Blockchain Meets Federated Learning in Healthcare: A Systematic Review With Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
Recently, innovations in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), information and communication technologies, and machine learning (ML) have enabled smart healthcare. Pooling medical data into a centralized storage system to train a robust ML model, on the other hand, poses privacy, ownership, and regulatory challenges. Federated learning (FL) overcomes the prior problems with a centralized aggregator server and a shared global model. However, there are two technical challenges: 1) FL members need to be motivated to contribute their time and effort and 2) the centralized FL server may not accurately aggregate the global model. Therefore, combining the blockchain and FL can overcome these issues and provide high-level security and privacy for smart healthcare in a decentralized fashion. This study integrates two emerging technologies, blockchain and FL, for healthcare. We describe how blockchain-based FL plays a fundamental role in improving competent healthcare, where edge nodes manage the blockchain to avoid a single point of failure, while IoMT devices employ FL to use dispersed clinical data fully. We discuss the benefits and limitations of combining both technologies based on a content analysis approach. We emphasize three main research streams based on a systematic analysis of blockchain-empowered: 1) IoMT; 2) electronic health records (EHRs) and electronic medical records (EMRs) management; and 3) digital healthcare systems (internal consortium/secure alerting). In addition, we present a novel conceptual framework of blockchain-enabled FL for the digital healthcare environment. Finally, we highlight the challenges and future directions of combining blockchain and FL for healthcare applications.
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Federated learning retains sensitive data locally, reducing the risk of data breaches during transmission.
“FL significantly augments data security and privacy by retaining sensitive information locally, thereby reducing the risk of data breaches during transmission [56].”
From Federated learning meets blockchain in decentralized data-sharing: Healthcare use case (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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A Secure Softwarized Blockchain-based Federated Health Alliance for Next Generation IoT Networks
Das, P., Singh, M., & Roy, D. G. (2021) · 2021 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/gcwkshps52748.2021.9682088 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
On the Design of Medical Data Ecosystem for Improving Healthcare Research and Commercial Incentive
Shae, Z., & Tsai, J. J. P. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Machine Intelligence (CogMI) · doi:10.1109/cogmi52975.2021.00024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Convergence of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence to Decentralize Healthcare Systems
Lobo, V. B., Analin, J., Laban, R. M., & More, S. S. (2020) · International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) · doi:10.1109/iccmc48092.2020.iccmc-000171 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Blockchain-Based Federated Learning Against End-Point Adversarial Data Corruption
Sun, Y., Esaki, H., & Ochiai, H. (2020) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications · doi:10.1109/icmla51294.2020.00119 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Defending Blockchain Forking Attack by Delaying MTC Confirmation
Wang, K., Wang, Y., & Ji, Z. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000571 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Multi-Modal COVID-19 Discovery With Collaborative Federated Learning
Chen, X., Shao, Y., Xue, Z., & Yu, Z. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligence Systems (CCIS) · doi:10.1109/ccis53392.2021.9754623 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Peer Consonance in Blockchain based Healthcare Application using AI-based Consensus Mechanism
Kumar, N., Parangjothi, C., Guru, S., et al. (2020) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) · doi:10.1109/icccnt49239.2020.9225550 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Security-Oriented Architecture for Federated Learning in Cloud Environments
Marulli, F., Bellini, E., & Marrone, S. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44038-1_67 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An IoT-Based Secure Vaccine Distribution System through a Blockchain Network
Rathee, G., Garg, S., Kaddoum, G., & Jayakody, D. N. K. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Magazine · doi:10.1109/iotm.0001.2100028 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Islam, A., & Shin, S. Y. (2022) · International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC) · doi:10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952440 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Short, J. E., Miyachi, K., Toouli, C. D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2022.893747 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Federated Learning Model for Healthchain System
Durga, R., & Poovammal, E. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE) · doi:10.1109/icraie52900.2021.9703948 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
HBMD-FL: Heterogeneous Federated Learning Algorithm Based on Blockchain and Model Distillation
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhu, J., & Li, W. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23098-1_9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nguyen, D. C., Ding, M., Pathirana, P. N., Seneviratne, A., & Zomaya, A. Y. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3120998 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Application of Federated Learning in Industrial Internet with Device Identifier
Zhang, X., & Hou, H. (2021) · IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB) · doi:10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547143 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Local Model Update for Blockchain Enabled Federated Learning: Approach and Analysis
Li, Z., Zhou, Y., Wu, D., & Wang, R. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain) · doi:10.1109/blockchain53845.2021.00025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Blockchain for Secure Healthcare: Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions
Alissa, K. A. (2022) · Mathematical Modelling and Engineering Problems · doi:10.18280/mmep.090520 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mobile Blockchain-Empowered Federated Learning: Current Situation And Further Prospect
Wibowo, D. S., & Fong, S. J. (2021) · International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA) · doi:10.1109/bcca53669.2021.9656998 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Purnomo, M. H., Fahruzi, I., & Anggraeni, W. (2020) · doi:10.1109/ibiomed50285.2020.9487632 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
BPFISH: Blockchain and Privacy-preserving FL Inspired Smart HealthcarePreprint
Singh, M. B., & Pratap, A. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2207.11654 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abbas, S. R., Abbas, Z., Zahir, A., & Lee, S. W. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12242587 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Bashir, A. K., Victor, N., Bhattacharya, S., Huynh-The, T., Chengoden, R., Yenduri, G., Maddikunta, P. K. R., Pham, Q.-V., Gadekallu, T. R., & Liyanage, M. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3304790 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Federated learning meets blockchain in decentralized data-sharing: Healthcare use case
Alsamhi, S. H., Myrzashova, R., Hawbani, A., Kumar, S., Srivastava, S., Zhao, L., Wei, X., Guizan, M., & Curry, E. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3367249 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationSurvey: federated learning data security and privacy-preserving in edge-Internet of Things
Li, H., Ge, L., & Tian, L. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-024-10774-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
- Authors
- Myrzashova, R., Alsamhi, S. H., Shvetsov, A. V., Hawbani, A., & Wei, X.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Ibb University (YE)
- North-Eastern Federal University (RU)
- Venue
- IEEE Internet of Things Journal
- Published
- 2023-08-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 14418-14437
- ISSN
- 2327-4662 (ISSN-L)
- 2372-2541
- OpenAlex
- W4361983129
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Internet of Things Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (BJ2060000039)
- ANSO Scholarship for Young Talents.P2
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Keywords
- blockchain, federated learning, health care, Internet of Medical Things, electronic health records, data privacy, edge nodes, smart healthcare, consortium blockchain, data ownership
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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