Cited by 935Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringCardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionBlood Pressure and Hypertension Studies

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Toward Ubiquitous Blood Pressure Monitoring via Pulse Transit Time: Theory and Practice

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Mukkamala, Ramakrishna, Hahn, Jin-Oh, Inan, Omer T., Mestha, Lalit K., Kim, Chang-Sei, Toreyin, Hakan, Kyal, Survi·2015·IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

DOI 10.1109/tbme.2015.2441951PMC PMC4515215

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Abstract

Ubiquitous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is needed to improve hypertension detection and control and is becoming feasible due to recent technological advances such as in wearable sensing. Pulse transit time (PTT) represents a well-known potential approach for ubiquitous BP monitoring. The goal of this review is to facilitate the achievement of reliable ubiquitous BP monitoring via PTT. We explain the conventional BP measurement methods and their limitations; present models to summarize the theory of the PTT-BP relationship; outline the approach while pinpointing the key challenges; overview the previous work toward putting the theory to practice; make suggestions for best practice and future research; and discuss realistic expectations for the approach.

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Items 501–600 of 934

Non-invasive pulse wave velocity measurement in mice
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Background
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BackgroundMethod
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Continuous blood pressure monitoring by photoplethysmography - signal preprocessing requirements based on blood flow modelling
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“In the last case, the tangent was calculated based on five points near themaximal slope using the least squares approach (Mukkamala et al 2015, Poliński et al 2021).”
Method
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Securing Pacemakers Using Runtime Monitors over Physiological Signals
Panda, A., Pinisetty, S., & Roop, P. S. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3638286 · Cited by 6
MEMS Fingertip Strain Plethysmography for Cuffless Estimation of Blood Pressure
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BackgroundMethod
A Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network for Personalized Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Photoplethysmography
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Classification of Blood Volume Decompensation State via Machine Learning Analysis of Multi-Modal Wearable-Compatible Physiological Signals
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MethodInfluential
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Rachim, V. P., Baek, J., Kim, Y. S., Kim, Y., & Park, S. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3201910 · Cited by 6
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Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, D., & Ping, P. (2018) · IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2018.8409817 · Cited by 6
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Yang, C., Dong, Y., Chen, Y. J., & Tavassolian, N. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2019.2936414 · Cited by 6
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A Low-Cost Tonometer Alternative: A Comparison Between Photoplethysmogram and Finger Ballistocardiogram and Validation Against Tonometric Waveform
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Deep Learning‐Coupled Metabolic Heat Integrated Sensing System for Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring of Blood Glucose
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Video-based estimation of blood pressure
Dasari, A., Jeni, L. A., & Tucker, C. S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311654 · Cited by 5
“To estimate PWV, we compute Pulse Transit Time (PTT) [19], defined as the temporal delay between rPPG signals obtained from two regions at different distances from the heart (such as the face and the hand).”
Wearable ECG-PPG Deep Learning Model for Cardiac Index-Based Noninvasive Cardiac Output Estimation in Cardiac Surgery Patients
Kim, M., Sung, M., Jung, J., Cho, S. P., Park, J., Soh, S., Joo, H., & Chung, K. S. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26020735 · Cited by 7
Arterial Distension Monitoring Scheme Using FPGA-Based Inference Machine in Ultrasound Scanner Circuit System
Lee, Y., Ko, D.-H., Son, M.-H., Yang, S.-H., & Um, J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3363134 · Cited by 5
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Simplified single neuron model for robust local pulse wave velocity sensing using a tetherless bioimpedance device
Hong, S., Hsiao, C., & Coté, G. L. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116793 · Cited by 5
A PMUT-Based Wearable Ultrasound System for Central Blood Pressure Monitoring
Yang, H. Z., Liu, H., Chen, J., Gao, X., Chen, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Li, H., & Yin, F. (2024) · IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Joint Symposium (UFFC-JS) · doi:10.1109/uffc-js60046.2024.10793732 · Cited by 5
“However, upper arm sphygmo-manometers rely on cuffs, and the inﬂation and deﬂation process during measurement can cause patient discomfort, making them unsuitable for frequent or continuous blood pressure monitoring [7].”
A Novel Wearable Device for Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring Utilizing Strain Gauge Technology
McMurray, J. P., DeVries, A., Frazee, K. P., Sizemore, B., Branan, K. L., Jennings, R., & Coté, G. L. (2025) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios15070413 · Cited by 6
Pulse Arrival Time Techniques
Dhillon, M. S., & Banet, M. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24701-0_5 · Cited by 5
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Reconstruction of Continuous Brachial Arterial Pressure from Continuous Finger Arterial Pressure Using a Two-level Optimization Strategy
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“At the second level of the TOP strategy, an indirect parameter estimation can then learn to project the subjects’ physiologic parameters to the optimal TF parameters estimated at the first level of the TOP strategy, as we assume that coefficient B and time delay Δt are related to these physiologic parameters according…”
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The presence of a circadian rhythm in pulse arrival time and its application for classifying blood pressure night-time dip
Finnegan, E., Davidson, S. M., Harford, M., Jorge, J., & Villarroel, M. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629883 · Cited by 5
“PEP has been shown to be a large proportion of PAT (10-35%) and has been suggested to be a significant limitation to SBP estimation using PAT [5].”
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A Hardware-based Lightweight ANN for Real-time Wearable Blood Pressure Estimation
Zhang, J., Li, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, K., Guo, R., Ma, Y., & Qin, Y. (2022) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871215 · Cited by 5
“PPG waveform analysis is a potential approach for achieving continuous, non-invasive, and cuff-less BP measurement [4].”
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Radial artery pulse wave estimation by compressed sensing measurements of wrist bio-impedance
Kromka, J., Šaliga, J., Kováč, O., Vito, L. D., Picariello, F., & Tudosa, I. (2023) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113174 · Cited by 5
A Synthetic Multi-Modal Variable to Capture Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Mental Stress and Transcutaneous Median Nerve Stimulation
Zhou, Y., Parreira, J. D., Shahrbabak, S. M., Sanchez-Perez, J. A., Rahman, F. N., Gazi, A. H., Inan, O. T., & Hahn, J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2024.3453121 · Cited by 5
“…physio-markers are plausibly explainable: (i) PTT and PAT are inversely proportional to diastolic and systolic BP in acute settings, respectively [32]; (ii) PEP is inversely proportional to cardiac contractility and thus to SV [34], [35]; (iii) PPG amplitude at the extremity locations is…”
Non-invasive monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure at the bedside
Proença, M., Braun, F., Muntané, E., Solà, J., Adler, A., Lemay, M., Thiran, J., & Rimoldi, S. F. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591662 · Cited by 5
“An acceptable approximation is to use the R-wave peak of the ECG as surrogate timing reference: the PTT is approximated by the so-called pulse arrival time (PAT) [11].”
Method
Quantifying the effects of blood pressure changes on ballistocardiogram signals
Javaid, A. Q., Töreyin, H., & Inan, O. T. (2017) · Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) · doi:10.1109/siu.2017.7960423 · Cited by 5
“The PTT-BP relationship has been extensively studied in existing literature [7].”
Background
Predicting High Blood Pressure Using Decision Tree-Based Algorithm
Nimmala, S., Ramadevi, Y., Naik, N. S., & Cheruku, R. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8569-7_6 · Cited by 5
A Meta-Analysis of Pulse Arrival Time Based Blood Pressure Estimation
Poliński, A., Pietrewicz, M., Kocejko, T., Bujnowski, A., Rumiński, J., & Wtorek, J. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513605 · Cited by 6
“There are also variety of methods for estimating these points (see for example [19], [20]).”
Interrelationships between pulse arrival time and arterial blood pressure during postural transitions before and after spaceflight
Wood, K. N., Greaves, D. K., & Hughson, R. L. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2019 · Cited by 5
Pulse Wave Velocity Techniques
Li, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24701-0_6 · Cited by 5
Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Pulse Arrival Time and Heart Rate : A Correlation Analysis for Critically Ill Patients
Dash, A. K., Jain, K., Ghosh, N., Patra, A., & Choudhury, A. D. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856583 · Cited by 5
“Review articles on BP monitoring using PAT and other physiological parameters can be found in [6], [10].”
BackgroundMethod
A Machine Learning Enabled Wireless Intracranial Brain Deformation Sensing System
Islam, S., Shah, V., Gidde, S. T. R., Hutapea, P., Song, S. H., Picone, J., & Kim, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.2990071 · Cited by 5
“TBI depends heavily on blood pressure [9], [10], cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or intracranial pressure (ICP).”
Background
Multi-source Multi-frequency Bio-impedance Measurement Method for Localized Pulse Wave Monitoring
Ibrahim, B., Talukder, A., & Jafari, R. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176495 · Cited by 5
“Previous studies showed that cuffless BP can be estimated from features extracted from the arterial pulse signal at the wrist based on the morphology of the pulse signal and pulse transit time (PTT) which is the time delay between the pulse signal between two points along the artery [4-6].”
Background
From sleep medicine to medicine during sleep–a clinical perspective
Bar, N., Sobel, J., Penzel, T., Shamay, Y., & Behar, J. A. (2021) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abf47c · Cited by 5
Noncontact Monitoring of Relative Changes in Blood Pressure Using Microwave Radar Sensors
Suzuki, S. V., Sun, G., Hoshiga, M., Kotani, K., & Asao, T. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering · doi:10.4236/jbise.2022.151006 · Cited by 5
Overweight/Obese Status Synergistically Worsens Nocturnal Time-to-Time Blood Pressure in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Wu, Y., Geng, X., Xu, Z., & Ni, X. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s370334 · Cited by 5
“BP value can be obtained for each beat.(20) Since the sleep stage score is based on 30 seconds, BP”
Background
Methods of Contactless Blood Pressure Measurement
Bajraktari, F., Liu, J., & Pott, P. P. (2022) · Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/cdbme-2022-1112 · Cited by 5
“It is inversely related to the BP [12].”
Background
Pulse arrival time measurement with coffee provocation
Ahmaniemi, T., Rajala, S., Lindholm, H. J., & Taipalus, T. (2017) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8036810 · Cited by 5
“Firstly, satisfactory correlation of PAT or PWV with blood pressure seems to be apply only to systolic blood pressure [5], which may be insufficient for cardiac monitoring applications.”
BackgroundInfluential
Blood Pressure Estimation using Arterial Diameter: Exploring Different Machine Learning Methods
Poojitha, U. P., Ram, K., Nabeel, P. M., Kiran, R. V., Joseph, J., & Sivaprakasam, M. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) · doi:10.1109/memea49120.2020.9137234 · Cited by 5
“The need for cuff-less BP measurement is growing due to its applicability as wearable, clinical importance and non-invasiveness [2], [3].”
BackgroundMethod
Heart rate variability enhances the accuracy of non-invasive continuous blood pressure estimation under blood loss
Guang, Z., Wang, Z., Hou, F., Wan, Z., Feng, C., Yu, M. Y., Wang, J., & Wang, H. (2021) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0037661 · Cited by 5
Reconstruction of continuous brachial artery pressure wave from continuous finger arterial pressure in humans
Zhang, P., Qiu, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13246-018-0652-9 · Cited by 5
Noninvasive method to validate the variability of blood pressure during arrhythmias
Watanabe, T., Hoshide, S., & Kario, K. (2021) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00835-7 · Cited by 5
“cardiography monitoring to the maximum pulse wave in the peripheral arteries was defined as the conventional pulse transit time (cPTT) [5, 6], and this time variable has been used in a novel cuffless form of continuous BP monitoring.”
Method
PracticalBP: Continuous Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring with Only One Record for Calibration
Li, C., Junyao, P., Hu, Q., Chen, L., Huang, Y., Wu, S., Cheng, W., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3749486 · Cited by 5
“This type of work is based on the Moens-Korteweg equation and Hughes Equation [40, 45] to model blood vessels and blood flow, and it is found that BP has a strong correlation with pulse wave transmission velocity.”
Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring Devices: Technical Foundations and Clinical Implications
Parati, G., Ochoa, J. E., Abreu, A. B. A., Brouwers, S., Bruno, R. M., Caiani, E. G., Casado-Arroyo, R., Cluitmans, M. J. M., Davos, C. H., LUCIA, R. D., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwag058 · Cited by 5
Calibration‐free blood pressure estimation based on a convolutional neural network
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Evaluation of Wearable Head BCG for PTT Measurement in Blood Pressure Intervention
Wang, W., Zhu, L., Morshed, M. B., Rahman, M. M., Bae, J., & Kuang, J. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10890732 · Cited by 4
“Pulse transit time (PTT), the time interval taken for pulse wave to travel from proximal to distal sites through the aorta tree, is well recognized to closely relate to BP through the pulse wave transition theory [1].”
Camera-Based Neonatal Blood Pressure Estimation From Multisite and Multiwavelength Pulse Transit Time—A Proof of Concept in NICU
Zeng, Y., Zhu, Y., Song, X., Wang, Q., Yang, J., & Wang, W. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3557771 · Cited by 4
“Prior research has estimated BP using PAT that incorporates the preejection period (PEP) and PTT [41].”
An Explainable and Formal Framework for Hypertension Monitoring Using ECG and PPG
Panda, A., Anand, A., Pinisetty, S., & Roop, P. S. (2024) · IEEE Embedded Systems Letters · doi:10.1109/les.2024.3443449 · Cited by 4
“2) is a good indicator of BP [15].”
Wearable multimodal sensing for quantifying the cardiovascular autonomic effects of levodopa in parkinsonism
Berkebile, J. A., Inan, O. T., & Beach, P. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2025.1543838 · Cited by 4
Precise Opening Detection of Heart Aortic Valve Towards Noninvasive Continuous Blood Pressure Detection
Zhu, L., Morshed, M. B., Hahn, J., Rahman, M. M., & Desai, S. A. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11254380 · Cited by 4
“It is highly sensitive to changes in arterial stiffness and BP, making it a widely pursued biomarker for cuffless BP monitoring [8], [9].”
Performance of Systolic Blood Pressure estimation from radial Pulse Arrival Time (PAT) in anesthetized patients
Solà, J., Vybornova, A., Braun, F., Proença, M., Delgado-Gonzalo, R., Ferrario, D., Verjus, C., Bertschi, M., Pierrel, N., & Schoettker, N. (2017) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5122-7_216 · Cited by 4
Ubiquitous blood pressure monitoring using EEG and PPG signals
Lu, Y., Peng, H., Zhao, J., Deng, Z., Huang, Z., Zhang, J., Deng, J., Wang, Z., & Wei, C. (2017) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3123024.3123187 · Cited by 5
“The relationship between PTT and blood pressure has been studied by many researchers (for examples, see comprehensive review[3].”
BackgroundInfluential
Monitoring of Pulse Pressure and Arterial Pressure Waveform Changes during the Valsalva Maneuver by a Portable Ultrasound System
Seo, J., Sodini, C. G., & Lee, H.-S. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513259 · Cited by 4
“the strain because the central arterial compliance is negligibly affected by the autonomic nervous control [17].”
Background
Individual-Based Cuffless Continue Estimation of Blood Pressure Measurement: Using Multiple Pulse Transmit Time
Chen, K., Zhang, X., Zou, Q., & Wang, X. (2020) · International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS) · doi:10.1109/icitbs49701.2020.00196 · Cited by 4
“As can be seen from table, for SBP and DBP estimated from proposed method and the contrast method[5][13], BP estimation with the new proposed method agreed with those”
BackgroundMethod
Validation of Pulse Transit Time Based Blood Pressure Estimation on Atrial Fibrillation Patients
Chen, Y., Huang, S., Wang, T., & Ma, T. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176221 · Cited by 4
“PTT-BP relationship has been widely investigated [3, 4], and current PTT-BP relationship is under the following assumptions: (1) vessel properties including ρ, γ, and the ratio of h to d remain constant; (2) wave reflection interference is absent[5].”
Background
OfficeBP
Guo, M., Ni, H., & Chen, A. Q. (2020) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3410530.3414398 · Cited by 4
“Including Systolic Time (ST), Diastolic Time (DT), and the other intervals between different positions on the PPG; c) Personal profile features, user's information is closely related to physical conditions such as gender, age, BMI, etc., It is worth mentioning that the PTT in OfficeBP is caused by the difference in di…”
BackgroundInfluential
Pulse Arrival Time Is Associated With Hemorrhagic Volume in a Porcine Model: A Pilot Study
Booth, G. J., Cole, J., Geiger, P., Adams, J., Barnhill, J., & Hughey, S. B. (2021) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usab069 · Cited by 4
A Unified Calibration Paradigm for a Better Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation with Modes of Elastic Tube and Vascular Elasticity
Shao, J., Shi, P. A., & Hu, S. (2021) · Journal of Sensors · doi:10.1155/2021/8868083 · Cited by 4
“microcirculation, rather than a simple tube [4].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Camera-based blood pressure monitoring
Natarajan, K., Yavarimanesh, M., Wang, W., & Mukkamala, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822281-2.00014-7 · Cited by 4
Blood pressure wave propagation—a multisensor setup for cerebral autoregulation studies
Zienkiewicz, A., Favre, M., Ferdinando, H., Iring-Sanchez, S., Serrador, J. M., & Myllylä, T. (2021) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ac3629 · Cited by 4
“Ononehand, PTTestimation along the central arteries seems to bepromising, because of the central arterial wall properties and little interference causedbywave reflection (Mukkamala et al2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metrological Characterization of Commercial Smartwatches: are these Sensors Suitable for the Assessment of Well-being?
Antognoli, L., Panni, L., Cosoli, G., & Scalise, L. (2023) · IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Living Environment (MetroLivEnv) · doi:10.1109/metrolivenv56897.2023.10164071 · Cited by 3
“the point with the maximum gradient on the rising edge of the PPG [24].”
BackgroundInfluential
A comparative analysis of reflective and transmissive PPG sensor in pulse acquisition system
Sukesh Rao, M., Hegde, R. B., & Bangera, S. C. (2023) · International Conference on Computer, Electronics & Electrical Engineering & their Applications (IC2E3) · doi:10.1109/ic2e357697.2023.10262473 · Cited by 4
“Several study has been made to find the accuracy and stability of heart rate (HR) determined from the PPG signal with discrete BPM values and found essential differences according to the finger and type of PPG sensor used [4], [6], [7], [9], [10], [17]–[19].”
BackgroundMethod
Fingertip Strain Plethysmography: Representation of Pulse Information based on Vascular Vibration
Shokouhmand, A., Ayazi, F., & Ebadi, N. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340340 · Cited by 4
“As a result, the reflected light has lower density compared to the transmitted light [5].”
Background
A Novel Indicator for Cuff-Less Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Photoplethysmography
Jiang, H., Miao, F., Gao, M., Hong, X., He, Q., Ma, H., & Li, Y. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48335-1_13 · Cited by 4
Video-based Photoplethysmography and Machine Learning Algorithms to Achieve Pulse Wave Velocity
Souza, P. H. D. B., Souza, I. M. B., Alcalá, S. G. S., Vitorino, P. V. D. O., da Rocha, A. F., & Barbosa, T. M. G. D. A. (2021) · International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology · doi:10.14445/22490183/ijbtt-v11i1p602 · Cited by 4
A Novel Technique for Continuous Blood Pressure Estimation from Optimal Feature Set of PPG Signal Using Deep Learning ApproachPreprint
Raju, S. M. T. U., Dipto, S. A., Hossain, M. I., Chowdhury, M. A. S., Haque, F., Nashrah, A. T., Nishan, A., Ahmad, A., Chowdhury, M. Z., & Hashem, M. M. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2624386/v1 · Cited by 4

Authors: Mukkamala, R., Hahn, J.-O., Inan, O. T., Mestha, L. K., Kim, C.-S., Toreyin, H., & Kyal, S.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
Palo Alto Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Mukkamala, Ramakrishna
ORCID: Mukkamala, Ramakrishna
Hahn, Jin-Oh
Inan, Omer T.
Kim, Chang-Sei
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2015-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 8
Pages: 1879-1901
ISSN: 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
1558-2531
DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2441951
PMC: PMC4515215
OpenAlex: W2294418644
Cited by: 935
References: 212
Citations by year: 2026: 92 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 4
FWCI: 34.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
National Institutes of Health (U01 EB018818)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Keywords: blood pressure monitoring, pulse transit time, ubiquitous health monitoring, wearable sensors, hypertension detection, non-invasive blood pressure estimation
MeSH terms: Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Clothing, Equipment Design, Humans, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Pulse Wave Analysis

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Toward Ubiquitous Blood Pressure Monitoring via Pulse Transit Time: Theory and Practice

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