Self-efficacy as an antecedent of cognition and affect in technology acceptance
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether self-efficacy plays an important role in shaping the effect of cognition and affects in high technology adoption. It also examines whether cognition and affect mediate the effect of self-efficacy on attitude toward adoption. Design/methodology/approach – Using an experimental survey to collect data, subjects performed two different tasks (utilitarian and hedonic) to make sure that they had cognitive and affective experiences to draw upon as they developed attitudes toward the focal innovation. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the model. Findings – The result shows that self-efficacy influenced cognitive perceptions and emotional reactions. Specifically, self-efficacy was found to play a substantive role in shaping individuals’ attitudes via a cognitive route (perceived usefulness and ease-of-use) and an affective one (pleasure, arousal and dominance). Research limitations/implications – The study of self-efficacy as an external variable provides further insights into the process and is expected to increase the explained variance of the theoretical model. Practical implications – This study confirms that a belief about something besides the product also plays a key role; it is the confidence consumers have in their own abilities to understand and effectively use a new piece of technology. Originality/value – The research makes important contributions to our understanding of technology acceptance and has implications for marketing managers.
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SE may reduce uncertainty when students interact with AR interfaces, allowing them to focus more on therapeutic activities rather than on the complexity of the technology itself.
“SE may reduce uncertainty when students interact with AR interfaces, allowing them to focus more on therapeutic activities, such as simulated social exposure and cognitive restructuring, rather than on the complexity of the technology itself [96,97,98,99].”
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Rai, D., Lin, C.-W. W., & Yang, C. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-07-2015-1505 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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“In the context of technology adoption, research shows that self-efficacy, or the “confidence consumers have in their own abilities to understand and effectively use a new piece of technology” [25], plays a substantive role in shaping an individual’s perceived usefulness and ease of use of technology [25].”
BackgroundParmaksız, İ. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10996-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Self-efficacy is a self-evaluation attitude that affects the decision to perform a behavior, and contributes significantly to the effective use of technology (Kulviwat et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInvestigating the E-Readiness of Informal Sector Operators to Utilize Web Technology Portal
Etim, E., & Daramola, O. J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043449 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Predicting the Drivers of the Intention to Use Mobile Learning in South Korea
Kim, H., & Rha, J. (2018) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v12i1.7688 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Self-efficacy as an index may measure an individual’s self-confidence in utilizing innovation [27], and it is an important factor that affects high technology adoption [28].”
Internet of things and consumer engagement on retail: state-of-the-art and future directions
Ajayi, S., Loureiro, S. M. C., & Langaro, D. (2022) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/emjb-10-2021-0164 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Applying the theories of consumer acceptance of technology (CAT) and TAM, Kulviwat et al. (2013) tried to provide a framework to understand how external factors influence acceptance or rejection of new technology, building on the central idea of self-efficacy theory – which is based on the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChen, C., Zhang, K. Z. K., Gong, X., & Lee, M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.025 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The adoption of self-service check-in kiosks among commercial airline passengers
Wongyai, P. H., Suwannawong, K., Wannakul, P., Thepchalerm, T., & Arreeras, T. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38676 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous research has found that self-efficacy influences attitudes toward using technology by perceiving technology use as effortless and beneficial [71].”
BackgroundAlamäki, A. V., Dirin, A., Suomala, J., & Rhee, C. (2021) · Journal of Information Technology Education Research · doi:10.28945/4816 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Thus, impression, cognition and affection are not separate or exclusive concepts; they are often interrelated in human behavior, y et the individual character affects the human perceptions that influence individual affective experiences (e.g., Alamäki et al., 2019; Kulviwat et al., 2014).”
BackgroundConsumer’s acceptance of retail service robots: mediating role of pleasure and arousal
Alam, S., Abdullah, S., Kokash, H. A., Ahmed, S., & Omar, N. A. (2024) · Journal of Decision System · doi:10.1080/12460125.2024.2318527 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The acceptance of school counselor in the use of ICT during school from home in the Covid-19 era
Abdillah, H., Setyosarı, P., Lasan, B. B., & Muslihati, M. (2020) · Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists · doi:10.17478/jegys.804939 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Is the internet a double-edged sword for organizations? An empirical study on cyberloafing
Sarfraz, M., Khawaja, K. F., & Um-e-Farwah (2023) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-022-00385-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Kulviwat et al. [44] observed a link between employees' trust in their technical skills and their systems use.”
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON ORGANIZATIONAL ACCEPTANCE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN SHARIA BANKING
Khairi, M. S., & Baridwan, Z. (2015) · The Indonesian journal of accounting and business society · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Recent Developments in Individual Difference Research to Inform the Adoption of AI Technology
Symasek, L. W., Yeazitzis, T., Weger, K., & Mesmer, B. L. (2025) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems13030156 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cognitive determinants of self-care behaviors among patients with heart failure: A path analysis
Nadrian, H., Shojafard, J., Mahmoodi, H., Rouhi, Z., & Rezaeipandari, H. (2018) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.15171/hpp.2018.39 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The effect of touch simulation in virtual reality shopping
Lee, H. K., Yoon, N., & Choi, D. (2022) · Fashion and Textiles · doi:10.1186/s40691-022-00312-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These results can be explained by the theory of optimal flow (Kulviwat et al., 2014), whereby the necessary skills for achieving a difficult and demanding task enhance one’s positive emotions about the task (Csikszentmi-halyi, 1990; Hoffman & Novak, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExploring the role of innovation attributes on mobile payment adoption
Arli, D. I., & Bakpayev, M. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-04-2021-4630 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Let me shop alone: Consumers' psychological reactance toward retail robotics
Ha, S., Park, J., & Jeong, S. W. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123962 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wei, F., Hwang, B., Zhu, H., & Ngo, J. (2023) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2869 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Unlocking technology acceptance among South African employees: A psychological perspective
Valle, M. N. D., Łaba, K., & Mayer, C. (2024) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v50i0.2177 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“It has been increasingly recognised that further explanatory variables are required to grasp an individual’s technological acceptance of technological changes (Kulviwat et al., 2014; Samaradiwakara & Gunawardena, 2014; Sohn & Kwon, 2020).”
BackgroundUse of central bank digital currency in the travel context
Lee, K., Kim, M., Yoon, S., & Kim, J.-Y. (2025) · Information Technology & Tourism · doi:10.1007/s40558-024-00307-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Thus, self-efficacy influences attitudes in various contexts including technology adoption (Kulviwat et al. 2014).”
Acceptance of AI-Powered Chatbots Among Physiotherapy Students: International Cross-Sectional Study
El-Sobkey, S. B., Kelini, K. I., ElKholy, M., Abdeldayem, T., Abdallah, M., Mohamed, D. A.-A., Fawzy, A., Ahmed, Y. F., El Khatib, A., Khalid, H., et al. (2025) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/76574 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The first stage includes PU and PEU, which reflect students’ perceptions of usefulness and ease of use [26,27].”
Understanding customer attitude toward advergames: an extended TAM approach
Pour, M. J., Kazemi, Z., & Moeini, H. (2023) · Arts and the Market · doi:10.1108/aam-01-2022-0001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
de Camargo, K. R., Guedes, C. R., Caetano, R., Menezes, A., & Trajman, A. (2015) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-015-0941-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“suggestion that self-efficacy also plays a role in technology acceptance [28] may apply here as well, at least in the case of the lab technicians.”
BackgroundOksanen, A., Osma, T., Heiskari, M., Cvetkovic, A., Ruokosuo, E. S., Koike, M., Arriaga, P., & Savolainen, I. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2026.100251 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sumithra, S., & Sakshi, S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services · doi:10.51983/ijiss-2024.14.1.4033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Understanding quality factors of electronic health service in an emerging economy
Al-Emran, M., Islam, S., & Harun, A. (2022) · Quality Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10686967.2022.2083038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Some of these theories have been further validated and extended by many researchers (see Arora and Sahney 2018; Kulviwat, Bruner, and Neelankavil 2014; Chtourou and Souiden 2010) Amid the conceptual arguments regarding object-based perception and behavioral outcomes in the field of IS success…”
BackgroundHaron, H. B., Nor, F. M., Johari, F. B., Misbah, H., & Shafii, Z. (2023) · Journal of Islamic accounting and business research · doi:10.1108/jiabr-06-2022-0146 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yang, C., Tao, S., & Cai, Y. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04781-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Kulviwat et al. (2014 ) also found that self-efficacy could increase the adop - tion of new products by influencing consumers’ feelings on perceived usefulness and ease of use.”
Elkefi, S., & Layeb, S. B. (2022) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2137060 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Impact of Personality Traits Towards the Intention to Adopt Mobile Learning
Sanjebad, N. N., Shrestha, A., & Shahid, P. (2020) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64861-9_17 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Self-ef fi cacy as an index may measure an individual ’ s self-con fi dence in utilizing innovation, and it is an important factor that affects high technology adoption [27].”
BackgroundDeterminants influencing the adoption of artificial intelligence technology in non-life insurers.
Nguyen, T. H. D., Nguyen, X. T., Le, T. H. T., & Bui, Q. A. (2024) · Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review · doi:10.22495/cgobrv8i1p17 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Perceived self-efficacy ( PSE ) : According to Kulviwat et al. (2014), self-efficacy plays an essential role in shaping the impact of cognition and its effects on high technology adoption.”
BackgroundVaping among youth: reasons, realization and intention to quit
Thapa, S., Pandey, S. C., Panda, S., Paswan, A. K., & Ghimire, A. (2022) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-12-2021-1429 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Asheq, A. A., Hasan, R., & Coughlan, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875251337718 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The CAT model (Kulviwat et al., 2007) has been identified as one of the pivotal models for explaining consumers’ behavioral reactions toward a new technology (Kulviwat et al., 2014).”
Zou, Z., Jin, J., Yang, J., Liu, D., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124282 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, Y.-L. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101945 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Miyazaki, A. D., & Haderlie, T. C. (2025) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-01-2025-0041 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rudawska, I., Krot, K., & Porada-Rochoń, M. (2024) · Human Technology · doi:10.14254/1795-6889.2024.20-1.6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Earlier investigations have demonstrated the influence of self-efficacy particularly on the perceived utility and perceived ease of use of technology in a broad sense (Kulviwat et al., 2014), including applications in health informatics (Tsai, 2014).”
BackgroundZhang, K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01552-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Adu, I. N., Donkor, A. B., & Okpoti, C. A. (2016) · International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management · doi:10.1504/ijiscm.2016.084051 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gurney, L., Eveland, J., & Guzman, I. R. (2019) · ACM SIGCPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR) · doi:10.1145/3322385.3322406 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The insight derived from the variables ‘frequency of shopping’ and ‘years shopping’ only confirm the greater the inclination to trust, the more likely a customer has experience shopping online and is willing to trust an online vendor [20].”
BackgroundMOOCs Continuance Intention in Malaysia: The Moderating Role of Internet Self-efficacy
Rahim, M. K. I. A., & Mohamad, M. (2018) · Universiti Utara Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Utara Malaysia) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
El-Sobkey, S. B., ElKholy, M., Abdallah, M., Mohamed, D. A.-A., & Abdeldayem, T. S. (2026) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2026.01.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Determinants of Consumer’s Purchasing Behavior towards Online Food Delivery Services
Jusoh, Z. M., Saworo, S. N. W., Rahiman, N., & Zainudin, N. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i12/16008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aadmi-Laamech, K. E., Santos, P., & Hernández‐Leo, D. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100706 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparison of Attitudes Towards Robots of Different Population Samples in Norway
Bloch, M., & Fernandes, A. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3568294.3580151 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…could also have an effect, as it has been shown that education, technical proficiency, and efficacy influence perceptions of novel technologies [14] Many were working in tech related fields and presumably have more domain knowledge than the general population, leading to less anxiety of robots…”
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(2024) · Journal of System and Management Sciences · doi:10.33168/jsms.2024.0407 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Important but not for Me: Understanding Older Adults’ Resistance to Gerontechnology
Teh, P., Wang, H., Phang, C. W., Chan, A. H. S., & Butt, H. P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2211-2_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Meena, R., & Sarabhai, S. (2024) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2024.2394782 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Fourth, PSE is based on the subjectivity of the evaluator and consumer (Kulviwat, Bruner Ii, and Neelankavil 2014), as it may not reflect actual competence.”
Soltani, M., Jandaghı, G., & Shahraki, P. F. (2017) · Iranian journal of management studies · doi:10.22059/ijms.2017.60244 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In adopting a technology, such as virtual co-creation, self-efficacy is important and refers to how self-confident one is in him or her being able to use an innovative system for attaining a preferred goal (Venkatesh, 2000; Kulviwat et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultThe Perceived Usefulness of Patient Narrative Feedback in Primary Care Settings
Matta, S., Lee, Y. S. H., Grob, R., Schlesinger, M. J., & Nembhard, I. M. (2024) · Patient Experience Journal · doi:10.35680/2372-0247.1943 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
No Wind is Favorable Unless the Sailor is Participative: Customer Participation in Marina Services
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Teachers and Interactive White Boards: A Qualitative Investigation in the Margin of Technophobia.
Bardakçı, S., & Ünver, T. K. (2020) · Australian educational computing · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chang, H. J., & Min, S. (2022) · Fashion and Textiles · doi:10.1186/s40691-022-00292-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Self-efficacy makes a person confident, which comes from their personal belief (Kulviwat et al., 2014).”
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Mobile FinTech Adoption for Remittance Among Women Migrants of India: A UTAUT 2 Model Perspective
Nisha, S., & Jayaraman, R. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00444-4_45 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Demystifying the mist: Why do individuals hesitate to accept AI educational services?
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“…dimension involves information processing, reasoning, memory and knowledge structures (e.g., trust in AI, Klingbeil et al., 2024; Leschanowsky et al., 2024; Rheu et al., 2021; perceived usefulness, Ling et al., 2021; Pitardi & Marriott, 2021; and technology self-efficacy, Kulviwat et al., 2014).”
Mufidah, E. F., Atmoko, A., Muslihati, Ramli, M., & Liaw, J. O. H. (2025) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2025.101764 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peng, Y., & Liu, Z. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26580-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“When tools fail to meet their social and health needs, they are more likely to develop a sense of “technological uselessness,” which reduces participation willingness [133] and weakens health outcomes [134].”
Shi, W., Ramzy, M. I., & Ali, S. K. S. (2026) · African Journal of Science Technology Innovation and Development · doi:10.1080/20421338.2026.2692491 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Existing research often treats PEU and PU as direct reflections of technological attributes, while relatively neglecting the subjective assessments of capability formed by individuals during interactions with AI systems (Kulviwat, Bruner, and Neelankavil 2014).”
The Role of Consumer Impulsivity and Self-Efficacy on User Manual Behavior
Kutlu, M. B. (2022) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5039-0.ch013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kulviwat, S., C. Bruner II, G., & P. Neelankavil, J.
- Affiliations
- Hofstra University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consumer Marketing
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2014-05-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 190-199
- ISSN
- 0736-3761 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063919763
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 7.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consumer Marketing (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- self-efficacy, technology acceptance, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, pleasure, arousal, dominance, consumer technology adoption
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