Active Books: The Design of an Implantable Stimulator That Minimizes Cable Count Using Integrated Circuits Very Close to Electrodes
Abstract
This paper presents an integrated stimulator that can be embedded in implantable electrode books for interfacing with nerve roots at the cauda equina. The Active Book overcomes the limitation of conventional nerve root stimulators which can only support a small number of stimulating electrodes due to cable count restriction through the dura. Instead, a distributed stimulation system with many tripole electrodes can be configured using several Active Books which are addressed sequentially. The stimulator was fabricated in a 0.6-μm high-voltage CMOS process and occupies a silicon area of 4.2 × 6.5 mm(2). The circuit was designed to deliver up to 8 mA stimulus current to tripole electrodes from an 18 V power supply. Input pad count is limited to five (two power and three control lines) hence requiring a specific procedure for downloading stimulation commands to the chip and extracting information from it. Supported commands include adjusting the amplitude of stimulus current, varying the current ratio at the two anodes in each channel, and measuring relative humidity inside the chip package. In addition to stimulation mode, the chip supports quiescent mode, dissipating less than 100 nA current from the power supply. The performance of the stimulator chip was verified with bench tests including measurements using tripoles in saline.
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For humidity sensing, capacitive measurement techniques have been reported with advanced compensatory methods to reduce parasitics and increase the readout sensitivity to achieve sub-fF resolution using nA-scale currents for charging and discharging the capacitors.
“For humidity sensing, capacitive measurement techniques have been reported [80] with advanced compensatory methods to reduce parasitics and increase the readout sensitivity to achieve sub-fF resolution using nA-scale currents for charging and discharging the capacitors [127].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
Platinum black and nanostructured platinum grass coatings have both shown significant improvements in electrode impedance, due to an increased surface area.
“More specifically, platinum black (Tand et al. 2014) and nanostructured platinum grass (Liu et al. 2012) coatings have both shown significant improvements in electrode impedance, due to an increased surface area.”
From Realizing flexible bioelectronic medicines for accessing the peripheral nerves – technology considerations (2018) · cites this paper as Liu et al. 2012
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“They check for available headroom with respect to the interface impedance [44], [129], and detect excess power or leakage of fluids via temperature and humidity sensing [67], [80].”
InfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., Vanhoestenberghe, A., Jiang, D., & Donaldson, N.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 216-227
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2147707331
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/F009593/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- implantable neural stimulator, nerve root stimulation, high-voltage CMOS, integrated circuit design, relative humidity measurement
- MeSH terms
- Biomedical Engineering, Cauda Equina, Computers, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Electronics, Medical, Equipment Design, Humans, Humidity, Male, Motor Neurons, Electric Power Supplies, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Implantable Neurostimulators, Wireless Technology
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