The relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review
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Twenty-first century skills or twenty-first century digital skills have been made popular by van Laar et al. (2017, 2019).
“This term can be associated with twenty-first century skills or twentyfirst century digital skills, terms that have been made popular by van Laar et al. (2017van Laar et al. ( , 2019)).”
From Key factors in digital literacy in learning and education: a systematic literature review using text mining (2022) · cites this paper as van Laar et al., 2017
Section 4.2 develops a framework for ‘21st-century digital skills,’ supporting the association of that term with van Laar et al. But section 5.2 says ‘21st-century skills’ was already the most popular term in the studies they reviewed. The paper does not establish that van Laar et al. made either term popular. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDigital literacy is not only about technical skills but also encompasses a cognitive dimension.
“This definition offers a very interesting starting point as to what digital literacy encompasses by emphasizing that digital literacy is not only about technical skills but also encompasses a cognitive dimension (van Laar et al., 2017;Spante et al., 2018).”
From Key factors in digital literacy in learning and education: a systematic literature review using text mining (2022) · cites this paper as van Laar et al., 2017
The search query was based on van Laar et al. (2017)'s systematic literature review.
“We based this query on van Laar et al. ( 2017)'s systematic literature review.”
From Key factors in digital literacy in learning and education: a systematic literature review using text mining (2022) · cites this paper as van Laar et al., 2017
Van Laar et al. provide a framework for defining twenty-first century digital skills that identifies seven core skills: technical, information management, communication, collaboration, creativity, critical thinking and problem solving.
“They provide a framework for defining twenty-first century digital skills as it identifies seven core skills, which are technical, information management, communication, collaboration, creativity, critical thinking and problem solving.”
From Key factors in digital literacy in learning and education: a systematic literature review using text mining (2022) · cites this paper as van Laar et al., 2017
The skill sets include creativity and innovation, critical thinking and problem solving, communication skills and collaboration.
“The skill sets include creativity and innovation, critical thinking and problem solving, communication skills and collaboration (Van Laar et al., 2017).”
From Teachers’ AI digital competencies and twenty-first century skills in the post-pandemic world (2023) · cites this paper as Van Laar et al., 2017
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van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J. (2020) · Sage Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019900176 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Thornhill-Miller, B., Camarda, A., Mercier, M., Burkhardt, J.-M., Morisseau, T., Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Vinchon, F., El Hayek, S., Augereau-Landais, M., Mourey, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11030054 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review
Pérez, J. Q., Daradoumis, T., & Puig, J. M. M. (2020) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22326 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Determinants of 21st-century digital skills: A large-scale survey among working professionals
van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.017 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Workplace literacy skills—how information and digital literacy affect adoption of digital technology
Nikou, S., De Reuver, M., & Mahboob Kanafi, M. (2022) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-12-2021-0241 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Explicating AI Literacy of Employees at Digital Workplaces
Cetindamar, D., Kitto, K., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., Abedin, B., & Knight, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3138503 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Audrin, C., & Audrin, B. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10832-5 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“This definition offers a very interesting starting point as to what digital literacy encompasses by emphasizing that digital literacy is not only about technical skills but also encompasses a cognitive dimension (van Laar et al., 2017; Spante et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProblematic Machine Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review of Algorithm Audits
Bandy, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449148 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Jin, K.-Y., Reichert, F., Cagasan, L. P., de la Torre, J., & Law, N. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103968 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
ICT Use, Digital Skills and Students’ Academic Performance: Exploring the Digital Divide
Ben Youssef, A., Dahmani, M., & Ragni, L. (2022) · Information · doi:10.3390/info13030129 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Swedish teenagers’ difficulties and abilities to determine digital news credibility
Nygren, T., & Guath, M. (2019) · Nordicom Review · doi:10.2478/nor-2019-0002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Santana, M., & Díaz-Fernández, M. (2023) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-022-00613-w · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Hujjatusnaini, N., Corebima, A. D., Prawiro, S. R., & Gofur, A. (2022) · Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia · doi:10.15294/jpii.v11i1.27148 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Picatoste, J., Pérez-Ortiz, L., & Ruesga-Benito, S. M. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.09.014 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Abdelhalim, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12948 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Influence of artificial intelligence tools on higher order thinking skills: a meta-analysis
Ilgun Dibek, M., Sahin Kursad, M., & Erdogan, T. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2024.2402028 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The causal relationship between digital literacy and students’ academic achievement: a meta-analysis
Li, F., Cheng, L., Wang, X., Shen, L., Ma, Y., & Islam, A. Y. M. A. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04399-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Individuals with DL can engage in activities and interactions in digital environments as well as ef fi ciently and freely access the knowledge present in these environments (Pangrazio et al. 2020; Van Laar et al. 2017).”
AMO model for neuro-inclusive remote workplace
Szulc, J. M. (2022) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-02-2022-0085 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Preparing future-ready public health professionals: a blended, AI-integrated pedagogical innovation
Parmar, S., Suthar, P., Das, L., & Ganguly, P. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07850-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, it also necessitates a rethinking of teaching strategies to ensure students can appraise, critique, and validate AI-generated information, thereby aligning with the core principles of digital literacy and academic integrity [11–13].”
Mohamud, A. J., Rage, A. N., Mohamed, A. D., & Mohamud, A. M. (2026) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2026.2706234
Vindigni, G. (2026) · European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning · doi:10.59324/ejceel.2026.4(4).05
- Authors
- van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 577-588
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2593962681
- Semantic Scholar
- b5da683012e0c33950984805837cff5dd51ccabf
- Cited by
- 2,006
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 258 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 307 · 2021: 257 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 29.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.utwente.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- national research council of the Netherlands (409-15-214)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Digital literacy in education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Literacy, Media, and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Innovations in Education and Learning Technologies
- Keywords
- 21st century skills, digital skills, knowledge workers, human capital, knowledge economy, technical skills, information management, communication and collaboration, creativity, critical thinking, problem solving, moral consciousness, cultural awareness, flexibility, self-direction, lifelong learning, enterprise competitiveness, innovation ability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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