The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Detection-Loophole-Free Test of Quantum Nonlocality, and Applications
Open accessAbstract
We present a source of entangled photons that violates a Bell inequality free of the "fair-sampling" assumption, by over 7 standard deviations. This violation is the first reported experiment with photons to close the detection loophole, and we demonstrate enough "efficiency" overhead to eventually perform a fully loophole-free test of local realism. The entanglement quality is verified by maximally violating additional Bell tests, testing the upper limit of quantum correlations. Finally, we use the source to generate "device-independent" private quantum random numbers at rates over 4 orders of magnitude beyond previous experiments.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As the CHSH inequality is minimally violated in an optically realised system, 64,65 the randomness output is also very small (with min-entropy of H min =7.2 × 10 -5 in each run), and the randomness generation rate is 0.4 bits per s.”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777 · Cited by 16,654
On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox
Bell, J. S. (1964) · Physics Physique Fizika · doi:10.1103/physicsphysiquefizika.1.195 · Cited by 12,252
Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden-Variable Theories
Clauser, J. F., Horne, M. A., Shimony, A., & Holt, R. A. (1969) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.23.880 · Cited by 7,573
Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers
Aspect, A., Dalibard, J., & Roger, G. (1982) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.49.1804 · Cited by 3,942
New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs
Kwiat, P. G., Mattle, K., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A., Sergienko, A. V., & Shih, Y. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.4337 · Cited by 3,102
Self-citationExperimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories
Freedman, S. J., & Clauser, J. F. (1972) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.28.938 · Cited by 1,999
Violation of Bell's Inequality under Strict Einstein Locality Conditions
Weihs, G., Jennewein, T., Simon, C., Weinfurter, H., & Zeilinger, A. (1998) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.81.5039 · Cited by 1,643
Quantum nonlocality as an axiom
Popescu, S., & Rohrlich, D. (1994) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1007/bf02058098 · Cited by 1,562
Experimental consequences of objective local theories
Clauser, J. F., & Horne, M. A. (1974) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.10.526 · Cited by 1,537
Random numbers certified by Bell’s theorem
Pironio, S., Acín, A., Massar, S., de la Giroday, A. B., Matsukevich, D. N., Maunz, P., Olmschenk, S., Hayes, D., Luo, L., Manning, T. A., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09008 · Cited by 1,420
Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons
Kwiat, P. G., Waks, E., White, A. G., Appelbaum, I., & Eberhard, P. H. (1999) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.60.r773 · Cited by 1,142
Self-citationExperimental violation of a Bell's inequality with efficient detection
Rowe, M. A., Kielpinski, D., Meyer, V., Sackett, C. A., Itano, W. M., Monroe, C., & Wineland, D. J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35057215 · Cited by 1,043
Violation of Bell Inequalities by Photons More Than 10 km Apart
Tittel, W., Brendel, J., Zbinden, H., & Gisin, N. (1998) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.81.3563 · Cited by 963
Self-citationShih, Y. H., & Alley, C. O. (1988) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.61.2921 · Cited by 917
Violation of Bell's Inequality and Classical Probability in a Two-Photon Correlation Experiment
Ou, Z. Y., & Mandel, L. (1988) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.61.50 · Cited by 879
Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency
Lita, A. E., Miller, A. J., & Nam, S. W. (2008) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.16.003032 · Cited by 734
Self-citationBell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption
Giustina, M., Mech, A., Ramelow, S., Wittmann, B., Kofler, J., Beyer, J., Lita, A., Calkins, B., Gerrits, T., Nam, S. W., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12012 · Cited by 660
Self-citationEberhard, P. H. (1993) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.47.r747 · Cited by 582
Nonmaximally Entangled States: Production, Characterization, and Utilization
White, A. G., James, D. F. V., Eberhard, P. H., & Kwiat, P. G. (1999) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.83.3103 · Cited by 511
Self-citationViolation of Bell's inequality in Josephson phase qubits
Ansmann, M., Wang, H., Bialczak, R. C., Hofheinz, M., Lucero, E. A., Neeley, M., O’Connell, A. D., Sank, D., Weides, M. P., Wenner, J., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08363 · Cited by 443
Heralded entanglement between widely separated atoms
Hofmann, J., Krug, M., Ortegel, N., Gérard, L., Weber, M., Rosenfeld, W., & Weinfurter, H. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1221856 · Cited by 442
Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science
Sassone, V. (2005) · Cited by 407
Private randomness expansion with untrusted devices
Colbeck, R., & Kent, A. (2011) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/44/9/095305 · Cited by 379
Violation of local realism with freedom of choice
Scheidl, T., Ursin, R., Kofler, J., Ramelow, S., Ma, X., Herbst, T., Ratschbacher, L., Fedrizzi, A., Langford, N. K., Jennewein, T. D., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1002780107 · Cited by 336
Extractors and pseudorandom generators
(2001) · Journal of the ACM · doi:10.1145/502090.502099 · Cited by 324
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EXPLICIT CONSTRUCTIONS OF EXTRACTORS
Shaltiel, R. (2004) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789812562494_0013 · Cited by 298
Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination
Miller, A. J., Nam, S. W., Martinis, J. M., & Sergienko, A. V. (2003) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1596723 · Cited by 285
Self-citationExperimentally Faking the Violation of Bell’s Inequalities
Gerhardt, I., Liu, Q., Lamas-Linares, A., Skaar, J., Scarani, V., Makarov, V., & Kurtsiefer, C. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.170404 · Cited by 210
Security of practical private randomness generation
Pironio, S., & Massar, S. (2013) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.87.012336 · Cited by 169
Trevisan's Extractor in the Presence of Quantum Side Information
De, A., Portmann, C., Vidick, T., & Renner, R. (2012) · SIAM Journal on Computing · doi:10.1137/100813683 · Cited by 161
Long-distance Bell-type tests using energy-time entangled photons
Tittel, W., Brendel, J., Gisin, N., & Zbinden, H. (1999) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.59.4150 · Cited by 143
Self-citationOptimal collinear Gaussian beams for spontaneous parametric down-conversion
Bennink, R. S. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.81.053805 · Cited by 140
Photon arrival time quantum random number generation
Wayne, M. A., Jeffrey, E. R., Akselrod, G. M., & Kwiat, P. G. (2009) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340802553244 · Cited by 135
Self-citationPhase-compensated ultra-bright source of entangled photons
Altepeter, J. B., Jeffrey, E. R., & Kwiat, P. G. (2005) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/opex.13.008951 · Cited by 129
Self-citationOptimizing type-I polarization-entangled photons
Rangarajan, R., Goggin, M. E., & Kwiat, P. G. (2009) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.17.018920 · Cited by 123
Self-citationLocal realism has not been refuted by atomic cascade experiments
Marshall, T. W., Santos, E., & Selleri, F. (1983) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/0375-9601(83)90531-5 · Cited by 117
Security and composability of randomness expansion from Bell inequalities
Fehr, S., Gelles, R., & Schaffner, C. (2013) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.87.012335 · Cited by 104
Bell's inequality and the coincidence-time loophole
Larsson, J.-Å., & Gill, R. D. (2004) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/epl/i2004-10124-7 · Cited by 103
Popescu, S., & Rohrlich, D. (1994) · Explore Bristol Research · Cited by 50
The EPR Experiment—Thoughts about the “Loophole”a
Mermin, N. D. (1986) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb12444.x · Cited by 26
Bell inequality and the locality loophole: Active versus passive switches
Gisin, N., & Zbinden, H. (1999) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres
Hensen, B., Bernien, H., Dréau, A. E., Reiserer, A., Kalb, N., Blok, M. S., Ruitenberg, J., Vermeulen, R. F. L., Schouten, R. N., Abellán, C., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15759 · Cited by 2,852
Brunner, N., Cavalcanti, D., Pironio, S., Scarani, V., & Wehner, S. (2014) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.86.419 · Cited by 2,688
Self-citationSignificant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell’s Theorem with Entangled Photons
Giustina, M., Versteegh, M. A. M., Wengerowsky, S., Handsteiner, J., Hochrainer, A., Phelan, K., Steinlechner, F., Kofler, J., Larsson, J.-Å., Abellán, C., et al. (2015) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.115.250401 · Cited by 1,529
Self-citationStrong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism
Shalm, L. K., Meyer-Scott, E., Christensen, B. G., Bierhorst, P., Wayne, M. A., Stevens, M. J., Gerrits, T., Glancy, S., Hamel, D. R., Allman, M. S., et al. (2015) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.115.250402 · Cited by 1,402
Self-citationQuantum random number generators
Herrero-Collantes, M., & García-Escartín, J. C. (2017) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.89.015004 · Cited by 850
Metadata
- Authors
- Christensen, B. G., McCusker, K. T., Altepeter, J. B., Calkins, B., Gerrits, T., Lita, A. E., Miller, A., Shalm, L. K., Zhang, Y., Nam, S. W., Brunner, N., Lim, C. C. W., Gisin, N., & Kwiat, P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2013-09-26
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 130406-130406
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2006166792
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 62.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Science
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-CHRI-0007)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/J007838/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- quantum nonlocality, Bell inequality violation, detection loophole, fair sampling assumption, entangled photon sources, local realism, quantum correlations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
