActivin B receptor ALK7 is a negative regulator of pancreatic β-cell function
Bertolino, P., Holmberg, R., Reissmann, E., Andersson, O., Berggren, P., & Ibáñez, C. F. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0801285105 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Grapin‐Botton, A. (2005) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.041946ag · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Activin receptor II inactivation in the mouse reveals a requirement for these receptors in A-P patterning in the foregut (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundFeingold syndrome: Clinical review and genetic mapping
Celli, J., van Bokhoven, H., & Brunner, H. G. (2003) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20471 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Defects in the genes encoding the downstream effectors of sonic hedgehog also cause a number of similar abnormalities [Motoyama et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2000; Mahlapuu et al., 2001].”
BackgroundNakamura, M., Matzuk, M. M., Gerstmayer, B., Bosio, A., Lauster, R., Miyachi, Y., Werner, S., & Paus, R. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.02-0247fje · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“The activin-activin receptor-follistatin signaling pathway has been shown to be essential in organ developmentspecifically, digit formation (22), foregut formation (23, 24), and tooth development (2529).”
BackgroundPancreatic cell lineage analyses in mice
Herrera, P., Népote, V., & Delacour, A. (2002) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:19:3:267 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Zhong, X., Pons, M., Poirier, C., Jiang, Y., Liu, J., Sandusky, G. E., Shahda, S., Nakeeb, A., Schmidt, C. M., House, M. G., et al. (2019) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12461 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mechanisms of embryonic stomach development
McCracken, K. W., & Wells, J. M. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.004 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Reduction in Activin receptor signaling leads to similar gastric phenotypes as observed in Raldh2 mutants [32], but the TGFβ pathway has not been more thoroughly investigated for its role in stomach development.”
BackgroundSpencer‐Dene, B., Sala, F. G., Bellusci, S., Gschmeissner, S., Stamp, G., & Dickson, C. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.018 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Progenitor cells in the adult pancreas
Holland, A. M., Gonez, L. J., & Harrison, L. (2004) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.430 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hedgehog Signaling in the Normal and Diseased Pancreas
Kayed, H., Kleeff, J. H., Osman, T., Keleg, S., Büchler, M. W., & Friess, H. (2006) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/01.mpa.0000202937.55460.0c · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“These data have been confirmed in activin receptor II AB mice that exhibit severe pancreatic defects, reduced pancreatic primordia, and Shh misexpression.(27) Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is localized and expressed in the mouse gut endoderm from the hind stomach to the anus (except in the pancreatic buds) for up to 14.”
BackgroundGuney, M. A., & Gannon, M. (2009) · Birth Defects Research Part C Embryo Today Reviews · doi:10.1002/bdrc.20156 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…type IIA receptor) indicates that Activin receptors function to regulate pancreas and islet size, but not endocrine lineage specification, since ActR mutant mice show pancreatic and islet hypoplasia, with no change in endocrine cell ratio (Andersson et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2000; Oh et al., 2002).”
BackgroundIncreased Muscle Force Production and Bone Mineral Density in ActRIIB-Fc-Treated Mature Rodents
Chiu, C.-S., Peekhaus, N., Weber, H., Adamski, S., Murray, E. M., Zhang, H. Z., Zhao, J. Z., Ernst, R., Lineberger, J., Huang, L., et al. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt030 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“At necropsy, histology was performed to determine muscle mass, femoral BMD, and the spleen weight (28).”
MethodSidis, Y., Tortoriello, D. V., Holmes, W. E., Pan, Y., Keutmann, H. T., & Schneyer, A. L. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.143.5.8805 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Emerging roles for the TGFβ family in pancreatic β-cell homeostasis
Brown, M. L., & Schneyer, A. L. (2010) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2010.02.008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Analysis of pancreatic endocrine development in GDF11‐deficient mice
Dichmann, D. S., Yassin, H., & Serup, P. (2006) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.20953 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…growth factor-beta (TGF ) superfamily have been shown to influence pancreas development and several genes encoding TGF ligands as well as their receptors and antagonists are expressed during pancreas ontogeny (Lyons et al., 1995; Miralles et al., 1998a,b; Kim et al., 2000; Dichmann et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialTulachan, S., Tei, E., Hembree, M. J., Crisera, C. A., Prasadan, K. L., Koizumi, M., Shah, S. R., Guo, P., Böttinger, E. P., & Gittes, G. K. (2007) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.02.033 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Promotion of β-Cell Differentiation by Conophylline in Fetal and Neonatal Rat Pancreas
Ogata, T., Li, L., Yamada, S., Yamamoto, Y., Tanaka, Y., Takei, I., Umezawa, K., & Kojima, I. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2596 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Molecular pathways controlling pancreas induction
McCracken, K. W., & Wells, J. M. (2012) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.06.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In vivo, mouse embryos with compound mutations in the activin receptor subunits (ActRIIA+/−B−/−) have ectopic Shh expression in the Pdx1 domain and a reduction in pancreatic markers including Islet1 (Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSchwitzgebel, V. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00628-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Zhang, Y.-Q., Cleary, M. M., Si, Y., Liu, G., Eto, Y., Kritzik, M. R., Dabernat, S., Kayali, A. G., & Sarvetnick, N. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.8.2024 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Development and diseases of the pancreas
Johansson, K., & Grapin‐Botton, A. (2002) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620102.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hou, J., Charters, A. M., Lee, S. C., Zhao, Y., Wu, M. K., Jones, S. J., Marra, M. A., & Hoodless, P. A. (2007) · BMC Developmental Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-213x-7-92 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“FGF2 and Activin, secreted by the notochord, lead to the expression of pancreatic markers by repressing expression of Shh in pancreatic endoderm [15-19].”
BackgroundALK7, a Receptor for Nodal, Is Dispensable for Embryogenesis and Left-Right Patterning in the Mouse
Jörnvall, H., Reissmann, E., Andersson, O., Mehrkash, M., & Ibáñez, C. F. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.21.9383-9389.2004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“dition, no signs of spleen hypoplasia, a phenotype found in compound ActRIIA ActRIIB mutant mice (11), could be detected in ALK7 / mice (Fig.”
BackgroundReciprocal modulation of adult beta cell maturity by activin A and follistatin
Szabat, M., Johnson, J. D., & Piret, J. M. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1758-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Activins control embryonic patterning of foregut-derived organs [19], have important roles in pancreatic development [20] and have been implicated in the control of insulin secretion [21, 22].”
BackgroundPancreatic tissue formation from murine embryonic stem cells in vitro
Nakanishi, M., Hamazaki, T. S., Komazaki, S., Okochi, H., & Asashima, M. (2006) · Differentiation · doi:10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00109.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Some reports have also suggested that differentiation into pancreatic endocrine cells is regulated by TGF-b signal transduction mediated via activin receptors (Sanvito et al., 1994; Ritvos et al., 1995; Miralles et al., 1998; Yamaoka et al., 1998; Shiozaki et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundA Stem Cell Approach to Cure Type 1 Diabetes.Preprint
Helman, A., & Melton, D. (2020) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a035741 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationConditional Activin Receptor Type 1B (Acvr1b) Knockout Mice Reveal Hair Loss Abnormality
Qiu, W., Li, X., Tang, H., Huang, A. S., Panteleyev, A. A., Owens, D. M., & Su, G. H. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.400 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…organs (Smith et al., 1990; Thomsen et al., 1990; Mathews et al., 1992; Hubner et al., 1997; Gu et al., 1998; Woodruff, 1998; Song et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2000; Ball and Risbridger, 2001; Chen et al., 2004; Thompson et al., 2004), and tumor suppression (Matzuk et al., 1992; Su et al., 2001;…”
(Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives
Baeyens, L., Lemper, M., Staels, W., Groef, S. D., Leu, N. D., Heremans, Y., German, M. S., & Heimberg, H. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2016 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Intraislet Pancreatic Ducts Can Give Rise to Insulin-Positive Cells
El‐Gohary, Y., Wiersch, J. C., Tulachan, S., Xiao, X., Guo, P., Rymer, C. C., Fischbach, S., Prasadan, K. L., Shiota, C., Gaffar, I. M., et al. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1175 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Smad signaling pathways regulate pancreatic endocrine development
El‐Gohary, Y., Tulachan, S., Guo, P., Welsh, C., Wiersch, J. C., Prasadan, K. L., Paredes, J. L., Shiota, C., Xiao, X., Wada, Y., et al. (2013) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“TGF-β superfamily signaling has been shown to play an important role in regulating many developmental and physiologic processes in the pancreas and in the β-cell (Goto et al., 2007; Harmon et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2000; Miralles et al., 1998a; Miralles et al., 1998b; Rane et al., 2006; Ritvos et al., 1995; Sanvito et…”
BackgroundPrimary cilia in pancreatic development and disease
Lodh, S., O’Hare, E. A., & Zaghloul, N. A. (2014) · Birth Defects Research Part C Embryo Today Reviews · doi:10.1002/bdrc.21063 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The repression of Shh in the dorsal pancreatic bud endoderm is mediated by notochordderived signals, namely the TGF-β family member, activin-βB, and FGFs (Kim et al., 1997a; Hebrok et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialOn the origin of the β cellPreprint
Oliver-Krasinski, J. M., & Stoffers, D. A. (2008) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1670808 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“Consistent with the idea that activin signaling is necessary for inhibition of Shh and pancreatic specification, activin receptor II loss of function mouse mutants have decreased pancreatic size with a concomitant misexpression of Shh and reduced Isl1 expression (Kim et al. 2000).”
BackgroundTGF-β signaling in pancreatic islet β cell development and function.
Lee, J.-H., Lee, J.-H., & Rane, S. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa233 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationShh-dependent differentiation of intestinal tissue from embryonic pancreas by activin A
van Eyll, J. M., Pierreux, C. E., Lemaigre, F. P., & Rousseau, G. G. (2004) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.01067 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The finding that activin A can induce Shh in differentiating pancreas should be taken into account to interpret the phenotype of knockout mouse embryos lacking activin receptors (Kim et al., 2000).”
Skoudy, A., Rovira, M., Savatier, P., Martín, F., León-Quinto, T., Soria, B., & Real, F. (2004) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20031784 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Ogihara, T., Watada, H., Kanno, R., Ikeda, F., Nomiyama, T., Tanaka, Y., Nakao, A., German, M. S., Kojima, I., & Kawamori, R. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m302684200 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Adhesion Protein VSIG1 Is Required for the Proper Differentiation of Glandular Gastric Epithelia
Oidovsambuu, O., Nyamsuren, G., Liu, S., Göring, W., Engel, W., & Adham, I. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025908 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In contrast, embryos with mutations in activin receptor type II (ActR), FGF10 and its receptor FGFR2b develop multilayered squamous epithelia in the corpus of the distal stomach [18,19].”
BackgroundIntracellular and extracellular control of activin function by novel regulatory molecules
Tsuchida, K., Matsuzaki, T., Yamakawa, N., Liu, Z. H., & Sugino, H. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00522-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine Pancreas
Kemp, D. M., Thomas, M. K., & Habener, J. F. (2003) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1021809917576 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hypoplasia of endocrine and exocrine pancreas in homozygous transgenic TGF-β1
Moritani, M., Yamasaki, S., Kagami, M., Suzuki, T., Yamaoka, T., Sano, T., Hata, J.-I., & Itakura, M. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2004.08.007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…islet size or exocrine pancreas in is decreased by the decreased TGF- signaling through de fective type II TGF- , type IIA or IIB activin receptors (Kim et al., 2000), or decreased receptor functions by transgeni pression of a dominant negative type I activin (Yamaoka et al 303-7207/$ – see front…”
BackgroundActivin B mediated induction of Pdx1 in human embryonic stem cell derived embryoid bodies
Frandsen, U., Pørneki, A. D., Floridon, C., Abdallah, B. M., & Kassem, M. S. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.200 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Up-Regulation of the Expression of Activins in the Pancreatic Duct by Reduction of the β-Cell Mass
Zhang, Y.-Q., Zhang, H., Maeshima, A., Kurihara, H., Miyagawa, J., Takeuchi, T., & Kojima, I. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220089 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nomura, M., Zhu, H.-L., Wang, L., Morinaga, H., Takayanagi, R., & Teramoto, N. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-3062-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This islet hyperplasia phenotype appears contradictory to previous observations in mice heterozygous for the Smad2 null allele [13, 15].”
BackgroundNeurogenin 3 is a key transcription factor for differentiation of the endocrine pancreas.
Watada, H. (2004) · Endocrine journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.51.255 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
SOX4 cooperates with neurogenin 3 to regulate endocrine pancreas formation in mouse models
Xu, E. E., Krentz, N. A. J., Tan, S., Chow, S., Tang, M., Nian, C., & Lynn, F. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3507-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Signals from adjacent tissues support budding and as development proceeds, two waves of differentiation occur [4–8].”
BackgroundImpaired growth of pancreatic exocrine cells in transgenic mice expressing human activin βE subunit
Hashimoto, O., Ushiro, Y., Sekiyama, K., Yamaguchi, O., Yoshioka, K., MUTOH, K.-I., & Hasegawa, Y. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.205 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Organogenesis of the exocrine gland
Wang, J., & Laurie, G. W. (2004) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.05.025 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kim, S. K., Hebrok, M., Li, E., Oh, S. P., Schrewe, H., Harmon, E. B., Lee, J. S., & Melton, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2000-08-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1866-1871
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC316826
- OpenAlex
- W1768073869
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- American Diabetes Association
- Donald E. and Delia B. Baxter Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
- Keywords
- activin receptors, ActRIIA, ActRIIB, pancreatic islets, endocrine pancreas, hypoinsulinemia, glucose tolerance, stomach development, spleen development, Sonic hedgehog, Isl1, axial patterning, mouse mutants
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Digestive System, Digestive System Physiological Phenomena, Glucose Tolerance Test, Hyperplasia, Insulin, Male, Mice, Mutant Strains, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Pancreas, Proteins, Spleen, Stomach, Transcription Factors, Trans-Activators, Receptors, Growth Factor, Homeodomain Proteins, Body Patterning, Activin Receptors, Type II, Mice, Hedgehog Proteins, LIM-Homeodomain Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
