Complete Characterization of a Quantum Process: The Two-Bit Quantum Gate
Open accessAbstract
We show how to fully characterize a quantum process in an open quantum system. We particularize the procedure to the case of a universal two-qubit gate in a quantum computer. We illustrate the method with a numerical simulation of a quantum gate in the ion trap quantum computer.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The authors verify the resulting entanglement via quantum state and process tomography.
“Here we implement a compiled version of Shor's algorithm, using photonic quantum-logic gates to realise the necessary processes, and verify the resulting entanglement via quantum state and process tomography [17,18].”
From Experimental Demonstration of a Compiled Version of Shor’s Algorithm with Quantum Entanglement (2007) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Separability Criterion for Density Matrices
Peres, A. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.1413 · Cited by 5,191 · see citing works
Quantum Computations with Cold Trapped Ions
Cirac, J. I., & Zoller, P. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.74.4091 · Cited by 3,733 · see citing works
Self-citationPurification of Noisy Entanglement and Faithful Teleportation via Noisy Channels
Bennett, C. H., Brassard, G., Popescu, S., Schumacher, B., Smolin, J. A., & Wootters, W. K. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.76.722 · Cited by 2,961 · see citing works
Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic Gate
Monroe, C., Meekhof, D. M., King, B. E., Itano, W. M., & Wineland, D. J. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.4714 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
Quantum Rabi Oscillation: A Direct Test of Field Quantization in a Cavity
Brune, M., Schmidt‐Kaler, F., Maali, A., Dreyer, J., Hagley, E. W., Raimond, J. M., & Haroche, S. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.76.1800 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
A Wigner-function formulation of finite-state quantum mechanics
Wootters, W. K. (1987) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/0003-4916(87)90176-x · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Measuring the quantum state of light
Leonhardt, U., & Paul, H. (1995) · Progress in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1016/0079-6727(94)00007-l · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Quantum computation with quantum dots
Loss, D., & DiVincenzo, D. P. (1998) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.57.120 · Cited by 6,840 · see citing works
Trapped-ion quantum computing: Progress and challenges
Bruzewicz, C. D., Chiaverini, J., McConnell, R., & Sage, J. M. (2019) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/1.5088164 · Cited by 1,483 · see citing works
Experimental one-way quantum computing
Walther, P., Resch, K. J., Rudolph, T., Schenck, E., Weinfurter, H., Vedral, V., Aspelmeyer, M., & Zeilinger, A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03347 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works
“Interesting avenues for study include full quantum gate characterization using quantum process tomography 41,42 or related measures 43 .”
MethodNMR techniques for quantum control and computation
Vandersypen, L. M. K., & Chuang, I. L. (2005) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.76.1037 · Cited by 1,217 · see citing works
Quantum computing with trapped ions
HAFFNER, H., ROOS, C., & BLATT, R. (2008) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.09.003 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Prescription for experimental determination of the dynamics of a quantum black box
Chuang, I. L., & Nielsen, M. A. (1997) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500349708231894 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
A simple formula for the average gate fidelity of a quantum dynamical operation
Nielsen, M. A. (2002) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(02)01272-0 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Universal Digital Quantum Simulation with Trapped Ions
Lanyon, B. P., Hempel, C., Nigg, D., Müller, M., Gerritsma, R., Zähringer, F., Schindler, P., Barreiro, J. T., Rambach, M., Kirchmair, G., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208001 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum Process Tomography of a Controlled-NOT Gate
O'Brien, J. L., Pryde, G. J., Gilchrist, A., James, D. F. V., Langford, N. K., Ralph, T. C., & White, A. G. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.080502 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Characterizing quantum gates via randomized benchmarking
Magesan, E., Gambetta, J. M., & Emerson, J. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.85.042311 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Experimental Demonstration of a Compiled Version of Shor’s Algorithm with Quantum Entanglement
Lanyon, B. P., Weinhold, T. J., Langford, N. K., Barbieri, M., James, D. F. V., Gilchrist, A., & White, A. G. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.250505 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Bulk quantum computation with nuclear magnetic resonance: theory and experiment
Chuang, I. L., Gershenfeld, N., Kubinec, M. G., & Leung, D. W. (1998) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.1998.0170 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Linear Optics Controlled-Phase Gate Made Simple
Kiesel, N., Schmid, C., Weber, U., Ursin, R., & Weinfurter, H. (2005) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.210505 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Realization of quantum process tomography in NMR
Childs, A. M., Chuang, I. L., & Leung, D. W. (2001) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.64.012314 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Bloch state tomography using Wilson lines
Li, T., Duca, L., Reitter, M., Grusdt, F., Demler, E., Endres, M., Schleier-Smith, M., Bloch, I., & Schneider, U. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad5812 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Quantum process tomography of the quantum Fourier transform
Weinstein, Y. S., Havel, T. F., Emerson, J., Boulant, N., Saraceno, M., Lloyd, S., & Cory, D. G. (2004) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1785151 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Bowdrey, M. D., Oi, D. K. L., Short, A. J., Banaszek, K., & Jones, J. A. (2002) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(02)00069-5 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Robustness of quantum gates in the presence of noise
Harrow, A. W., & Nielsen, M. A. (2003) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.68.012308 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Randomized Benchmarking of Multiqubit Gates
Gaebler, J. P., Meier, A. M., Tan, T. R., Bowler, R., Lin, Y., Hanneke, D., Jost, J. D., Home, J. P., Knill, E., Leibfried, D., et al. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.260503 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
A controlled-NOT gate for frequency-bin qubits
Lu, H.-H., Lukens, J. M., Williams, B. P., Imany, P., Peters, N. A., Weiner, A. M., & Lougovski, P. (2019) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-019-0137-z · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Experimental quantum process tomography of non-trace-preserving maps
Bongioanni, I., Sansoni, L., Sciarrino, F., Vallone, G., & Mataloni, P. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.82.042307 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A small quantum computer is needed to optimize fault-tolerant protocols
Iyer, P., & Poulin, D. (2018) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aab73c · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Partial randomized benchmarking
Dubovitskii, K., & Makhlin, Y. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13813-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Poyatos, J. F., Cirac, J. I., & Zoller, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1997-01-13
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 390-393
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W1965928854
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 9.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Keywords
- two-qubit gates, open quantum systems, quantum computing, ion trap quantum computer, quantum gates, quantum process tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
