Organic Multi-Channel Optoelectronic Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring
Open accessAbstract
Recent progress in printed optoelectronics and their integration in wearable sensors have created new avenues for research in reflectance photoplethysmography (PPG) and oximetry. The reflection-mode sensor, which consists of light emitters and detectors, is a vital component of reflectance oximeters. Here, we report a systematic study of the reflectance oximeter sensor design in terms of component geometry, light emitter and detector spacing, and the use of an optical barrier between the emitter and the detector to maximize sensor performance. Printed red and near-infrared (NIR) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photodiodes (OPDs) are used to design three sensor geometries: (1) Rectangular geometry, where square OLEDs are placed at each side of the OPD; (2) Bracket geometry, where the OLEDs are shaped as brackets and placed around the square OPD; (3) Circular geometry, where the OLEDs are shaped as block arcs and placed around the circular OPD. Utilizing the bracket geometry, we observe 39.7% and 18.2% improvement in PPG signal magnitude in the red and NIR channels compared to the rectangular geometry, respectively. Using the circular geometry, we observe 48.6% and 9.2% improvements in the red and NIR channels compared to the rectangular geometry. Furthermore, a wearable two-channel PPG sensor is utilized to add redundancy to the measurement. Finally, inverse-variance weighting and template matching algorithms are implemented to improve the detection of heart rate from the multi-channel PPG signals.
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The PPG signal amplitude at the upper wrist is lower than that at other sites, such as the underside of the wrist.
“Second, the signal amplitude at the upper wrist is lower than that at other sites, such as the underside of the wrist [55].”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
PPG signals can be expressed in Volts, with the pulsatile component of the order of 1 mV in amplitude, although lower amplitudes can be caused by technical factors such as inappropriate gain control or physiological factors such as vasoconstriction.
“In this case, the pulsatile component of the PPG can be of the order of 1 mV in amplitude [55] although lower amplitudes can be caused by technical factors, such as inappropriate gain control, or physiological factors, such as vasoconstriction [9].”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The configuration of a PPG sensor has a large impact on PPG signal quality.
“The configuration of a PPG sensor has a large impact on the PPG signal quality.”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
Configurations in which LEDs surround the photodiode result in higher PPG signal amplitudes.
“Key considerations include [55] the geometry of LED and photodiode positioning, since configurations in which LEDs surround the photodiode result in higher PPG signal amplitudes, the spacing between an LED and the photodiode, since a shorter spacing results in higher amplitudes, and the use of an optical barrier between the LED(s) and photodiode, which can increase the signal amplitude.”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
A shorter spacing between an LED and the photodiode results in higher PPG signal amplitudes.
“Key considerations include [55] the geometry of LED and photodiode positioning, since configurations in which LEDs surround the photodiode result in higher PPG signal amplitudes, the spacing between an LED and the photodiode, since a shorter spacing results in higher amplitudes, and the use of an optical barrier between the LED(s) and photodiode, which can increase the signal amplitude.”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The use of an optical barrier between the LED(s) and photodiode can increase PPG signal amplitude.
“Key considerations include [55] the geometry of LED and photodiode positioning, since configurations in which LEDs surround the photodiode result in higher PPG signal amplitudes, the spacing between an LED and the photodiode, since a shorter spacing results in higher amplitudes, and the use of an optical barrier between the LED(s) and photodiode, which can increase the signal amplitude.”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The challenge in colorimetric, fluorescence and luminescence sensors is the preparation of chemical detergents that indicate the presence of analytes by changing their optical properties.
“However, the challenge is the preparation of chemical detergents that indicate the presence of the analytes by changing their optical properties [74,277,278].”
From The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables (2022) · cites this paper as [74]
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Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring
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- Authors
- Khan, Y., Han, D., Ting, J., Ahmed, M., Nagisetty, R., & Arias, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Intel (United States) (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 128114-128124
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2971855146
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Semiconductor Research Corporation (2014-IN-2571)
- Cambridge Display Technology Limited (02672530)
- FlexTech (AFOSR-42299)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
- Keywords
- wearable health monitoring, organic light-emitting diodes, organic photodiodes, sensor geometry, optical barrier, near-infrared sensing, heartbeat detection, inverse variance weighting, template matching, sensor redundancy
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