AMO model for neuro-inclusive remote workplace
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this article is to extend current debates on organizational equality, diversity and inclusion to a consideration of neurodivergence in the remote workplace context. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the ability, motivation, and opportunity (AMO) model and an emerging strength-based approach to neurodiversity, this conceptual paper integrates research on neurodiversity at work and remote working to provide a novel AMO model for a neuro-inclusive remote workplace. Findings Through a theoretically informed discussion of barriers to effective remote work from the perspective of neurominorities, the AMO model for the neuro-inclusive remote workplace is offered to assist organizations in creating an inclusive remote work environment where both neurominorities and neurotypicals can equally contribute to organizational success. Specific examples of how certain barriers to effective remote work can be mitigated are outlined and explained. Practical implications The conceptual model presented in this paper can assist HR practitioners in developing a comprehensive approach to skill, motivation, and opportunity-enhancing practices that are tailored to the unique needs of neurominorities in a specific context of remote work to generate mutual gains. Originality/value The model of interactions between individual and system factors offered enables a better theoretical understanding of the conditions under which high performance of neurodivergent individuals could be achieved with an associated positive impact on their well-being. The paper contributes to recent calls for more equitable and empathetic approaches to investing in employees with different cognitive profiles and does so in the underexplored context of remote work.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Two previous reviews explored the impact of COVID-19 and the associated change in working practices for neuro-divergent workers but found little relevant primary data.
“Two previous reviews explored the impact of COVID-19 and the associated change in working practices for neuro-divergent workers [22,23] but found little relevant primary data.”
From Homeworking experiences of neuro-divergent workers: systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Szulc reviewed academic literature but found only five studies; they developed recommendations including offering flexible hours of work and developing support groups to share strategies for WFH.
“Szulc [23] reviewed academic literature but found only five studies; they developed recommendations including offering flexible hours of work and developing support groups to share strategies for WFH.”
From Homeworking experiences of neuro-divergent workers: systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Cites
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524 · Cited by 2,616 · see citing works
The relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review
van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.010 · Cited by 2,006 · see citing works
COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action.
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. J., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P. A., Bapuji Hari, B., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., et al. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000716 · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
Achieving Effective Remote Working During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Work Design Perspective
Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12290 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Vrontis, D., Christofi, M., Pereira, V., Tarba, S., Makrides, A., & Trichina, E. (2022) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1871398 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Inclusive workplaces: A review and model
Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N., & Sanchez, D. (2018) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.003 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Organizational Ambidexterity and Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Junni, P., Sarala, R. M., Taras, V., & Tarba, S. Y. (2013) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2012.0015 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process
(2002) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.56.6.609 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success
Hendricks, D. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-2010-0502 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Grant, C. A., Wallace, L. M., & Spurgeon, P. C. (2013) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-08-2012-0059 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Neurodiversity at work: a biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults
Doyle, N. (2020) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldaa021 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
The Organizational Reproduction of Inequality
Amis, J., Mair, J., & Munir, K. A. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0033 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Raymaker, D. M., Teo, A. R., Steckler, N. A., Lentz, B., Scharer, M., Delos Santos, A., Kapp, S. K., Hunter, M., Joyce, A., & Nicolaidis, C. (2020) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2019.0079 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
A Self‐Tuning Model for Smart Manufacturing SMEs: Effects on Digital Innovation
Giudice, M. D., Scuotto, V., Papa, A., Tarba, S. Y., Bresciani, S., & Warkentin, M. E. (2020) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12560 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Economic cost of autism in the UK
Knapp, M. R. J., Romeo, R., & Beecham, J. K. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309104246 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Normalising the “new normal”: Changing tech-driven work practices under pandemic time pressure
Carroll, N., & Conboy, K. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102186 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Satisfaction with HR practices and commitment to the organisation: why one size does not fit all
Kinnie, N., Hutchinson, S., Purcell, J., Rayton, B., & Swart, J. (2005) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2005.tb00293.x · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Hamouche, S. (2021) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2021.15 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Recognizing the benefits of diversity: When and how does diversity increase group performance?
Roberge, M.-É., & van Dick, R. (2009) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.09.002 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Malik, A., Budhwar, P. S., Patel, C., & Srikanth, N. R. (2020) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1859582 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Shirmohammadi, M., Au, W. C., & Beigi, M. (2022) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2022.2047380 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Corona Crisis and Inequality: Why Management Research Needs a Societal Turn
Bapuji, H., Patel, C., Ertug, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206320925881 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Mental Disorders in the Entrepreneurship Context: When Being Different Can Be An Advantage
Wiklund, J., Hatak, I., Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2017.0063 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
How is a sense of well-being and belonging constructed in the accounts of autistic adults?
Milton, D., & Sims, T. (2016) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2016.1186529 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
The advantages and challenges of neurodiversity employment in organizations
Krzeminska, A., Austin, R. D., Bruyère, S. M., & Hedley, D. (2019) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2019.58 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Neurodiversity as a Competitive Advantage
Austin, R. D., & Pisano, G. P. (2017) · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Jiang, K., Hu, J. J., Liu, S., & Lepak, D. P. (2015) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21771 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The Impact of Managerial Coaching Behavior on Employee Work-Related Reactions
Kim, S., Egan, T. M., Kim, W., & Kim, J. (2013) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9286-9 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Transition to work: Perspectives from the autism spectrum
Hedley, D., Cai, R. Y., Uljarević, M., Wilmot, M., Spoor, J. R., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316687697 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Stress in remote work: two studies testing the Demand-Control-Person model
Perry, S. J., Rubino, C., & Hunter, E. M. (2018) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2018.1487402 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Forced flexibility and remote working: opportunities and challenges in the new normal
Franken, E. H., Bentley, T. A., Shafaei, A., Farr‐Wharton, B., Onnis, L., & Omari, M. (2021) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2021.40 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Living “in the zone”: hyperfocus in adult ADHD
Hupfeld, K. E., Abagis, T. R., & Shah, P. (2019) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0272-y · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Doyle, N., & McDowall, A. (2021) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-06-2020-0172 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The link between high performance work practices and organizational performance
Obeidat, S. M. I., Mitchell, R. J., & Bray, M. (2016) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-08-2015-0163 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Autism, attributions and accommodations
Patton, E. (2019) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-04-2018-0116 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Role of HRM in knowledge integration: Towards a conceptual framework
Malik, A., Froese, F. J., & Sharma, P. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.029 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Neurodiversity of the Workforce and Digital Transformation: Complementarity or Substitution?
Walkowiak, E. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120739 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Understanding the telework experience of people with disabilities
Tang, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449104 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591100 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
An orchestrated negotiated exchange: Trading home-based telework for intensified work.
Bathini, D. R., & Kandathil, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3449-y · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process
Atchison, B. J., & Sladyk, K. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003526346-6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Parr, A., Hunter, S. T., & Ligon, G. S. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.04.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
An Empirical Evaluation of ADHD Coaching in College Students
Prevatt, F., & Yelland, S. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713480036 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2017) · Schmalenbach Business Review · doi:10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Entrepreneurship
Antshel, K. M. (2017) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2016.0144 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
‘All the single ladies’ as the ideal academic during times of COVID‐19?
Utoft, E. H. (2020) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12478 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
AMO perspectives on the well-being of neurodivergent human capital
Szulc, J. M., Davies, J., Tomczak, M. T., & McGregor, F.-L. (2021) · Employee Relations: The International Journal · doi:10.1108/er-09-2020-0446 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationAnnabi, H., & Locke, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2018.79 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Johnson, K. R., Ennis-Cole, D. L., & Bonhamgregory, M. (2020) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484320905910 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Pfeiffer, B., Coster, W. J., Snethen, G., Derstine, M., Piller, A., & Tucker, C. A. (2017) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2017.021360 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A conceptual model of risk and protective factors for autistic burnout
Mantzalas, J., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2722 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ability, Motivation and Opportunity theory: a formula for employee performance?
Kellner, A., Cafferkey, K., & Townsend, K. (2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781786439017.00029 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Zanhour, M., & Sumpter, D. M. (2022) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12885 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Peck, J. A. (2020) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12597 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Managing Human Resources During a Global Crisis: A Multilevel Perspective
Malik, A., & Sanders, K. (2021) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12484 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
How can the work environment be redesigned to enhance the well-being of individuals with autism?
Tomczak, M. T. (2022) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-12-2021-0535 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Wood, S., Daniels, K., & Ogbonnaya, C. N. (2018) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1423102 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Neurodiversity and remote work in times of crisis: lessons for HR
Szulc, J. M., McGregor, F.-L., & Cakir, E. (2023) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-06-2021-0469 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation“I’ve found it extremely draining”
Richards, J. M., Sang, K., Marks, A., & Gill, S. (2019) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-08-2018-0289 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Tomczak, M. T. (2021) · Journal of Disability Policy Studies · doi:10.1177/1044207320919945 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
What motivates individuals with ADHD? A qualitative analysis from the adolescent’s point of view
Morsink, S., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Mies, G. W., Glorie, N., Lemiere, J., der Oord, S. V., & Danckaerts, M. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0961-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Flipping the script: Bringing an organizational perspective to the study of autism at work
Vogus, T. J., & Taylor, J. L. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318776103 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Empowering leadership: balancing self-determination and accountability for motivation
O’Donoghue, D., & van der Werff, L. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-11-2019-0619 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tomczak, M. T., Szulc, J. M., & Szczerska, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094696 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationBogdanowicz, R., Łockiewicz, M., Bogdanowicz, M., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Krzeminska, A., & Hawse, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0874-5_11 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Work-from-home (WFH) during COVID-19 pandemic – A netnographic investigation using Twitter data
Daneshfar, Z., Ajitha, A. A., Sharma, P., & Malik, A. (2022) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-01-2021-0020 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Khoa, D. T., Wang, C.-Y., & Guchait, P. (2020) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1831477 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bubl, E., Dörr, M., Riedel, A., Ebert, D., Philipsen, A., Bach, M., & van Elst, L. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118271 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wiklund, J., Hatak, I., Lerner, D. A., Verheul, I., Thurik, R., & Antshel, K. M. (2020) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2019.0085 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Neurodiversity in (Not Only) Public Organizations: An Untapped Opportunity?
Houdek, P. (2022) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/00953997211069915 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flannery, K. A., & Wisner-Carlson, R. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2019.12.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Different strokes for different folks
Cafferkey, K., Dundon, T., Winterton, J., & Townsend, K. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-12-2018-0114 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Das, M., Tang, J. C., Ringland, K. E., & Piper, A. M. (2021) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Is coaching an effective adjustment for dyslexic adults?
Doyle, N. E., & McDowall, A. (2015) · Coaching An International Journal of Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/17521882.2015.1065894 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Szulc, J. M., & Smith, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635144 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWolf, M., & Segal, D. E. (1999) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0909(199903)5:1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mellifont, D. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-210811 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Managing Stress: The Needs of Autistic Adults in Video Calling
Zolyomi, A., Begel, A., Waldern, J. F., Tang, J. C., Barnett, M., Cutrell, E., McDuff, D., Andrist, S., & Morris, M. R. (2019) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Beyond quid pro quo: good soldiers and characteristics of their helping behaviours
Szulc, J. M. (2020) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-03-2019-0140 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationWiklund, J. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12261 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Homeworking experiences of neuro-divergent workers: systematic review
Brooks, S. K., Hall, C. E., Rogers, M. B., & Greenberg, N. (2024) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqae095 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Szulc, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Szulc, Joanna Maria
- ORCID
- Szulc, Joanna Maria
- Venue
- Personnel Review
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2022-10-27
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1867-1882
- ISSN
- 0048-3486 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4307201938
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personnel Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- neurodiversity, remote work, strengths-based approach, organizational inclusion, diversity and inclusion, employee well-being, human resource management practices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review