The DOI matches its Crossref record; 152 of the 155 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond
Open accessAbstract
Frequencies from 100 GHz to 3 THz are promising bands for the next generation of wireless communication systems because of the wide swaths of unused and unexplored spectrum. These frequencies also offer the potential for revolutionary applications that will be made possible by new thinking, and advances in devices, circuits, software, signal processing, and systems. This paper describes many of the technical challenges and opportunities for wireless communication and sensing applications above 100 GHz, and presents a number of promising discoveries, novel approaches, and recent results that will aid in the development and implementation of the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks, and beyond. This paper shows recent regulatory and standard body rulings that are anticipating wireless products and services above 100 GHz and illustrates the viability of wireless cognition, hyper-accurate position location, sensing, and imaging. This paper also presents approaches and results that show how long distance mobile communications will be supported to above 800 GHz since the antenna gains are able to overcome air-induced attenuation, and present methods that reduce the computational complexity and simplify the signal processing used in adaptive antenna arrays, by exploiting the Special Theory of Relativity to create a cone of silence in over-sampled antenna arrays that improve performance for digital phased array antennas. Also, new results that give insights into power efficient beam steering algorithms, and new propagation and partition loss models above 100 GHz are given, and promising imaging, array processing, and position location results are presented. The implementation of spatial consistency at THz frequencies, an important component of channel modeling that considers minute changes and correlations over space, is also discussed. This paper offers the first in-depth look at the vast applications of THz wireless products and applications and provides approaches for how to reduce power and increase performance across several problem domains, giving early evidence that THz techniques are compelling and available for future wireless communications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Bandwidth expansion from the millimetre-wave regime to the THz regime also causes uncertain biological impacts on humans and animals.”
From What should 6G be? (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
Rappaport, T. S. (1996) · Cited by 17,370
Self-citationMillimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
Rappaport, T. S., Sun, S. D., Mayzus, R., Zhao, H., Azar, Y., Wang, K., Wong, G. N., Schulz, J. K., Samimi, M. K., & Gutierrez, F. (2013) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2013.2260813 · Cited by 7,368 · cited 9×
“For all mmWave frequencies where the urban cell sizes are on the order of 200 m, rain or snow attenuation can clearly be overcome with additional antenna gain (obtainable by switching in more antenna array elements) [2], [4], [6].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCutting-edge terahertz technology
Tonouchi, M. (2007) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.3 · Cited by 6,332 · cited 2×
“tion [24], personal health monitoring systems [48], precision time/frequency transfer, and wireless synchronization [10], [22], [59].”
BackgroundSiegel, P. H. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/22.989974 · Cited by 3,092
A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula
Friis, H. T. (1946) · Proceedings of the IRE · doi:10.1109/jrproc.1946.234568 · Cited by 2,370 · cited 1×
“The measured path loss at 140 GHz agrees with Friis FSPL equation [141].”
MethodHealth Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation:: BEIR VII Phase 2
Earth, D. O. (2006) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 2,190
Understanding Delta‐Sigma Data Converters
Schreier, R., Pavan, S., & Temes, G. C. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119258308 · Cited by 1,972
Terahertz band: Next frontier for wireless communications
Akyildiz, I. F., Jornet, J. M., & Han, C. Z. (2014) · Physical Communication · doi:10.1016/j.phycom.2014.01.006 · Cited by 1,667 · cited 5×
“tion [24], personal health monitoring systems [48], precision time/frequency transfer, and wireless synchronization [10], [22], [59].”
BackgroundInfluentialWireless sub-THz communication system with high data rate
Koenig, S., Lopez-Diaz, D., Antes, J., Boes, F., Henneberger, R., Leuther, A., Tessmann, A., Schmogrow, R., Hillerkuss, D., Palmer, R., et al. (2013) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.275 · Cited by 1,587
Rappaport, T. S., Xing, Y., MacCartney, G. R., Molisch, A. F., Mellios, E., & Zhang, J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2017.2734243 · Cited by 1,500 · cited 7×
“For all mmWave frequencies where the urban cell sizes are on the order of 200 m, rain or snow attenuation can clearly be overcome with additional antenna gain (obtainable by switching in more antenna array elements) [2], [4], [6].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 155 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 23
- 2016, 5G channel model for bands up to 100 GHz
- 2017, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network Study on Channel Model for Frequencies From 0 5 to 100 GHz
- 2018, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
- 2015, Millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT) Applications and Use Cases of Millimetre Wave Transmission
- wang, 2019, Power Amplifiers Performance Survey 2000-Present
- chappell, 2019, Briefing prepared for T-MUSIC Proposer’s Day
- navarro, 2017, Diffuse scattering implementation and verification in ray launching based tool at 5.4 GHz, Proc 32nd URSI GASS, 1
- kapilevich, 2007, Millimeter waves sensing behind walls—Feseability study with FEL radiation, Proc FEL, 2007, 1
- horn, 2018, Private Communications
- rappaport, 2019, 6G and beyond: Terahertz communications and sensing, 2019 Brooklyn 5G Summit Keynote
- 2019, Spectrum Horizons
- 2019, GPS Accuracy
- 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1700890 · DOI
- 2018, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network Study on Scenarios and Requirements for Next Generation Access Technologies (Release 15)
- garg, 0, Enabling the next generation of mobile robotics using 5G wireless, IEEE Access
- 2019, mmWave Coalition’s NTIA Comments
- 2018, The Brooklyn 5G Summit
- 2005, Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods Propagation in non-ionized media
- 2016, Attenuation by atmospheric gases
- wang, 2017, N-port LNAs for mmW array processors using 2-D spatio-temporal $\Delta-\Sigma$ noise-shaping, Proc IEEE 60th Int Midwest Symp Circuit Syst (MWSCAS), 1473
- 1996, RE Guidelines for evaluating the environmental effects of radio frequency radiation
- nikoofard, 2017, Low-complexity N-port ADCs using 2-D $\Delta-\Sigma$ noise-shaping for N-element array receivers, Proc IEEE 60th Int Midwest Symp Circuits Syst (MWSCAS), 301
- wang, 2018, $\Delta-\Sigma$ noise-shaping in 3-D space–time for 2-D wideband antenna array receivers, Multidimensional Syst Signal Process, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,002
Real-time Experimental Wireless Testbed with Digital Beamforming at 300 GHz
Ntouni, G. D., Merkle, T., Loghis, E. K., Tzeranis, G., Koratzinos, V., Skentos, N. D., & Kritharidis, D. S. (2020) · European Conference on Networks and Communications · doi:10.1109/eucnc48522.2020.9200948 · Cited by 17
“Terahertz (THz)-band communications are expected to play an important role in the upcoming sixth generation (6G) of wireless mobile communications [1] enabling terabit class data rates [2].”
BackgroundSeidel, A., May, N., Guenther, E., & Ellinger, F. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101686 · Cited by 17
Adaptive Beam Tracking based on Recurrent Neural Networks for mmWave Channels
Dehkordi, S. K., Kobayashi, M., & Caire, G. (2021) · IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC) · doi:10.1109/spawc51858.2021.9593117 · Cited by 17
Oliveri, G., Salucci, M., Lombardi, R., Flamini, R., Mazzucco, C., Verzura, S., & Massa, A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2022.3161555 · Cited by 17
A Unified Approach for Beam-Split Mitigation in Terahertz Wideband Hybrid Beamforming
Elbir, A. M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3265395 · Cited by 17
Papazafeiropoulos, A., Pan, C., Kourtessis, P., Chatzinotas, S., & Senior, J. M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.05333 · Cited by 17
“For example, in mmWave transmission, suggested by 5G and beyond systems, high penetration losses and resultant signal blockages do not allow the presence of an LoS component [31].”
BackgroundNear-Field Wideband Beamforming for Extremely Large Antenna Array.Preprint
Cui, M., Dai, L., Schober, R., & Hanzo, L. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 17
D-Band High-Gain Planer Slot Array Antenna Using Gap Waveguide Technology
Farahbakhsh, A., Zarifi, D., & Zaman, A. U. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2024.3481909 · Cited by 16
“Development of future high data rate systems, high-resolution imaging systems, hyper-accurate position location and sensing, radio astronomy, etc. has become an attractive research area that has attracted increasing attention nowadays [1].”
Electromagnetic Modeling of Holographic Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces at Terahertz Bands
Dovelos, K., Assimonis, S. D., Ngo, H. Q., Bellalta, B., & Matthaiou, M. (2021) · Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ACSSC) · doi:10.1109/ieeeconf53345.2021.9723188 · Cited by 16
Comparison of Indoor Channel Characteristics for Sub-THz Bands from 125 GHz to 300 GHz
Lotti, M., Caillet, M., & D’Errico, R. (2022) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap53622.2022.9769197 · Cited by 16
“Applications for THz communication are various, including communications inside the trains [2], the aircraft [3] or for backhaul/fronthaul links [4].”
BackgroundBalega, Y. Y., Bubnov, G., Glyavin, M. Y., Gunbina, A. A., Danilevsky, D., Denisov, G. G., Khudchenko, A. V., Lesnov, I. V., Marukhno, A. S., Mineev, K. V., et al. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12115670 · Cited by 16
A Cooperative SWIPT-Hybrid-NOMA Pairing Scheme considering SIC imperfection for THz Communications
Oleiwi, H. W., Saeed, N. H., & Al-Raweshidy, H. S. (2022) · Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference · doi:10.1109/gpecom55404.2022.9815677 · Cited by 16
Nested Bee Hive: A Conceptual Multilayer Architecture for 6G in Futuristic Sustainable Smart Cities
Farooq, M. S., Nadir, R. M., Rustam, F., Hur, S., Park, Y., & Ashraf, I. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22165950 · Cited by 16
“Short-range signals are not the only problem for 6G; these signals have a high attenuation level and cannot pass through walls and other city infrastructure [18].”
BackgroundOn-Chip Integration of Orthogonal Subsystems Enabled by Broadband Twist at 220–325 GHz
Gohari, M. M., Glubokov, O., Yu, S., & Oberhammer, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2023.3253963 · Cited by 16
“spectrum from 100 GHz to 10 THz [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].”
Evaluating RF Hardware Characteristics for Automotive JCRS Systems Based on PMCW-CDMA at 77GHz
Lübke, M., Su, Y., & Franchi, N. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3259725 · Cited by 16
“…quantities of the transmitter and receiver RF components (mixers, amplifiers, filters, antennas) and evaluates the observations of Rappaport et al. [14], [15], who highlight the rapid degradation of key transceiver performance metrics (noise figure and linearity of the low-noise amplifier; peak…”
Background3D-Printed All-Metal Terahertz Multibeam Lens Antenna Based on Photonic Crystal
Yu, W., Wang, X., Lu, H., Liu, H., & Jin, C. Z. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3270706 · Cited by 16
“thus the high-gain antennas are required [2], [3], [4], [5].”
BackgroundMeasurement-based channel characterization in a large hall scenario at 300 GHz
Lyu, Y., Yuan, Z., Gao, H., Zhu, Q., Zhang, X., & Fan, W. (2023) · China Communications · doi:10.23919/jcc.fa.2022-0286.202304 · Cited by 16
Delmade, A., Barry, L. P., Dass, D., & Browning, C. (2023) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2023.129681 · Cited by 16
Power allocation strategies for 6G communication in VL-NOMA systems: an overview
Ngene, C. E., Thakur, P., & Singh, G. K. (2023) · Smart Science · doi:10.1080/23080477.2023.2225944 · Cited by 16
“The concept of 6 G applications, opportunities and challenges above 100 GHz was, first, coined in a summit at New York University (NUY) Tandon School of engineering for creating future approaches for communication systems [70], with its vision statement for ubiquitous intelligent data transfer.”
Background6G Broadband and High Directive Microstrip Antenna with SIW and FSSs
Nissanov, U., & Singh, G. K. (2023) · Engineering Science & Technology · doi:10.37256/est.5120243071 · Cited by 16
Potential Enabling Technologies for 6G Mobile Communication Networks: A Recent Review
Vu, D., Dao, N., Won, D., & Cho, S. (2023) · International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks · doi:10.1109/icufn57995.2023.10199909 · Cited by 16
“The THz frequency range is above 100 GHz, and it enables high-speed data transfer rates of up to several terabits per second [14].”
BackgroundMulti-IRS-Aided Terahertz Networks: Channel Modeling and User Association With Imperfect CSI
Rahim, M., Nguyen, T. L., Kaddoum, G., & Do, T. N. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3353173 · Cited by 16
“T HE exponential growth in the number of connected devices and multimedia applications have dramatically increased the demand for large bandwidth (BW) and high data rate transmissions [1].”
BackgroundDeng, J., Burasa, P., & Wu, K. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3363173 · Cited by 16
“…in the research and development community for 6G and future multifunction wireless systems such as joint sensing and communication techniques due to its broadband spectrum resource, high resolution, frequency reusability, and so forth [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].”
BackgroundYadav, S., Yadav, A. K., Gour, R., Alexandropoulos, G. C., & Gurjar, D. S. (2024) · Physical Communication · doi:10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102352 · Cited by 16
Secure Communications with THz Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Deep Learning in 6G Systems
Kiran, A., Sonker, A., Jadhav, S. R., Jadhav, M. M., Ramesh, J. V. N., & Muniyandy, E. (2024) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-024-11163-7 · Cited by 16
Rappaport, T. S., Ying, M., Piovesan, N., Domenico, A. D., & Shakya, D. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3431459 · Cited by 16
“With the move to wide bandwidth wireless channels (going from 20 MHz in 4G to 200 MHz or more in 5G), there is a need to allocate mobile services at higher carrier frequencies where spectrum is more plentiful [7], [8], [10], [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMIMO Techniques for Wireless Terabits Systems under Sub-THz Channel with RF Impairments
Saad, M., Ghouwayel, A. C. A., Hijazi, H., Bader, F., & Palicot, J. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Communications workshops · doi:10.1109/iccworkshops49005.2020.9145359 · Cited by 16
“For clarification, most surfaces that appear smooth for microwave frequencies leads to significant diffuse scattering and strong specular reflections for sub-THz frequencies [8].”
BackgroundCardiac Sensing Exploiting an Ultra-Wideband Terahertz Sensing System
Rong, Y., Theofanopoulos, P. C., Trichopoulos, G. C., & Bliss, D. W. (2020) · IEEE International Radar Conference · doi:10.1109/radar42522.2020.9114685 · Cited by 16
“spatial resolution 3D THz imaging has been found useful for medical, security, and other applications [14], [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationXu, C., Xiong, Y., Ishikawa, N., Rajashekar, R., Sugiura, S., Wang, Z., Ng, S. X., Yang, L., & Hanzo, L. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3054068 · Cited by 16
“It is worth noting that as the enabling technologies move up from the centimeter Wave (cmWave) band to the millimeter Wave (mmWave) [32]–[35] and even to the TeraHertz band [36]–[38], the high PAPR drawback may outweigh the conventional OFDM benefits in next-generation wireless scenarios.”
BackgroundFiber-Enabled Optical Wireless Communications With Full Beam Coverage
Sun, C. K., Wang, J., Gao, X., Ding, Z. J., & Zheng, X. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3059458 · Cited by 16
“Yet, new data-hungry applications such as virtual reality and augmented reality [1] continue to drive up data rates, e.g., 1 Tbps peak data rate and 10 Gbps user-experienced data rate, and call for the sixth Generation (6G) mobile communications [2]–[4].”
BackgroundWavefront Engineering at Terahertz Frequencies Through Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
Singh, A., Alqaraghuli, A. J., & Jornet, J. M. (2022) · IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC) · doi:10.1109/spawc51304.2022.9833975 · Cited by 16
“Thus, these are considered an attractive prospect in enabling Terahertz (THz)-band communications, a front-runner technology for next generation wireless networks [2].”
The Scattering Channel Model for Terahertz Wireless Communications
Khamse, A. M., Dong, X., & Ferdinand, N. S. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3253580 · Cited by 16
“5 m scenario is presented in [1], which shows satisfactory results.”
BackgroundComparative Analysis of Terahertz Propagation Under Dust Storm Conditions on Mars and Earth
Wedage, L. T., Butler, B., Balasubramaniam, S., Koucheryavy, Y. A., & Vuran, M. C. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2023.3285450 · Cited by 16
“According to [31], certain frequencies of the THz”
Saad, M., Bader, F., Ghouwayel, A. C. A., Hijazi, H., Bouhel, N., & Palicot, J. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9053208 · Cited by 16
“However, these bands especially the sub-THz suffers from higher channel attenuation and sensitivity to small environment details [6][7], severe RFimpairments and many technological limitations such as low output power, limited resolution of high-speed low-power Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) [8], important Phase…”
BackgroundIntroduction to Wireless Systems
Haroun, I. A. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781394210640.ch1 · Cited by 16
Iannacci, J. (2021) · Microsystem Technologies · doi:10.1007/s00542-021-05230-3 · Cited by 15
“…technologies are considered critical for making the vision of 6G turn into reality in about 8–10 years from now: • Above-6 GHz communications/services, including mil-limeter-Waves (30–60 GHz) and sub-THz (100–300 GHz), for the transition from 5G Small Cells to 6G Tiny Cells (Rappaport et al. 2019).”
BackgroundFeasibility Study of Quasi-Optical MIMO Antennas for Radiative Near-Field Links
Llombart, N., & Dabironezare, S. O. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2022.3168724 · Cited by 15
“AS DATA traffic in cellular networks keeps increasing, extremely high backhauling speeds will be needed in future 6G applications with radiated energy efficient system architectures [1].”
BackgroundYin, L., Zhu, Y., Wu, Q., Jiang, H., Zhuge, Q., & Hu, W. (2022) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2022.3163160 · Cited by 15
VisBLE: Vision-Enhanced BLE Device Tracking
Jiang, W., Li, F., Mei, L., Liu, R., & Wang, S. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON) · doi:10.1109/secon55815.2022.9918581 · Cited by 15
“First, advanced wireless solutions rely on wide-bandwidth signal and a large-size antenna array to achieve centimeter-level accuracy [7], which is not common for mobile devices.”
BackgroundMannem, N. S., Erfani, E., Huang, T.-Y., & Wang, H. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3212207 · Cited by 15
“W ITH their vastly available spectrums, millimeter wave (mm-Wave) and terahertz (THz) spectrums are envisioned as a key enabler for 5G and beyond 5G joint communication and sensing, supporting extreme capacity backhaul, enhanced hotspot, and high-resolution radar and imaging [1].”
BackgroundAccurate Wideband Channel Estimation for THz Massive MIMO Systems
Wei, C. N., Yang, Z., Dang, J., Li, P., Wang, H., & Yu, X. (2022) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2022.3221657 · Cited by 15
“that the proposed scheme can provide much better NMSE 348 performances than other schemes over the range of P ∈ 349 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].”
BackgroundSingh, S. P., Rahkonen, T. E., Leinonen, M. E., & Pärssinen, A. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3264475 · Cited by 15
A Novel 3D Non-Stationary Massive MIMO Channel Model for Shortwave Communication Systems
Lai, F., Wang, C., Huang, J., Feng, R., Gao, X., & Zheng, F. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3281875 · Cited by 15
“The GBSM is also used in several standardized channel models, such as NYU WIRELESS [34], 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 38.”
InfluentialReconfigurable anomalous reflectors with stretchable elastic substrates at 140 GHz band
Kato, Y., Yonemura, K., Seki, K., Kambara, R., & Sanada, A. (2023) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2022-0758 · Cited by 15
“In the sixth generation (6G) wireless communication, millimeter-waves above 100 GHz are supposed to be used to realize high-speed and large-capacity communication with performances far exceeding those of 5G [1–3].”
A 0.4-4 THz p-i-n Diode Frequency Multiplier in 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS
Thomas, S., Razavian, S., Sun, W., Motlagh, B. F., Kim, A. D., Wu, Y., Williams, B. S., & Babakhani, A. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3289129 · Cited by 15
“Due to the vast amount of unallocated spectrum, THz can enable multi-Gb/s communication [3].”
BackgroundIsolation Improvement Technique in Dual-Polarized Antenna for Sub-THz Antenna-in-Package
Park, C. J., Jung, D., Seo, J. W., Kwon, T. S., Ahn, B., & Wi, S. (2023) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2023.3309310 · Cited by 15
“In terms of policy, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission designated the 95 GHz to 3 THz frequency band for next-generation communication research purposes; accordingly, various research activities and white papers related to 6G communication technology have been reported [1], [2], [3], [4].”
BackgroundUser Identification: A Key Enabler for Multi-User Vision-Aided Communications
Charan, G., & Alkhateeb, A. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3342089 · Cited by 15
“of mmWave/sub-terahertz signals, which drastically reduces the received power for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links [1], [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKiasaraei, M. M., Nikitopoulos, K., & Tafazolli, R. (2023) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3342775 · Cited by 15
“However, achieving such an extremely high spectral efficiency with the current wireless systems while preserving ultra-power-efficiency, if not possible, is an extremely challenging task due to technological and hardware limitations [9], [10].”
BackgroundRIS-assisted near-field localization using practical phase shift model
Hassouna, S., Jamshed, M. A., Rehman, M. U., Imran, M. A., & Abbasi, Q. H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54859-3 · Cited by 15
“This capability enables RISs to provide enhanced resolution in AoA for uplink localization or AoD for downlink localization 15 .”
MethodEfficient Channel Tracking Based on Compressive Sensing for OFDM Millimeter-Wave Systems
Uchimura, S., Ishibashi, K., Iimori, H., Klaine, P. V., & Malomsoky, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3373821 · Cited by 15
“W IRELESS cellular communication in higher frequency bands has been investigated over the last years [1], [2], [3], and mmWave base station products have been introduced with the fifth-generation of mobile communication systems (5G).”
BackgroundFang, M., Yang, J. B., Emanuelsson, T., Andersson, I., & Zaman, A. U. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2024.3372147 · Cited by 15
Security and Trust in the 6G Era: Risks and Mitigations
Tripi, G., Iacobelli, A., Rinieri, L., & Prandini, M. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13112162 · Cited by 16
A Low Loss Die-Embedded Glass Substrate for 140 GHz InP Power Amplifier Integration
Jia, X., Li, X., Kim, J. W., Moon, K., Rodwell, M. J. W., & Swaminathan, M. (2024) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/ims40175.2024.10600201 · Cited by 15
“D-band (110 GHz - 170 GHz) is increasingly seen as one of the prime candidates for next-generation wireless communications (6G), due to its expansive spectrum [1].”
Capacity Maximization for Base Station With Hybrid Fixed and Movable Antennas
Shi, X., Shao, X., & Zhang, R. (2024) · IEEE Wireless Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lwc.2024.3451481 · Cited by 15
“…goal, advanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication techniques, such as cell-free massive MIMO [2], extremely large-scale MIMO [3], and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided MIMO [4], have been proposed to improve the performance of wireless communication systems by…”
BackgroundHDnGAN: A Channel Estimation Method for Time-Varying mmWave Massive MIMO
Zhang, J., Xu, S., Yang, R., Li, C., & Yang, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3451561 · Cited by 15
“The clustering of paths into narrow beam clusters in mmWave channels leads to sparsity in their representation, as observed in channel measurements [10].”
BackgroundA Zero-Trust Authentication Scheme With Access Control for 6G-Enabled IoT Environments
Son, S., Kwon, D., Lee, S.-W., Kwon, H., & Park, Y. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3484522 · Cited by 15
“The sixth generation (6G) is the next generation of wireless communication technology that can support transmission speeds of about ten times faster than fifth-generation (5G) technology [1] and is expected to enter commercialization soon.”
BackgroundWang, R., Ikram, M., Yu, Y., Zhang, H., & Shamim, A. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2025.3550327 · Cited by 15
“…connected robotics and autonomous systems, and wireless brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), may only become feasible with the advent of sixth-generation (6G), which is planned to be operated in the sub-THz frequency range and promises to offer a much larger bandwidth (BW) than current 5G bands [11].”
Utilizing the eSIM for Public Key Cryptography: a Network Security Solution for 6G
Mousa, A. A., Qomri, M. A., Hajri, S. A., & Zagrouba, R. (2020) · doi:10.1109/iccis49240.2020.9257601 · Cited by 15
“Literatures have suggested peak data rates of up to 1 Tbps [1, 2, 6-8].”
BackgroundReinforcement Learning for Optimized Beam Training in Multi-Hop Terahertz Communications
Ahmadi, A., & Semiari, O. (2021) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500883 · Cited by 15
“Among these emerging services include, but not limited to, factory automation, autonomous vehicular platoon systems, swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and user interactions via wireless extended reality applications [2].”
BackgroundIntelligent Forward-Wave Amplifier Design With Deep Learning and Genetic Algorithm
Liu, K., Xue, Q., Zhao, D., & Feng, J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/ted.2021.3077206 · Cited by 15
“With the structural complexity, we consider it as a promising and stable forward-wave amplifier in the low-frequency region of the terahertz range, helpful for the developing 6G systems and beyond [13].”
BackgroundRadio Propagation in an Office Environment at 140 GHz and 28 GHz
Olsson, B.-E., Larsson, C., Johansson, M. N., & Nguyen, S. L. H. (2021) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap51087.2021.9411185 · Cited by 15
“A number of papers have already started to evaluate the channel properties for frequencies above 100 GHz for access application [1-6] most of which focusing on the 140 GHz frequency range which is one of the sub bands within the D-band, that is often available for test license.”
BackgroundMillimeter-Wave Vertical III-V Nanowire MOSFET Device-to-Circuit Co-Design
Andrić, S., Fhager, L. O., & Wernersson, L. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology · doi:10.1109/tnano.2021.3080621 · Cited by 15
“to use vertical III-V NW MOSFETs in large-scale integration, low-power communication systems [13].”
MethodA Wideband Sliding Correlation Channel Sounder in 65 nm CMOS: Evaluation Board Performance
Shakya, D., Wu, T., Knox, M. E., & Rappaport, T. S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3087032 · Cited by 15
“The current fifth generation (5G) of cellular wireless has adopted millimeter-wave(mmWave) frequencies for operation; sixth generation (6G) cellular wireless is envisaged to leverage the THz frequency range and the wide bandwidths therein for diverse applications, such as augmented/virtual reality, sub-centimeter posi…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSiGe:BiCMOS technology is enabling D-band link with Active Phased Antenna Array
Pallotta, A., Roux, P., del Rio, D., Sevillano, J. F., Pirbazari, M. M., Mazzanti, A., Ermolov, V., Lamminen, A., Säily, J., Frecassetti, M., et al. (2021) · Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit) · doi:10.1109/eucnc/6gsummit51104.2021.9482432 · Cited by 15
Improving security in terahertz wireless links using beam symmetry of vortex and Gaussian beams
Troha, T., Ostatnický, T., & Kužel, P. (2021) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.433606 · Cited by 15
AI-Based Communication-as-a-Service for Network Management in Society 5.0
Ghosh, T., Saha, R., Roy, A., Misra, S., & Raghuwanshi, N. S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3119531 · Cited by 15
Spatial-Spectral Terahertz Networks
Zheng, L. L., Wang, L., Tan, B., & Li, X. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3124918 · Cited by 15
“The reason is that frequency given by (2) for obtaining the maximum radiation energy may not be the best option since different THz frequencies have varying THz channel gains with significant path losses [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTwo-Channel VO2 Memory Meta-Device for Terahertz Waves
Lu, X., Dong, B., Zhu, H., Shi, Q., Tang, L., Su, Y., Zhang, C., Huang, W., & Cheng, Q. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11123409 · Cited by 15
“THz waves show enormous potential for application in the fields of high-speed wireless communication [1], imaging [2], and non-destructive testing [3] due to their merits, such as broadband, transient (picosecond magnitude), and low photon energy.”
BackgroundFeng, Q., Yan, D., Li, X., & Li, J. (2022) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.459406 · Cited by 15
ns-3 Implementation of Sub-Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Drop-based NYU Channel Model (NYUSIM)
Poddar, H., Yoshimura, T., Pagin, M., Rappaport, T. S., Ishii, A., & Zorzi, M. (2023) · Workshop on ns-3 (WNS3) · doi:10.1145/3592149.3592155 · Cited by 15
“3592155 1 INTRODUCTION The increasing demand for higher capacity, multi-Gbps data rates, and latencies of less than a millisecond is pushing the wireless industry to explore frequencies higher than mmWave [5, 30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRaji, M. F., Li, J., Haq, A. U., Ejianya, V. N., Khan, J., Khan, A., Khalil, M., Ali, A., Khan, G. A., Shahid, M., et al. (2020) · Scientific Programming · doi:10.1155/2020/3204695 · Cited by 16
“Surprisingly, the increasing number of certain new applications as well as newer, yet to be conceived applications, will require even greater data rates among other requirements than what 5G NR can offer [4], and some of those applications might not even fall completely within a single defined use-case [5].”
Background6G Communications: A Vision on the Potential ApplicationsPreprint
Nayak, S., & Patgiri, R. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.07531 · Cited by 15
Cybersecurity in Satellite Communication Networks: Key Threats and Neutralization Measures
-, A. R. K. V. (2025) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3585060 · Cited by 20
“SATCOMs are essential for space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGIN), terahertz communication, and quantum communication (QC) [4], [14], [15].”
Yu, W., He, H., Song, S., Zhang, J., Dai, L., Zheng, L., & Letaief, K. B. (2025) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.032 · Cited by 21
Sawada, R., Liu, H., Yanagimoto, S., Yanagimoto, Y., & Ando, S. (2025) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.5c02706 · Cited by 14
On-chip topological leaky-wave antenna for full-space terahertz wireless connectivity
Wang, W., Tan, Y. J., Szriftgiser, P., Ducournau, G., & Singh, R. (2026) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-025-01825-8 · Cited by 17
Aliouane, M., Conrat, J.-M., Cousin, J.-C., & Begaud, X. (2022) · Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit) · doi:10.1109/eucnc/6gsummit54941.2022.9815763 · Cited by 14
Energy-Efficient and Fair IoT Data Distribution in Decentralised Federated Learning
Zhao, J., Feng, Y., Chang, X., Xu, P. M., Li, S., Liu, C. H., Yu, W., Tang, J., & Crowcroft, J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2022.3185672 · Cited by 14
“The authors of [9][10] discuss the potential and challenges of terahertz (THz) communication and visible light communication (VLC) in 6G networks.”
BackgroundEdge Computing: The Computing Infrastructure for the Smart Megacities of the Future
Motlagh, N. H., Lovén, L., Cao, J., Liu, X., Nurmi, P., Dustdar, S., Tarkoma, S., & Su, X. J. (2022) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2022.3203613 · Cited by 14
Deep Learning at the Physical Layer for Adaptive Terahertz Communications
Hall, J., Jornet, J. M., Thawdar, N., Melodia, T., & Restuccia, F. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2023.3237697 · Cited by 14
“Ultimately, this is because ultra-high-BW wireless links able to multiplex thousands of users at the same time are possible at THz frequencies [4].”
BackgroundWideband Inter-Beam Interference Cancellation for mmW/Sub-THz Phased Arrays With Squint
Javed, M. Y., Tervo, N., Leinonen, M. E., & Pärssinen, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3242133 · Cited by 14
“However, these frequencies suffer from significant path and propagation losses per antenna element, posing a serious challenge to practical communications [5], [6].”
BackgroundCompressed Training for Dual-Wideband Time-Varying Sub-Terahertz Massive MIMO
Chou, T.-H., Michelusi, N., Love, D. J., & Krogmeier, J. V. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3247789 · Cited by 14
“However, sub-THz communication systems may use one order of magnitude more bandwidth than mmWave communication systems [3], hence are more severely affected by the wideband effect.”
BackgroundMungwarakarama, I., Wang, Y., Hei, X., Song, X., Turiho, J. C., & Nyesheja, E. M. (2023) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math11102372 · Cited by 14
Channel Measurement and Coverage Analysis for NIRS-Aided THz Communications in Indoor Environments
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Yu, Z., & Han, C. Z. (2023) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2023.3294340 · Cited by 14
“T HE THz band, ranging from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, is envisoned as key technology for the next-generation communication networks, stemming from abundant spectrum resources and ultra-large contiguous usable bandwidths [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialA Study on mm-Wave Propagation in and Around Buildings
Possenti, L., Barbiroli, M., Vitucci, E. M., Fuschini, F., Fosci, M., & Degli‐Esposti, V. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/ojap.2023.3297201 · Cited by 14
“IN ORDER to cope with the explosive growth of data rate demand and given the sub-6 GHz spectrum shortage, millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequencies (∼30-300 GHz) have been considered for 5G systems and beyond [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].”
BackgroundBinda, P., Banerjee, S., Mitharwal, R., & Nanda, S. (2023) · Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.photonics.2023.101211 · Cited by 14
Integrated Sensing and Communications for 3D Object Imaging via Bilinear Inference
Rou, H. S., de Abreu, G. T. F., David González, G., & Gonsa, O. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3352975 · Cited by 14
“…by novel enabling technologies such as high-frequency communications in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) [5], [6], [7] and Terahertz (THz) [8], [9], [10] bands, massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) techniques [11], [12], [13], reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) [14], [15], [16].”
BackgroundFaghih-Naini, S., Sebastian, C., Reißland, T., Weigel, R., & Scheiner, B. (2024) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2023.3341010 · Cited by 14
“Sensing applications at mm-wave exploit the wide channel bandwidth and mm-wave selective resonance and absorption of materials in the channel [21], along with directional beamforming of multiple antennas [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialJianjun, 余. Y. (2024) · Laser & Optoelectronics Progress · doi:10.3788/lop231624 · Cited by 14
Shimizu, A., Fukada, K., Endo, S., & Kambara, S. (2024) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/ad39f5 · Cited by 14
A Survey of Federated Learning for mmWave Massive MIMO
Nugroho, V. A., & Lee, B. M. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3397302 · Cited by 16
“Future 6G era is envisioned to be deployed in the 2025–2035 timeframe [26].”
BackgroundA Survey on Smart Optimisation Techniques for 6G-oriented Integrated Circuits Design
Nguyen, T. Q., Hoang, T., Zhang, L., Dobre, O. A., & Duong, T. Q. (2023) · Mobile Networks and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11036-024-02343-7 · Cited by 14
On the Performance of Active RIS-Assisted Mixed RF-THz Relaying Systems
Yin, Y., Yang, L., Li, X., Liu, H., Guo, K., & Li, Y. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3526994 · Cited by 14
“In 6G, THz communication provides an ideal solution to meet the demands for high-speed, low-latency, and large-scale data transmission, primarily due to its potential for ultrawide bandwidth and ultrahigh transmission rates [3], [4].”
Extremely Large-Scale Array Systems: Near-Field Codebook Design and Performance Analysis
Zheng, F., Yu, H., Wang, C., Sun, L., Wu, Q., & Chen, Y. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3535864 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, the deployment of ELAA’s high beamforming gain facilitates enhanced spatial resolution and compensates for significant path loss experienced in the terahertz frequency bands [4].”
Ultrathin Terahertz-Wave Absorber Based on Inorganic Materials for 6G Wireless Communications
Ohkoshi, S., Tsuzuo, Y., Yoshikiyo, M., Namai, A., Otake, T., Okuzono, K., Tanaka, Y., & Katayama, S. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c17606 · Cited by 14
MIMO antenna optimization for millimeter-wave 5G applications using machine learning
Ghasemi, M. (2025) · Discover Electronics · doi:10.1007/s44291-025-00100-y · Cited by 14
“[3], a potential solution is to transition to the millimeter wave bands [4, 5], which inevitably results in higher free-space path losses.”
Prospects of Terahertz Transistors with the Topological Semimetal Cadmium Arsenide
Shoron, O. F., Goyal, M., Guo, B., Kealhofer, D., Schumann, T., & Stemmer, S. (2020) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.202000676 · Cited by 14
Application of future 6G technology to support heavy data traffic in highly mobile networks
Kunst, R., de Freitas, E. P., Zhou, T., & Hu, H. (2020) · International Conference of Smart Systems and Emerging Technologies (SMARTTECH) · doi:10.1109/smart-tech49988.2020.00044 · Cited by 14
“Rappaport et al. [4] provides a complete study on 6G.”
BackgroundRain Attenuation Characterization for 6G Terahertz Wireless Communication
Shawon, M. E., Chowdhury, M. Z., Hossen, M. B., Ahmed, M. F., & Jang, Y. M. (2021) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC) · doi:10.1109/icaiic51459.2021.9415196 · Cited by 14
“For high resolution precise imaging purposes terahertz band serves better than the LIDAR as the ambient effect is less [6].”
BackgroundLocalization Threats in Next-Generation Wireless Networks
Göztepe, C., Büyükçorak, S., Kurt, G. K., & Yanıkömeroğlu, H. (2021) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.010.2001150 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Rappaport, T. S., Xing, Y., Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Madanayake, A., Mandal, S., Alkhateeb, A., & Trichopoulos, G. C.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Florida International University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 78729-78757
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2955897898
- Cited by
- 2,617
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 333 · 2025: 448 · 2024: 412 · 2023: 422 · 2022: 406 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 214 · 2019: 26
- FWCI
- 90.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1702967, 1731290, 1902283, 1711395, 1854798, 1730946)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Antenna Design and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Keywords
- terahertz communication, 6G, wireless sensing, wireless imaging, position location, smart antennas, beam steering, propagation models, channel modeling, spatial consistency, power efficiency, spectrum regulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
