Drones’ Edge Intelligence Over Smart Environments in B5G: Blockchain and Federated Learning Synergy
Abstract
Edge Intelligence is an emerging technology which has attracted significant attention. It applies Artificial Intelligence (AI) closer to the network edge for supporting Beyond fifth Generation (B5G) needs. On the other hand, drones can be used as relay station (mobile drone edge intelligence) to gather data from smart environments. Federated Learning (FL) enables the drones to perform decentralized collaborative learning by developing local models, sharing the model parameters with neighbors and the centralized unit to improve global model accuracy in smart environments. However, drone edge intelligence faces challenges such as security and decentralization management, limiting its functions to support green smart environments. Blockchain is a promising technology that enables privacy-preserving data sharing in a distributed manner. There are several challenges that still need to be addressed in blockchain-based applications, such as scalability, energy efficiency, and transaction capacity. Motivated by the significance of FL and blockchain, this survey focuses on the synergy of FL and blockchain to enable drone edge intelligence for green sustainable environments. Moreover, we discuss the combination of FL and blockchain technological aspects, motivation, and framework for green smart environments. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities, and future trends in this domain.
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The synergy of Federated Learning and blockchain gives stakeholders unparalleled control over data in addition to security.
“Moreover, the synergy of FL and blockchain gives stakeholders unparalleled control over data in addition to security [17].”
From Federated learning meets blockchain in decentralized data-sharing: Healthcare use case (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
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On the 3-D Placement of Airborne Base Stations Using Tethered UAVs
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Cavalry to the rescue: Drones fleet to help rescuers operations over disasters scenarios
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Self-citationBUAV: A blockchain based secure UAV-assisted data acquisition scheme in Internet of Things
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Blockchain-Based Key Management for Heterogeneous Flying Ad Hoc Network
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PIRATE: A Blockchain-Based Secure Framework of Distributed Machine Learning in 5G Networks
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Analysis of environmental impacts of drone delivery on an online shopping system
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Utility Based Data Computing Scheme to Provide Sensing Service in Internet of Things
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On the Resilience of DAG-Based Distributed Ledgers in IoT Applications
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Blockchain and Federated Learning for 5G Beyond
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Stackelberg Game-Based Computation Offloading in Social and Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things
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Chain FL: Decentralized Federated Machine Learning via Blockchain
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UAV-Aided Air-to-Ground Cooperative Nonorthogonal Multiple Access
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The drone ambulance [A-UAS]: golden bullet or just a blank?
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Joint Trajectory and Power Optimization for UAV Sensing Over Cellular Networks
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QoS-Aware Power Control in Internet of Drones for Data Collection Service
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Caching in Energy Harvesting Aided Internet of Things: A Game-Theoretic Approach
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Federated learning meets blockchain at 6G edge
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Blockchain-Enabled Asynchronous Federated Learning in Edge Computing
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Self-citationMachine Learning for Smart Environments in B5G Networks: Connectivity and QoS
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Self-citationFast and safe gas detection from underground coal fire by drone fly over
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Optimizing Grouped Aggregation in Geo-Distributed Streaming Analytics
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Energy-Efficient Tethered UAV Deployment in B5G for Smart Environments and Disaster Recovery
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Self-citationPiao, C., & Liu, C. H. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2962545 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Blockchain-Empowered Decentralized Storage in Air-to-Ground Industrial Networks
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Online Task Allocation and Flying Control in Fog-Aided Internet of Drones
Yao, J., & Ansari, N. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2982172 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Caching in Dynamic IoT Networks by Deep Reinforcement Learning
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Tethered balloon technology for telecommunication, coverage and path loss
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Self-citationHAP antenna radiation pattern for providing coverage and service characteristics
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Self-citationIncentivizing Resource Cooperation for Blockchain Empowered Wireless Power Transfer in UAV Networks
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A Blockchain-Powered Decentralized and Secure Computing Paradigm
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Blockchain-based IoT platform for autonomous drone operations management
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UAV-Assisted Communication in Remote Disaster Areas Using Imitation Learning
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Self-citationFederated Learning for Cellular-Connected UAVs: Radio Mapping and Path Planning
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Modeling of Hybrid Energy Harvesting Communication Systems
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Intelligence at the Edge of Complex Networks: The Case of Cognitive Transmission Power Control
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QoS-Aware Rechargeable UAV Trajectory Optimization for Sensing Service
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Blockchain Dividing Based on Node Community Clustering in Intelligent Manufacturing CPS
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BUMAR: A Blockchain-Empowered UAV-Assisted Smart Surveillance Architecture for Marine Areas
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Tethered Balloon Technology for Green Communication in Smart Cities and Healthy Environment
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Self-citationClosed-loop and open-loop authentication protocols for blockchain-based IoT systems
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Performance evaluation of broadband service delivery via tethered balloon technology
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Self-citationCapacity and Coverage Enhancement Using Long-Endurance Tethered Airborne Base StationsPreprint
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IFLBC: On the Edge Intelligence Using Federated Learning Blockchain Network
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Blockchain-Based Participant Selection for Federated Learning
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BLOCK-ML: Blockchain and Machine Learning for UAV-BSs Deployment
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An incentive scheme for federated learning in the sky
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Methods for correcting positions of tethered UAVs in adverse weather conditions
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Drone-Based Monitoring and Redirecting System
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Aviation Terminal Data Security Architecture Based on Blockchain
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A Survey on the Convergence of Edge Computing and AI for UAVs: Opportunities and Challenges
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Blockchain-empowered Federated Learning: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions
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Myrzashova, R., Alsamhi, S. H., Shvetsov, A. V., Hawbani, A., & Wei, X. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3263598 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationFederated learning meets blockchain in decentralized data-sharing: Healthcare use case
Alsamhi, S. H., Myrzashova, R., Hawbani, A., Kumar, S., Srivastava, S., Zhao, L., Wei, X., Guizan, M., & Curry, E. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3367249 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Alsamhi, S. H., Almalki, F. A., Afghah, F., Hawbani, A., Shvetsov, A. V., Lee, B., & Song, H.
- Affiliations
- Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest (IE)
- Taif University (SA)
- Clemson University (US)
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- North-Eastern Federal University (RU)
- Athlone Institute of Technology (IE)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach Florida Campus (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 295-312
- ISSN
- 2473-2400 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4206145535
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 22.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Marie Skłodowska-Curie (847577)
- Research Grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) (16/RC/3918)
- Deanship of Scientific Research at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, through Taif University Researchers Supporting Project (TURSP-2020/265)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-20-1-0090)
- National Science Foundation (CNS-2034218, CNS-2120485)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › UAV Applications and Optimization
- Keywords
- beyond 5G, blockchain, federated learning, smart environments, privacy-preserving data sharing, green communication, energy efficiency, blockchain scalability
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