Cited by 935Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringCardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionBlood Pressure and Hypertension Studies

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Toward Ubiquitous Blood Pressure Monitoring via Pulse Transit Time: Theory and Practice

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Mukkamala, Ramakrishna, Hahn, Jin-Oh, Inan, Omer T., Mestha, Lalit K., Kim, Chang-Sei, Toreyin, Hakan, Kyal, Survi·2015·IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

DOI 10.1109/tbme.2015.2441951PMC PMC4515215

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Abstract

Ubiquitous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is needed to improve hypertension detection and control and is becoming feasible due to recent technological advances such as in wearable sensing. Pulse transit time (PTT) represents a well-known potential approach for ubiquitous BP monitoring. The goal of this review is to facilitate the achievement of reliable ubiquitous BP monitoring via PTT. We explain the conventional BP measurement methods and their limitations; present models to summarize the theory of the PTT-BP relationship; outline the approach while pinpointing the key challenges; overview the previous work toward putting the theory to practice; make suggestions for best practice and future research; and discuss realistic expectations for the approach.

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The collagen and elastin content of the arterial wall in the dog
Harkness, M. L. R., Harkness, R. D., & McDonald, D. A. (1957) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1957.0029 · Cited by 224 · cited 1×
“studies [20], [28], [29], and an in vivo human study [27].”
Background
Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram
Willemsen, G. A. H. M., de Geus, E. J. C., Klaver, C. H. A. M., VanDoornen, L. J. P., & Carrofl, D. (1996) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02122.x · Cited by 222 · cited 5×
“But, in general, the more convenient the waveform measurement is, the more noise contamination can be expected [51]– [62].”
BackgroundInfluential
Adaptive Beat-to-Beat Heart Rate Estimation in Ballistocardiograms
Brüser, C., Stadlthanner, K., de Waele, S., & Leonhardt, S. K. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2011.2128337 · Cited by 222 · cited 1×
“This method has been recently implemented using inexpensive and convenient instrumentation such as chairs [102], beds [103], weighing scales [104], and onbody accelerometers [105].”
Method
The difference in pulse transit time to the toe and finger measured by photoplethysmography
Nitzan, M., Khanokh, B., & Slovik, Y. (2001) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/23/1/308 · Cited by 218 · cited 2×
“7) at rest typically ranges from 180 to 260 ms (finger) [98], [147], [148], [152], [153], 125 to 155 ms (ear) [152], [153], and 180 to 330 ms (toe) [144], [152], [153].”
Method
An Automatic Beat Detection Algorithm for Pressure Signals
Aboy, M., McNames, J., Thong, T., Tsunami, D., Ellenby, M. S., & Goldstein, B. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.855725 · Cited by 216 · cited 1×
“We also make reference to a few methods for BP beat and artifact detection [127]–[131].”
Method
Oscillometric blood pressure: a review for clinicians
Alpert, B. S., Quinn, D. E., & Gallick, D. (2014) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2014.08.014 · Cited by 213 · cited 1×
“The ﬁrst sound indicates the initiation of turbulent ﬂow and thus systolic BP, while the ﬁfth sound is silent and indicates the renewal of laminar ﬂow and thus diastolic BP. Oscillometry is the most popular noninvasive, automatic method [8], [9].”
Method
Adaptive threshold method for the peak detection of photoplethysmographic waveform
Shin, H. S., Lee, C., & Lee, M. (2009) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.10.006 · Cited by 211 · cited 1×
“We, thus, suggest heavy band-pass ﬁl-tering (low and high cutoff frequencies of about 0.5 and 10 (or even lower) Hz) prior to beat detection and make reference to several PPG beat detection and artifact handling methods [51]–[56], [140], [141].”
MethodInfluential
Relationship Between Measurement Site and Motion Artifacts in Wearable Reflected Photoplethysmography
Maeda, Y., Sekine, M., & Tamura, T. (2011) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-010-9505-0 · Cited by 203 · cited 2×
“and distance between the light source and the sensor [69], [73].”
Background
Comparison between red, green and blue light reflection photoplethysmography for heart rate monitoring during motion
Lee, J., Matsumura, K., Yamakoshi, K.-I., Rolfe, P., Tanaka, S., & Yamakoshi, T. (2013) · 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6609852 · Cited by 202 · cited 1×
“For reflectance-mode PPG, the green wavelength produces greater signal amplitude and lower motion artifact than IR and red [69], [75]–[77].”
Background
Non-constrained Blood Pressure Monitoring Using ECG and PPG for Personal Healthcare
Yoon, Y.-Z., Cho, J. H., & Yoon, G. (2008) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-008-9186-0 · Cited by 199 · cited 3×
“Regression models based on experimental PTT–BP data from the literature have been more popular [143], [145], [150], [155], [170], [172], [174], [178]–[180], [182]–[184], [187].”
BackgroundMethod
A Smart Health Monitoring Chair for Nonintrusive Measurement of Biological Signals
Baek, H. J., Chung, G. S., Kim, K. K., & Park, K. S. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2011.2175742 · Cited by 198 · cited 1×
“This method has been recently implemented using inexpensive and convenient instrumentation such as chairs [102], beds [103], weighing scales [104], and onbody accelerometers [105].”
Method
An Evaluation of the Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Pulse Transit Time Technique: a Half Year Study on Normotensive Subjects
Wong, M. Y. M., Poon, C. C. Y., & Zhang, Y. (2009) · Cardiovascular Engineering An International Journal · doi:10.1007/s10558-009-9070-7 · Cited by 191 · cited 4×
“7) at rest typically ranges from 180 to 260 ms (finger) [98], [147], [148], [152], [153], 125 to 155 ms (ear) [152], [153], and 180 to 330 ms (toe) [144], [152], [153].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Measurements of Young's Modulus of Elasticity of the Canine Aorta with Ultrasound
Hughes, D. J., Babbs, C. F., Geddes, L. A., & BOURLAND, J. D. (1979) · Ultrasonic Imaging · doi:10.1177/016173467900100406 · Cited by 189
Monitoring Arterial Blood Pressure: What You May Not Know
McGhee, B. H., & Bridges, E. J. (2002) · Critical Care Nurse · doi:10.4037/ccn2002.22.2.60 · Cited by 189 · cited 1×
“Catheterization is the gold standard method [6].”
Age-related changes in peripheral pulse timing characteristics at the ears, fingers and toes
Allen, J., & Murray, A. (2002) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001478 · Cited by 179 · cited 1×
“7) at rest typically ranges from 180 to 260 ms (finger) [98], [147], [148], [152], [153], 125 to 155 ms (ear) [152], [153], and 180 to 330 ms (toe) [144], [152], [153].”
An Armband Wearable Device for Overnight and Cuff-Less Blood Pressure Measurement
Zheng, Y.-L., Yan, B. P., Zhang, Y., & Poon, C. C. Y. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2318779 · Cited by 176 · cited 1×
“PPG sensor on the brachial artery [176], [205], or EBI electrodes around the brachial artery [92].”
Method
Pulse Wave Velocity and Blood Pressure Change: Calibration and Applications
Steptoe, A., Smulyan, H., & Gribbin, B. (1976) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb00866.x · Cited by 172 · cited 2×
“In the first and larger group of studies, the distal waveform was measured by placing a nonflexible pressure sensor over the radial artery [133], [203], [204], [206], reflectance-mode”
BackgroundMethod
Noninvasive Cuffless Estimation of Blood Pressure from Pulse Arrival Time and Heart Rate with Adaptive Calibration
Cattivelli, F. S., & Garudadri, H. (2009) · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks · doi:10.1109/bsn.2009.35 · Cited by 172 · cited 7×
“sia induction [178], surgery [169], and ICU therapies [143], [172].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Large Artery Remodeling During Aging
Gaballa, M. A., Jacob, C. T., Raya, T. E., Liu, J., SIMON, B. R., & Goldman, S. (1998) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.32.3.437 · Cited by 170 · cited 3×
“We similarly hypothesized the model from reviews [24], [25], in vitro animal studies [32], [34], an in vivo animal study [35], an in vitro human study [36], and an in vivo human study [33].”
Background
Noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to effectively access pulse rate variability
Sun, Y., Hu, S., Azorin-Peris, V., Kalawsky, R. S., & Greenwald, S. E. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.18.6.061205 · Cited by 167
Use of Fourier Series Analysis for Motion Artifact Reduction and Data Compression of Photoplethysmographic Signals
Reddy, K. A., George, B., & Kumar, V. J. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2008.2009136 · Cited by 165
Snapshots of Hemodynamics
Westerhof, N., Stergiopulos, N., & Noble, M. I. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6363-5 · Cited by 165
Basal perfusion of the cutaneous microcirculation: Measurements as a function of anatomic position
Tur, E., Tur, M., Maibach, H. I., & Guy, R. H. (1983) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12522619 · Cited by 163 · cited 1×
“The ﬁnger, palm, face, and ear represent the best locations for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [71].”
Background
Relationship between blood pressure parameters and pulse wave velocity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: invasive study
Kim, E. J., Park, C. G., Park, J., Suh, S. Y., Choi, C. U., Kim, J. W., Kim, S. H., Lim, H. E., Rha, S., Seo, H. S., et al. (2006) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002120 · Cited by 158 · cited 1×
“The foot location may be strictly deﬁned as the diastolic minimum time [43], [47], [132], [133].”
Background
Wearable Seismocardiography
Castiglioni, P., Faini, A., Parati, G., & Rienzo, M. D. (2007) · Conference proceedings · doi:10.1109/iembs.2007.4353199 · Cited by 156 · cited 1×
“This method has been recently implemented using inexpensive and convenient instrumentation such as chairs [102], beds [103], weighing scales [104], and on-body accelerometers [105].”
Method
Pulse Transit Time: Relationship to Blood Pressure and Myocardial Performance
Obrist, P. A., Light, K. C., McCubbin, J. A., Hutcheson, J. S., & Hoffer, J. L. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02993.x · Cited by 153 · cited 3×
“In the second group of studies, the distal waveform was measured by placing a nonﬂexible pressure sensor over the temporal artery (forehead) [204], a transmission-mode PPG sensor on the earlobe [175], or a reﬂectance-mode PPG sensor on the buttocks (via a toilet seat) [207].”
BackgroundMethod
Fundamentals of impedance cardiography
PATTERSON, R. P. (1989) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/51.32403 · Cited by 152 · cited 5×
“In ICG, the applied electrical current is typically in the 10– 100 kHz and 1–5 mA range [82]–[84], [88], [89].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Radar sensing of heartbeat and respiration at a distance with applications of the technology
Greneker, E. F. (1997) · doi:10.1049/cp:19971650 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“Radar-based detection of chest movement due to the heartbeat, which provides a proximal waveform, has also been demonstrated [124], [125].”
In vivo reflectance of blood and tissue as a function of light wavelength
Cui, W., Ostrander, L. E., & Lee, B. Y. (1990) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.55667 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“For reflectance-mode PPG, the green wavelength produces greater signal amplitude and lower motion artifact than IR and red [69], [75]–[77].”
Background
Cuffless Estimation of Systolic Blood Pressure for Short Effort Bicycle Tests: The Prominent Role of the Pre-Ejection Period
Muehlsteff, J., Aubert, X. L., & Schuett, M. (2006) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2006.260275 · Cited by 137 · cited 4×
“However, some studies have used quadratic and other nonlinear functions [145], [179], [184].”
BackgroundInfluential
Motion artifact removal from photoplethysmographic signals by combining temporally constrained independent component analysis and adaptive filter
Peng, F., Zhang, Z., Gou, X., Liu, H., & Wang, W. (2014) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/1475-925x-13-50 · Cited by 136
Beta-Receptor Activity in Aorta
Fleisch, J. H., MOLING, H. M., & Brodie, B. B. (1970) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.26.2.151 · Cited by 135 · cited 2×
“We similarly hypothesized the model from reviews [24], [25], in vitro animal studies [32], [34], an in vivo animal study [35], an in vitro human study [36], and an in vivo human study [33].”
Background
Pulse arrival time is not an adequate surrogate for pulse transit time as a marker of blood pressure
Zhang, G., Gao, M., Xu, D. Z., Olivier, N. B., & Mukkamala, R. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00980.2011 · Cited by 133 · cited 4×
“Since the level of the waveform feet is diastolic BP, such PTT measurements may best correspond to diastolic BP [44], [45].”
BackgroundInfluential
Aging, isometric strength and endurance, and cardiovascular responses to static effort
Petrofsky, J. S., & LIND, A. R. (1975) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1975.38.1.91 · Cited by 133
A novel method to detect Heart Beat Rate using a mobile phone
Pelegris, P., Banitsas, K. A., Orbach, T., & Kostas Marias, A. (2010) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2010.5626580 · Cited by 126 · cited 1×
“The instantaneous blood volume is registered as a subtle color change in each pixel of the camera [113]–[119].”
Background
Noninvasive cuffless blood pressure estimation using pulse transit time and Hilbert–Huang transform
Choi, Y., Zhang, Q., & Ko, S. (2012) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2012.09.005 · Cited by 123 · cited 10×
“[94], [135], [143], [145], [150], [155], [169]–[186].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Cardiac and respiratory related electrical impedance changes in the human thorax
Brown, B. H., Barber, D. C., Morice, A. H., & Leathard, A. D. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.310088 · Cited by 123 · cited 1×
“Other conﬁgurations such as forehead to lower torso, limb-to-limb, or upper arm to upper calf have also been demonstrated [83], [90].”
Background
A new method for pulse oximetry possessing inherent insensitivity to artifact
Hayes, M. J., & Smith, P. R. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.915711 · Cited by 122 · cited 3×
“But, in general, the more convenient the waveform measurement is, the more noise contamination can be expected [51]– [62].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Circulatory reflexes from carotid and extracarotid baroreceptor areas in man.
Mancia, G., Ferrari, A. U., Gregorini, L., Valentini, R., Ludbrook, J., & Zanchetti, A. (1977) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.41.3.309 · Cited by 120
Noninvasive and Nonocclusive Blood Pressure Estimation Via a Chest Sensor
Solà, J., Proença, M., Ferrario, D., Porchet, J.-A., Falhi, A., Grossenbacher, O., Allemann, Y., Rimoldi, S. F., & Sartori, C. S. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2013.2272699 · Cited by 117 · cited 10×
“While the R-wave location has been most widely used to deﬁne ECG timing [47], [155], other features such as the Q-wave time [160] and the time of the maximum derivative of ECG with respect to time [146], [148] have also been employed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Measurement of Local Pulse Wave Velocity: Effects of Signal Processing on Precision
Hermeling, E., Reesink, K. D., Reneman, R. S., & Hoeks, A. P. G. (2007) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.11.018 · Cited by 117 · cited 1×
“7) and the time to reach 20% of the pulse height performed best in terms of consistency of the PTT estimates [151].”
Background
Continuous and Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement: A Novel Modeling Methodology of the Relationship Between Blood Pressure and Pulse Wave Velocity
Chen, Y., Wen, C., Tao, G., Bi, M., & Li, G. (2009) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-009-9759-1 · Cited by 115 · cited 6×
“A ﬁnal method employs subject anthropomorphic data to determine the model parameters [171].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Continuous estimation of systolic blood pressure using the pulse arrival time and intermittent calibration
陳, 文. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 115
The Periodic Moving Average Filter for Removing Motion Artifacts from PPG Signals
Lee, H.-W., Lee, J., Jung, W.-G., & Lee, G.-K. (2007) · International Journal of Control Automation and Systems · Cited by 114
Attenuation of Systolic Blood Pressure and Pulse Transit Time Hysteresis During Exercise and Recovery in Cardiovascular Patients
Liu, Q., Yan, B. P., Yu, C., Zhang, Y., & Poon, C. C. Y. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2013.2286998 · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“One study showed that, for the same BP level, PAT estimates via ﬁnger PPG were larger during exercise than recovery [211].”
Comparison of physiological responses of women and men to isometric exercise
Petrofsky, J. S., Burse, R. L., & Lind, A. R. (1975) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1975.38.5.863 · Cited by 107 · cited 1×
“8(b) shows the extent to which these and other well-known interventions perturb BP as well as their limitations, with references providing further information on the interventions [189]–[200].”
Background
Pulse Transit Time and Blood Pressure: An Intensive Analysis
Lane, J. D., Greenstadt, L., Shapiro, D., & Rubinstein, E. H. (1983) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00899.x · Cited by 107 · cited 4×
“The foot location may be strictly deﬁned as the diastolic minimum time [43], [47], [132], [133].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Reduction of false arterial blood pressure alarms using signal quality assessement and relationships between the electrocardiogram and arterial blood pressure
Zong, W., Moody, G. B., & Mark, R. G. (2004) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02347553 · Cited by 106
Piezoelectric sensor determination of arterial pulse wave velocity
McLaughlin, J. A., McNeill, M. D. J., Braun, B., & McCormack, P. D. (2003) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/24/3/306 · Cited by 105
Noninvasive investigation of blood pressure changes using the pulse wave transit time: a novel approach in the monitoring of hemodialysis patients
Ahlstrom, C., Johansson, A., Uhlin, F., Länne, T., & Ask, P. (2005) · Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.1007/s10047-005-0301-4 · Cited by 104 · cited 1×
“Similar foot location deﬁnitions have been applied to PPG waveforms, including the 1) diastolic minimum time [142]–[144], 2) intersecting tangent method [98], 3) times of maximum derivatives with respect to time [145]– [148], and 4) time to reach a fraction of the pulse height [143], [147].”
Method
A Technical Assessment of Pulse Wave Velocity Algorithms Applied to Non-invasive Arterial Waveforms
Gaddum, N. R., Alastruey, J., Beerbaum, P., Chowienczyk, P., & Schaeffter, T. (2013) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-013-0854-y · Cited by 104 · cited 4×
“The foot location may be strictly deﬁned as the diastolic minimum time [43], [47], [132], [133].”
BackgroundInfluential
Simultaneous recording of skin blood pulsations at different vascular depths by multiwavelength photoplethysmography
Spīgulis, J., Gailite, L., Lihachev, A., & Erts, R. (2007) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.46.001754 · Cited by 98 · cited 3×
“…that the impact of contact pressure on amplitude and shape is more pronounced for shorter wavelengths (e.g., green) compared to longer wavelengths (e.g., red or IR), since the tissue volume being probed includes only the superﬁcial region for the former and the deeper arteries for the latter [76].”
Background
Rapid Assessment of Cardiac Contractility on a Home Bathroom Scale
Etemadi, M., Inan, O. T., Giovangrandi, L., & Kovacs, G. T. A. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2011.2161998 · Cited by 97 · cited 1×
“Although BCG provides a proximal waveform [106], [107], it can be applied at a distal location (e.g., from the feet with a weighing scale [104] or the wrist with an accelerometer [108]).”
Background
Effect of nitroglycerin on aortic impedance, diameter, and pulse-wave velocity.
Latson, T. W., Hunter, W. C., Katoh, N., & SAGAWA, K. (1988) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.62.5.884 · Cited by 94
Theoretical study on the effect of sensor contact force on pulse transit time
Teng, X.-F., & Zhang, Y.-T. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2007.900815 · Cited by 94 · cited 1×
“Indeed, PTT was shown to increase with contact pressure, reaching a maximum at zero transmural pressure and remaining at a constant level at negative transmural pressures [81].”
Background
Ubiquitous Wireless ECG Recording: A Powerful Tool Physicians Should Embrace
Saxon, L. A. (2013) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.12097 · Cited by 92
Artificial arterial blood pressure artifact models and an evaluation of a robust blood pressure and heart rate estimator
Li, Q., Mark, R. G., & Clifford, G. D. (2009) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/1475-925x-8-13 · Cited by 92
The effect of venous pulsation on the forehead pulse oximeter wave form as a possible source of error in Spo2 calculation
Shelley, K. H., Tamai, D., Jablonka, D., Gesquiere, M., Stout, R. G., & Silverman, D. G. (2005) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000145063.01043.4b · Cited by 91 · cited 2×
“The contact pressure between the PPG sensor and the skin is often overlooked but greatly influences the amplitude and shape of the waveforms [67], [68], [76], [79], [80].”
Background
Photoplethysmography
Lindberg, L., & Öberg, P. Å. (1991) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02446295 · Cited by 89
Relationships ol Pulse Transmission Times to Pre‐ejection Period and Blood Pressure
Newlin, D. B. (1981) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb03042.x · Cited by 89
Regional variation of series elasticity in canine arterial smooth muscles
Cox, R. H. (1978) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1978.234.5.h542 · Cited by 89 · cited 3×
“3(a) shows exemplary experimental data indicating that pressure–diameter relationships of a central artery (thoracic aorta) are indeed similar in the relaxed and contracted states [28].”
BackgroundMethod
Coefficient-Free Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Pulse Transit Time–Cuff Pressure Dependence
Forouzanfar, M., Ahmad, S., Batkin, I., Dajani, H. R., Groza, V. Z., & Bolić, M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2013.2243148 · Cited by 81 · cited 5×
“One reason is that the slope indicates arterial compliance rather than E inc (see Section III-B).”
BackgroundInfluential
Pulse Transit Time and Blood Pressure During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests
Wibmer, T., DOERING, K., Kropf-Sanchen, C., RÜDIGER, S., Blanta, I., Stoiber, K., Rottbauer, W., & SCHUMANN, C. (2014) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932581 · Cited by 81
Feasibility of cuff-free measurement of systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure
Masè, M., Mattei, W., Cucino, R., Faes, L., & Nollo, G. (2011) · Journal of Electrocardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2010.11.019 · Cited by 78 · cited 2×
“Regression models based on experimental PTT–BP data from the literature have been more popular [143], [145], [150], [155], [170], [172], [174], [178]–[180], [182]–[184], [187].”
BackgroundMethod
Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Stiffness Should Discriminate Between Systolic and Diastolic Pressure Ranges
Hermeling, E., Hoeks, A. P. G., Winkens, M. H. M., Waltenberger, J. L., Reneman, R. S., Kroon, A. A., & Reesink, K. D. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.143867 · Cited by 77 · cited 1×
“Experimental data indicate that PWV, in fact, continuously varies with BP throughout the cardiac cycle [ 41], [42].”
Background
Variability of photoplethysmographyperipheral pulse measurementsat the ears, thumbs and toes
Allen, J., & Murray, A. (2000) · IEE Proceedings - Science Measurement and Technology · doi:10.1049/ip-smt:20000846 · Cited by 76 · cited 1×
“7) at rest typically ranges from 180 to 260 ms (finger) [98], [147], [148], [152], [153], 125 to 155 ms (ear) [152], [153], and 180 to 330 ms (toe) [144], [152], [153].”
Repeatability of peripheral pulse measurements on ears, fingers and toes using photoelectric plethysmography
Jago, J. R., & Murray, A. (1988) · Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0143-0815/9/4/003 · Cited by 74 · cited 2×
“spect to time [146], [148] have also been employed.”
BackgroundMethod
A Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximeter With Digital Baseline Control for Unfiltered Photoplethysmograms
Li, K., & Warren, S. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2167717 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“highly forward scattering such that the reflected energy back to the PD is low [72].”
Background
An examination of calibration intervals required for accurately tracking blood pressure using pulse transit time algorithms
McCarthy, B. M., Vaughan, C. J., O’Flynn, B., Mathewson, A., & Mathúna, C. Ó. (2013) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.41 · Cited by 72 · cited 3×
“Onerelatively popular method uses a population average value for one model parameter while estimating the other parameter from one cuff BP measurement [94], [145], [185].”
MethodResult
Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring Using Hydrostatic Pressure Changes
Shaltis, P., Reisner, A. T., & Asada, H. H. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2008.919142 · Cited by 71 · cited 1×
“account for hydrostatic effects, which can greatly impact BP [212].”
Background
Imaging the Cardiovascular Pulse
Sun, N., Garbey, M., Merla, A., & Pavlidis, I. T. (2005) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2005.184 · Cited by 68 · cited 1×
“IR thermal imaging employs a highly sensitive camera to likewise measure arterial waveforms from the skin [122], [123].”
Background
Towards continuous monitoring of pulse rate in neonatal intensive care unit with a webcam
Mestha, L. K., Kyal, S., Xu, B., Lewis, L., & Kumar, V. (2014) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944455 · Cited by 66 · cited 1×
“The instantaneous blood volume is registered as a subtle color change in each pixel of the camera [113]–[119].”
Background
Pulse arrival time as a method of obtaining systolic and diastolic blood pressure indirectly
Geddes, L. A., Voelz, M., James, S., & Reiner, D. (1981) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02442787 · Cited by 65 · cited 3×
“The foot location may be strictly deﬁned as the diastolic minimum time [43], [47], [132], [133].”
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Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity: Impact of different arterial path length measurements
Sugawara, J., Hayashi, K., Yokoi, T., & Tanaka, H. (2009) · Artery Research · doi:10.1016/j.artres.2009.11.001 · Cited by 65 · cited 1×
“Note that PTT determined from carotid and femoral artery BP waveforms ranges from about 30 (old and hypertensive) to 90 ms (young and optimal BP) at rest [138], [139].”
Background
Smart smooth muscle spring-dampers
Armentano, R. L., Barra, J. G., Pessana, F., Craiem, D. O., Graf, S., Santana, D. B., & Sanchez, R. A. (2007) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/memb.2007.289123 · Cited by 65
A new approach for non-intrusive monitoring of blood pressure on a toilet seat
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“In the second group of studies, the distal waveform was measured by placing a nonﬂexible pressure sensor over the temporal artery (forehead) [204], a transmission-mode PPG sensor on the earlobe [175], or a reﬂectance-mode PPG sensor on the buttocks (via a toilet seat) [207].”
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The Relationship between Arterial Blood Pressure and Pulse Transit Time During Dynamic and Static Exercise
Marie, G. V., Lo, C. R., Jones, J. V., & Johnston, D. W. (1984) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00235.x · Cited by 63 · cited 4×
“In the first group, PTT was estimated through peripheral arteries and the arm in particular [92], [98], [178], [206], [210].”
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Constrained independent component analysis approach to nonobtrusive pulse rate measurements
Tsouri, G. R., Kyal, S., Dianat, S. A., & Mestha, L. K. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.077011 · Cited by 62
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Impedance cardiographyThe impact of new technology
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The Relationship Between Modified Pulse Wave Transit Time and Cardiovascular Changes in Isoflurane Anesthetized Dogs
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“the time of 1) the maximum (or a fraction of the maximum) first derivative with respect to time between the diastolic minimum and systolic maximum [48], [133]; 2) the maximum second”
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A comparison of the blood pressure in the lying and standing positions: A study of five hundred men and five hundred women
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“The other study employed ear and finger PPG to obtain the waveforms and estimate PTT in patients undergoing anesthesia induction [178].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Oscillometric blood pressure measurement used for calibration of the arterial tonometry method contributes significantly to error
Hansen, S. K., & Staber, M. (2006) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1017/s0265021506000688 · Cited by 54 · cited 1×
“As a result, in practice, the measured waveform has been routinely calibrated with cuff BP whenever a BP change is anticipated [17].”
Background
Filtering noncorrelated noise in impedance cardiography
Barros, A. K., Yoshizawa, M., & Yasuda, Y. (1995) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.364522 · Cited by 54 · cited 2×
“In general, ICG waveforms are heavily corrupted by artifact similar to PPG waveforms [57]– [62].”
Background
The effect of applied sensor contact force on pulse transit time
Teng, X. F., & Zhang, Y. T. (2006) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/27/8/002 · Cited by 53 · cited 2×
“Similar foot location deﬁnitions have been applied to PPG waveforms, including the 1) diastolic minimum time [142]–[144], 2) intersecting tangent method [98], 3) times of maximum derivatives with respect to time [145]– [148], and 4) time to reach a fraction of the pulse height [143], [147].”
Method
Measurement of pulse-wave velocity using a beat-sampling technique
Pruett, J. D., BOURLAND, J. D., & Geddes, L. A. (1988) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/bf02364622 · Cited by 53 · cited 2×
“…with respect to time between the diastolic minimum and maximum ﬁrst derivative with respect to time [134]; 3) a fraction of the pulse pressure [49], [135]; and (d) the intersection of the horizontal line through the minimum and the tangent line ﬁtted through points near the maximum ﬁrst…”
BackgroundInfluential
BioWatch — A wrist watch based signal acquisition system for physiological signals including blood pressure
Thomas, S. S., Nathan, V., Zong, C., Akinbola, E., Aroul, A. L. P., Philipose, L., Soundarapandian, K., Shi, X., & Jafari, R. (2014) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944076 · Cited by 52 · cited 4×
“However, some studies have used quadratic and other nonlinear functions [145], [179], [184].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The change in arterial stiffness over the cardiac cycle rather than diastolic stiffness is independently associated with left ventricular mass index in healthy middle-aged individuals
Hermeling, E., Vermeersch, S. J., Rietzschel, E. R., Buyzere, M. D., Gillebert, T. C., van de Laar, R. J., Ferreira, I., Hoeks, A. P. G., Bortel, L. M. V., Reneman, R. S., et al. (2011) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834e4b75 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“Experimental data indicate that PWV, in fact, continuously varies with BP throughout the cardiac cycle [ 41], [42].”
Background
An Investigation of Pulse Transit Time as a Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement Method
McCarthy, B. M., O’Flynn, B., & Mathewson, A. (2011) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/307/1/012060 · Cited by 50 · cited 2×
“Most of the physical models are based on the Moens– Kortweg and Bramwell–Hill equations [see (6)] with an assumed function to relate the elastic modulus or compliance to BP [94], [169], [171], [173], [175]–[177], [187], [188].”
BackgroundMethod
Use of EMFi as a Blood Pressure Pulse Transducer
Sorvoja, H. S. S., Kokko, V.-M., Myllylä, R. A., & Miettinen, J. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2005.853345 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“Flexible strain or pressure sensors placed over a superﬁcial artery can measure waveforms indicative of BP via the tonometric principle [109]–[112].”
Background
Altered Dependence of Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity on Transmural Pressure in Hypertension Revealing Structural Change in the Aortic Wall
Gaddum, N. R., Keehn, L., Guilcher, A., Gómez, A., Brett, S., Beerbaum, P., Schaeffter, T., & Chowienczyk, P. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04370 · Cited by 49
A Blood Pressure Monitoring Method for Stroke Management
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“[183] R→Maximum Linear in PTT−1 & PTT Variations Posture Change/One-Time 30/Posture Holding (Sitting) − − − −0.”
BackgroundMethod
Modeling of Pulse Transit Time under the Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure for Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurements
Poon, C. C. Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2006) · IEEE/EMBS International Summer School on Medical Devices and Biosensors (ISSS-MDBS) · doi:10.1109/issmdbs.2006.360098 · Cited by 41 · cited 2×
“Most of the physical models are based on the Moens– Kortweg and Bramwell–Hill equations [see (6)] with an assumed function to relate the elastic modulus or compliance to BP [94], [169], [171], [173], [175]–[177], [187], [188].”
BackgroundMethod
Reflectance pulse oximetry at the forehead improves by pressure on the probe
Dassel, A. C. M., Graaff, R., Sikkema, M., Meijer, A., Zijlstra, W. G., & Aarnoudse, J. G. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Monitoring · doi:10.1007/bf01617518 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
“The contact pressure between the PPG sensor and the skin is often overlooked but greatly influences the amplitude and shape of the waveforms [67], [68], [76], [79], [80].”
Background
The use of the electrical-impedance technique for the monitoring of cardiac output and limb bloodflow during anaesthesia
Hill, D. W., & Lowe, H. J. B. (1973) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02477397 · Cited by 39 · cited 2×
“The frequency ranges and currents used in these configurations are similar to ICG [88], [89], [91].”
BackgroundMethod
Design challenges for camera oximetry on a mobile phone
Karlen, W., Lim, J., Ansermino, J. M., Dumont, G. A., & Scheffer, C. (2012) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346459 · Cited by 39
Effect of adaptive motion-artifact reduction on QRS detection.
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Adaptive algorithm for continuous monitoring of blood pressure using a pulse transit time
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“[182] R→50% Height Linear in PTT & HR Natural Variability (Hours)/∼110 min 10/Natural Variability (Hours) − − − RMSE 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Noninvasive monitoring of blood pressure using optical Ballistocardiography and Photoplethysmograph approaches
Chen, Z., Yang, X., Teo, J. T., & Ng, S. H. (2013) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6610029 · Cited by 35 · cited 3×
“In the first group, PTT was estimated through peripheral arteries and the arm in particular [92], [98], [178], [206], [210].”
Method
A pulse transit time measurement method based on electrocardiography and bioimpedance
Bang, S., Lee, C., Park, J., Cho, M., Yoon, Y., & Cho, S. (2009) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2009.5372060 · Cited by 34 · cited 1×
“The frequency ranges and currents used in these conﬁgurations are similar to ICG [88], [89], [91].”
Method
Blood pressure tracking capabilities of pulse transit times in different arterial segments: A clinical evaluation
Douniama, C., Sauter, C. U., & Couronné, R. (2009) · Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) · Cited by 33
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“In the second group, the site was the head or lower body [175], [204], [207].”
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Static‐charge‐sensitive bed ballistocardiography in cardiovascular monitoring
Lindqvist, A. E., Pihlajamäki, K. K., Jalonen, J. R., LAAKSONEN, V. O., & Alihanka, J. (1996) · Clinical Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1996.tb00553.x · Cited by 32 · cited 1×
“Although BCG provides a proximal waveform [106], [107], it can be applied at a distal location (e.g., from the feet with a weighing scale [104] or the wrist with an accelerometer [108]).”
Background
Studies on the effect of controlled volume change on the thoracic electrical impedance
PATTERSON, R. P., Kubicek, W. G., Witsoe, D. A., & From, A. H. L. (1978) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02457804 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“However, ICG pioneers showed that changes in blood volume in intrathoracic cardiovascular structures other than the aorta (e.g., atria) are likely to play a major role in the genesis of the ICG waveform [87].”
Background
Motion based adaptive calibration of pulse transit time measurements to arterial blood pressure for an autonomous, wearable blood pressure monitor
McCombie, D. B., Reisner, A. T., & Asada, H. H. (2008) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2008.4649321 · Cited by 31 · cited 3×
“A fourth method exploits the hydrostatic effect on BP [173].”
BackgroundMethod
Estimation of pulse transit time using two diametric blood pressure waveform measurements
Hahn, J., Reisner, A. T., & Asada, H. H. (2010) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.04.017 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“One of the methods is able to track PTT from just two distal waveforms [168].”
Method
Impedance plethysmography for the evaluation of pulse-wave velocity in limbs
Risacher, F., JOSSINET, J., McAdams, E. T., McLaughlin, J. A., Mann, Y., Schmitt, M., Matias, A., & Jarry, R. (1993) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02458053 · Cited by 30 · cited 2×
“The frequency ranges and currents used in these conﬁgurations are similar to ICG [88], [89], [91].”
BackgroundMethod
Ambulatory monitoring device for central hemodynamic and ECG signal recording on PCMCI flash memory cards
Cybulski, G., Książkiewicz, A., Lukasik, W., Niewiadomski, W., & Pałko, T. (2002) · Computers in cardiology · doi:10.1109/cic.1995.482712 · Cited by 30
Beat-to-Beat Evaluation of Systolic Time Intervals during Bicycle Exercise Using Impedance Cardiography
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Improved pulse transit time estimation by system identification analysis of proximal and distal arterial waveforms
Xu, D. Z., Ryan, K. L., Rickards, C. A., Zhang, G., Convertino, V. A., & Mukkamala, R. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00443.2011 · Cited by 29 · cited 2×
“time delay of the impulse response (time domain version of the transfer function) [163], [164].”
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Smart healthcare textile sensor system for unhindered-pervasive health monitoring
Rai, P., Kumar, P. S., Oh, S., Kwon, H., Mathur, G. N., Varadan, V. K., & Agarwal, M. P. (2012) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.921253 · Cited by 29 · cited 3×
“group, the site was an arm location other than the finger [92], [133], [176], [203]–[206].”
BackgroundMethod
A Novel System Identification Technique for Improved Wearable Hemodynamics Assessment
Wiens, A. D., & Inan, O. T. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2387354 · Cited by 29 · cited 1×
“, from the feet with a weighing scale [104] or the wrist with an accelerometer [108]).”
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[Mobile Health: IEEE Standard for Wearable Cuffless Blood Pressure Measuring Devices].
Zhou, X., Wu, W., & Bao, S. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 29
Ballistocardiography in Cardiovascular Research: Physical Aspects of the Circulation in Health and Disease
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A piezo-film-based measurement system for global haemodynamic assessment
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A Robust Approach Toward Recognizing Valid Arterial-Blood-Pressure Pulses
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Affordable technology: blood pressure measuring devices for low resource settings
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Affordable technology: blood pressure measuring devices for low resource settings
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Improved Pulse Wave Velocity Estimation Using an Arterial Tube-Load Model
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“This problem could be addressed by including additional simple covariates, such as heart rate, in the calibration model [172], [182] or by estimating multiple PTT values per beat via arterial modeling [46].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Continuous and Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring Based on ECG and SpO2 Signals ByUsing Microsoft Visual C Sharp.
Heravi, M. A. Y., Khalilzadeh, M. A., & Joharinia, S. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Robust estimation of pulse wave transit time using group delay
Meloni, A., Zymeski, H., Pepe, A., Lombardi, M., & Wood, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24207 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“For the black-box models, PTT is then derived as the slope of the phase response [163], the average of the phase response [167], or the time delay of the impulse response (time domain version of the transfer function) [163], [164].”
Method
Comparative Study on Tube-Load Modeling of Arterial Hemodynamics in Humans
Rashedi, M., Fazeli, N., Chappell, A., Wang, S., MacArthur, R. G. G., McMurtry, M. S., Finegan, B. A., & Hahn, J. (2013) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4023373 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“5(b)], wherein the model parameters include the true PTT [46], [165], [166].”
Background
A Novel Calibration Method for Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement Using Pulse Transit Time
Yan, Y. S., & Zhang, Y. (2007) · IEEE/EMBS International Summer School on Medical Devices and Biosensors (ISSS-MDBS) · doi:10.1109/issmdbs.2007.4338283 · Cited by 17 · cited 3×
“Regression models based on experimental PTT–BP data from the literature have been more popular [143], [145], [150], [155], [170], [172], [174], [178]–[180], [182]–[184], [187].”
BackgroundMethod
Smooth muscle contraction and viscoelasticity of arterial wall
Wurzel, M., Cowper, G. R., & McCooK, J. M. (1970) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y70-079 · Cited by 17 · cited 3×
“We hypothesized the differences by as-similating experimental data from a review [19], in vitro animal studies [20], [28], [29], and an in vivo human study [27].”
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Determinants of pressure wave reflection: characterization by the transit time-independent reflected wave amplitude
Liao, C.-F., Cheng, H.-M., Sung, S.-H., Yu, W.-C., & Chen, C.-H. (2010) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2010.106 · Cited by 17
Using Individualized Pulse Transit Time Calibration to Monitor Blood Pressure During Exercise
cheol, J. I., Jeffrey, W., & Finkelstein, J. (2013) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-276-9-39 · Cited by 17 · cited 4×
“…2) measure PTT and cuff BP from a subject during interventions that perturb BP and thereby obtain multiple pairs of PTT and BP values; and 3) estimate the parameters for that subject by ﬁtting the model to the PTT–BP measurements [38], [94], [135], [143], [145], [150], [155], [169]–[186].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Electromechanical delay in the intact dog heart
Kettunen, R., TIMISJÄRVI, J., Kouvalainen, E., Anttila, P., & Hirvonen, L. (1985) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0167-5273(85)90195-0 · Cited by 16 · cited 1×
“Since the Q-wave indicates the start of the VEMD and this delay may be relatively constant [162], detection of this feature may reduce the PEP variability.”
Background
Automatic detection of characteristic points in impedance cardiogram
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Parameters for mean blood pressure estimation based on electrocardiography and photoplethysmography
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Data-Driven Lossy Tube-Load Modeling of Arterial Tree: In-Human Study
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“5(b)], wherein the model parameters include the true PTT [46], [165], [166].”
Background

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 212 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

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Monitoring of the central blood pressure waveform via a conformal ultrasonic device
Wang, C., Li, X., Hu, H., Zhang, L., Huang, Z., Lin, M., Zhang, Z., Yin, Z., Huang, B., Gong, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0287-x · Cited by 895
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Blood Pressure Estimation from Photoplethysmogram Using a Spectro-Temporal Deep Neural Network
Slapničar, G., Mlakar, N., & Luštrek, M. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19153420 · Cited by 387
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See all 935

Authors: Mukkamala, R., Hahn, J.-O., Inan, O. T., Mestha, L. K., Kim, C.-S., Toreyin, H., & Kyal, S.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
Palo Alto Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Mukkamala, Ramakrishna
ORCID: Mukkamala, Ramakrishna
Hahn, Jin-Oh
Inan, Omer T.
Kim, Chang-Sei
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2015-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 8
Pages: 1879-1901
ISSN: 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
1558-2531
DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2441951
PMC: PMC4515215
OpenAlex: W2294418644
Cited by: 935
References: 212
Citations by year: 2026: 92 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 4
FWCI: 34.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
National Institutes of Health (U01 EB018818)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Keywords: blood pressure monitoring, pulse transit time, ubiquitous health monitoring, wearable sensors, hypertension detection, non-invasive blood pressure estimation
MeSH terms: Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Clothing, Equipment Design, Humans, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Pulse Wave Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Toward Ubiquitous Blood Pressure Monitoring via Pulse Transit Time: Theory and Practice

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks