Placenta Praevia and Placenta Accreta: Diagnosis and Management: Green‐top Guideline No. 27a

In the paper

“Population studies have shown that placenta accreta spectrum remains undiagnosed before delivery in one-half 136 to two-thirds of cases.120”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  Citation 120 is attached to the two-thirds figure, but the Results report that 53.2% of cases were suspected before delivery, leaving 46.8% unsuspected. The Discussion likewise says about half were suspected. This source supports an undiagnosed proportion near one-half, not two-thirds. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [136] 136. Bailit JL, Grobman WA, Rice MM, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, Varner MW, et al.; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Morbidly adherent placenta treatments and outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:683-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [120] 120. Thurn L, Lindqvist PG, Jakobsson M, Colmorn LB, Klungsoyr K, Bjarnad ottir RI, et al. Abnormally invasive placenta-prevalence, risk factors and antenatal suspicion: results from a large population-based pregnancy cohort study in the Nordic countries. BJOG 2016;123:1348-55. source

In the paper

“Compared with vaginal birth, a previous prelabour caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of placenta praevia in the second delivery (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.62, 95% CI 1.24-5.56).27”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Results directly compare prior prelabor cesarean delivery with vaginal delivery and report increased risk of placenta previa at the second delivery (aOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.24–5.56). The Results section reports the same adjusted estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [27] 27. Downes KL, Hinkle SN, Sjaarda LA, Albert PS, Grantz KL. Previous prelabor or intrapartum cesarean delivery and risk of placenta previa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:669.e1-6. source

In the paper

“ART is associated with a higher incidence of placenta praevia independent of the high rate of multiple pregnancies generated by the technique used.30,31”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] 30. Grady R, Alavi N, Vale R, Khandwala M, McDonald SD. Elective single embryo transfer and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2012;97:324-31. source
• Supported

  The Introduction states that placenta praevia generally occurs more often in IVF pregnancies. The Discussion reports placenta praevia among the study’s singleton IVF pregnancies, so the association is not solely attributable to the higher rate of multiple pregnancies after ART (pages unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [31] 31. Korosec S, Ban Frangez H, Verdenik I, Kladnik U, Kotar V, Virant-Klun I, et al. Singleton pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization with fresh or frozen-thawed embryo transfer and incidence of placenta praevia. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:431797. source

In the paper

“Apparent placental 'migration' following the development of the lower uterine segment during the third trimester of pregnancy results in the resolution of the low-lying placenta in 90% of the cases before term.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] 38. Dashe JS, McIntire DD, Ramus RM, Santos-Ramos R, Twickler DM. Persistence of placenta previa according to gestational age at ultrasound detection. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:692-7. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] 39. Cho JY, Lee YH, Moon MH, Lee JH. Difference in migration of placenta according to the location and type of placenta previa. J Clin Ultrasound 2008;36:79-84. source
• Partly supported

  The Results report that 90% of placenta previas had resolved by 34 4/7 weeks, before term. However, that figure covers complete and marginal previas together; 98% of marginal previas resolved. The paper does not attribute resolution to placental “migration” caused by development of the lower uterine segment. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [40] 40. Eichelberger KY, Haeri S, Kessler DC, Swartz A, Herring A, Wolfe HM. Placenta previa in the second trimester: sonographic and clinical factors associated with its resolution. Am J Perinatol 2011;28:735-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial including 109 women at 24 +0 to 33 +6 weeks with at least one episode of placenta praevia bleeding and intact membranes has shown that there was no difference in the prolongation of pregnancy between the nifedipine (n = 54) and placebo (n = 55) groups.70”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Methods describe a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 109 women with placenta previa bleeding and intact membranes at 24 to 34 weeks; 54 received nifedipine and 55 placebo. The Results (Primary outcome; page unavailable) report that pregnancy prolongation did not differ significantly between groups (42.5 versus 44.2 days; p = 0.70). (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [70] 70. Verspyck E, de Vienne C, Muszynski C, Bubenheim M, Chanavaz-Lacheray I, Dreyfus M, et al. Maintenance nifedipine therapy for preterm symptomatic placenta previa: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2017;23:e0173717. source

In the paper

“cohort studies with low risks of confounding bias have shown that cervical length is a predictor of antepartum bleeding and emergency preterm caesarean section in placenta praevia.[57][58][59][60]”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that shorter cervical length predicted emergency Cesarean section before 34 weeks due to massive hemorrhage in women with complete placenta previa. But cervical length did not differ significantly between women with and without prepartum bleeding (P = 0.18), so the broader claim that it predicts antepartum bleeding is not supported. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [57] 57. Ghi T, Contro E, Martina T, Piva M, Morandi R, Orsini LF, et al. Cervical length and risk of antepartum bleeding in women with complete placenta previa. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009;33:209-12. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Zaitoun MM, El Behery MM, Abd El Hameed AA, Soliman BS. Does cervical length and the lower placental edge thickness measurement correlates with clinical outcome in cases of complete placenta previa? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:867-73. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Mimura T, Hasegawa J, Nakamura M, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A, et al. Correlation between the cervical length and the amount of bleeding during cesarean section in placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37:830-5. source

In the paper

“The 2016 RCT has found that the administration of betamethasone to women with a singleton pregnancy at risk for late preterm delivery (34 +0 to 36 +5 weeks of gestation) significantly reduces the rate of neonatal respiratory complications.67”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Methods (Screening and recruitment; page not provided) specify a live singleton pregnancy at 34 weeks 0 days to 36 weeks 5 days and a high probability of late preterm delivery. The Results (Neonatal Outcomes; page not provided) report significantly lower rates of the primary respiratory outcome and severe respiratory morbidity with betamethasone than with placebo. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [67] 67. Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Thom EA, Blackwell SC, Tita AT, Reddy UM, Saade GR, et al.; NICHD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Antenatal betamethasone for women at risk for late preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1311-20. source

In the paper

“However, 'migration' is still possible after 32 weeks of gestation.50,51”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Becker RH, Vonk R, Mende BC, Ragosch V, Entezami M. The relevance of placental location at 20-23 gestational weeks for prediction of placenta previa at delivery: evaluation of 8650 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17:496-501. source
• Supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports progressive migration of low-lying placenta during the third trimester, including some placentae that overlapped the cervical os. The Methods describe repeat scans approximately every four weeks until migration or delivery, and the paper concludes that migration may occur throughout the third trimester, supporting the possibility after 32 weeks. It does not suggest that every placenta praevia migrates. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [51] 51. Oppenheimer L, Holmes P, Simpson N, Dabrowski A. Diagnosis of low-lying placenta: can migration in the third trimester predict outcome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:100-2. source

In the paper

“Adverse perinatal outcomes were comparable between groups.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Table 2, Neonatal Outcomes) report adverse perinatal outcomes in 2/54 nifedipine participants (3.8%) and 3/55 placebo participants (5.5%), with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.62). This supports the claim that the outcomes were comparable in the trial. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [70] 70. Verspyck E, de Vienne C, Muszynski C, Bubenheim M, Chanavaz-Lacheray I, Dreyfus M, et al. Maintenance nifedipine therapy for preterm symptomatic placenta previa: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2017;23:e0173717. source

In the paper

“Women with a cervical length of less than 31 mm have a 16 times (OR 16.4, 95% CI 3.4-75.9)higher risk of emergency caesarean section due to massive haemorrhage.57”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report an odds ratio of 16.36 (95% CI, 3.39–75.92) for Cesarean delivery due to massive hemorrhage, matching the claim’s rounded figures. The reported cutoff is cervical length ≤31 mm, not <31 mm, and the outcome is specifically preterm emergency Cesarean section before 34 weeks; the citing sentence omits that timing qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [57] 57. Ghi T, Contro E, Martina T, Piva M, Morandi R, Orsini LF, et al. Cervical length and risk of antepartum bleeding in women with complete placenta previa. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009;33:209-12. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A combined method of B-Lynch suture and the intrauterine balloon has also been successfully used in preventing PPH in placenta praevia.105”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) report that the combined suture-and-balloon procedure controlled bleeding without further surgery; 10 of 11 women had placenta previa, and two received B-Lynch sutures. But these women generally already had postpartum hemorrhage, and the Discussion (page unavailable) describes only one prophylactic use to prevent further bleeding. The paper therefore supports successful treatment in this setting, not the broader claim that B-Lynch plus balloon prevented PPH. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [105] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The recent case-control study from the NICHD/MFMU Network Cesarean Section Registry found general anaesthesia to be one of the main factors associated with maternal haemorrhage in women with placenta praevia.86”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Materials and Methods describe a case-control analysis of women with placenta previa within a secondary analysis of the NICHD/MFMU Cesarean Section Registry. The Results identify general anesthesia as one of five factors that remained associated with maternal hemorrhagic morbidity after adjustment (aOR 4.29, 95% CI 2.25–8.16). (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [86] 86. Gibbins KJ, Einerson BD, Varner MW, Silver RM. Placenta previa and maternal haemorrhagic morbidity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;31:494-9. source

In the paper

“Case series on the use of intrauterine hydrostatic balloon catheters, including the Bakri balloon, [97][98][99][100][101] the BT-Cath â balloon 102 or the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube, 103 in women with placenta praevia have reported success in controlling PPH ranging from 75% to 88%.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] 97. Kumru P, Demirci O, Erdogdu E, Arısoy R, Ertekin AA, Tugrul S, et al. The Bakri balloon for the management of postpartum hemorrhage in cases with placenta previa. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;167:167-70. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] 98. Beckmann MM, Chaplin J. Bakri balloon during cesarean delivery for placenta previa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014;124:118-22. source
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that Bakri balloon tamponade controlled hemorrhage in 75% (48/64) of patients with placenta previa. This source is one of several cited for the Bakri balloon case series; it supplies the lower end of the stated range, not a result for the other devices. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [99] 99. Cho HY, Park YW, Kim YH, Jung I, Kwon JY. Efficacy of intrauterine Bakri balloon tamponade in cesarean section for placenta previa patients. PLoS One 2015;10:e0134282. RCOG Green-top Guideline No. 126 e40 of e48 ª 2018 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 14710528, 2019, 1, Downloaded from https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.15306, Wiley Online Library on [01/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons L source

In the paper

“the main factors associated with maternal haemorrhage include pre-delivery anaemia, thrombocytopenia, diabetes and magnesium use.86”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion identifies pre-delivery anemia, thrombocytopenia, diabetes, and magnesium as factors associated with hemorrhage in the placenta previa cohort. The Results report that all four remained risk factors after adjustment. The paper also identifies general anesthesia; the claim’s use of “include” does not make its list exhaustive. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [86] 86. Gibbins KJ, Einerson BD, Varner MW, Silver RM. Placenta previa and maternal haemorrhagic morbidity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;31:494-9. source

In the paper

“the success rates of vaginal delivery when the placental edge is between 10 and 20 mm from the internal os vary widely (56% and 93%, respectively).[79][80][81][82]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Vergani P, Ornaghi S, Pozzi I, Beretta P, Russo FM, Follesa I, et al. Placenta previa: distance to internal os and mode of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:266.e1-5. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] 80. Nakamura M, Hasegawa J, Matsuaka R, Mimura T, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A, et al. Amount of hemorrhage during vaginal delivery correlates with length from placental edge to external os in cases with low-lying placenta whose length between placental edge and internal os was 1-2 cm. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2012;38:1041-5. source
• Partly supported

  The Results report that 13 of 14 women (92.9%) with a placental edge 11–20 mm from the internal os delivered vaginally after a trial of labour, supporting the 93% figure. This paper does not report a 56% success rate; the other rate it discusses for this distance is 76.5% (Discussion). (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [81] 81. Al Wadi K, Schneider C, Burym C, Reid G, Hunt J, Menticoglou S. Evaluating the safety of labour in women with a placental edge 11 to 20 mm from the internal cervical Os. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014;36:674-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The major risk factors for placenta accreta spectrum are history of accreta in a previous pregnancy, previous caesarean delivery and other uterine surgery, including repeated endometrial curettage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [111] 111. Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU. Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:1458-61. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] 112. Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1226-32. source
• Partly supported

  The Results > Risk factors section reports increased odds of placenta accreta/increta/percreta after a previous caesarean delivery or other uterine surgery; its table note includes dilation and curettage among those surgeries. The paper does not identify prior accreta as a risk factor or assess repeated endometrial curettage separately. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [113] 113. Fitzpatrick KE, Sellers S, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/increta/ percreta in the UK: a national case-control study. PLoS One 2012;7:e52893. 114. 103. Morlando M, Sarno L, Napolitano R, Capone A, Tessitore G, Maruotti GM, et al. Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:457-60. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“maternal haemorrhagic morbidity is more common in women with praevia (19% versus 7%, adjusted RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.9-3.5)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports that maternal hemorrhagic morbidity was higher in women with placenta previa than in women without it: 19% versus 7%, with an adjusted risk ratio of 2.6 (95% CI 1.9–3.5). These figures match the claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [86] 86. Gibbins KJ, Einerson BD, Varner MW, Silver RM. Placenta previa and maternal haemorrhagic morbidity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;31:494-9. source

In the paper

“Women presenting with a placental edge less than 20 mm from the internal os in the third trimester are more likely to need delivery by caesarean section when the placental edge is thicker (over 10 mm) 75,76 and/or contains a sponge-like echo 77 or marginal 'sinus'.78”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] 75. Bhide A, Prefumo F, Moore J, Hollis B, Thilaganathan B. Placental edge to internal os distance in the late third trimester and mode of delivery in placenta praevia. BJOG 2003;110:860-4. source
• ?Could not verify

  Citation 78 is attached to the marginal-sinus part of the sentence. The Methods and Results passages describe placental-edge thickness, vascularity and delivery outcomes, but searches for “marginal sinus” and “sinus” found no passage linking a marginal sinus to caesarean delivery. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [76] 76. Ghourab S. Third-trimester transvaginal ultrasonography in placenta previa: does the shape of the lower placental edge predict clinical outcome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18: 103-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Saitoh M, Ishihara K, Sekiya T, Araki T. Anticipation of uterine bleeding in placenta previa based on vaginal sonographic evaluation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2002;54:37-42. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] 78. Taga A, Sato Y, Sakae C, Satake Y, Emoto I, Maruyama S, et al. Planned vaginal delivery versus planned cesarean delivery in cases of low-lying placenta. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017;30:618-22. source

In the paper

“The national case-control study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System found that the incidence of placenta accreta spectrum increases from 1.7 per 10 000 women overall to 577 per 10 000 in women with both a previous caesarean section and placenta praevia.113”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Results report an estimated incidence of 1.7 per 10,000 maternities overall and 577 per 10,000 among women with both a previous caesarean delivery and placenta praevia. The Results incidence table gives the same subgroup figure. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [113] 113. Fitzpatrick KE, Sellers S, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/increta/ percreta in the UK: a national case-control study. PLoS One 2012;7:e52893. 114. 103. Morlando M, Sarno L, Napolitano R, Capone A, Tessitore G, Maruotti GM, et al. Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:457-60. source

In the paper

“Placenta praevia is another important risk factor for placenta accreta spectrum (see Appendix II).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] 112. Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1226-32. source
• Supported

  The Results > Risk factors passage reports substantially raised odds of placenta accreta/increta/percreta in women with placenta praevia diagnosed antenatally (aOR 65.02). The Discussion > Conclusions also identifies antepartum placenta praevia as a risk factor. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [113] 113. Fitzpatrick KE, Sellers S, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/increta/ percreta in the UK: a national case-control study. PLoS One 2012;7:e52893. 114. 103. Morlando M, Sarno L, Napolitano R, Capone A, Tessitore G, Maruotti GM, et al. Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:457-60. source

In the paper

“Overall, the aOR for placenta accreta spectrum after previous uterine surgery is 3.40 (95% CI 1.30-8.91).113”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results > Risk factors section reports an aOR of 3.40 (95% CI 1.30–8.91) for *other* previous uterine surgery, such as myomectomy. The claim omits that qualifier: the paper reports a separate aOR of 14.41 for previous caesarean delivery, so 3.40 is not the estimate for previous uterine surgery overall. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [113] 113. Fitzpatrick KE, Sellers S, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/increta/ percreta in the UK: a national case-control study. PLoS One 2012;7:e52893. 114. 103. Morlando M, Sarno L, Napolitano R, Capone A, Tessitore G, Maruotti GM, et al. Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:457-60. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A caesarean scar pregnancy can be diagnosed using TVS from the second month of pregnancy using specific ultrasound criteria.129,130”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Study population section states that transvaginal ultrasound was used to assess pregnancy location and lists specific criteria for diagnosing implantation in a Cesarean scar. The Results report a median gestational age at presentation of 53 days, within the second month; the figure caption also shows a diagnosed pregnancy at 7 weeks. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [129] 129. Jurkovic D, Knez J, Appiah A, Farahani L, Mavrelos D, Ross JA. Surgical treatment of Caesarean scar pregnancy: efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided suction curettage. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;47:511-7. source
• Partly supported

  The Methods describe ultrasound images from 6–8 weeks’ gestation and specific criteria used to confirm cesarean scar pregnancy, supporting diagnosis in the second month. The passage does not identify the imaging as transvaginal sonography (TVS), so that part of the claim is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [130] 130. Cali G, Forlani F, Timor-Tritsch IE, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Minneci G, D'Antonio F. Natural history of Caesarean scar pregnancy on prenatal ultrasound: the crossover sign. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;50:100-4. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Advanced maternal age (35 years or more) in women without a previous caesarean section increases the aOR by 1.30 (95% CI 1.13-1.50)for every 1-year increase in age.113”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results > Risk factors section reports an aOR of 1.30 (95% CI 1.13–1.50) per one-year increase in age among women without a previous caesarean delivery. Table 2 uses 35 years as a cutoff for a separate age comparison, but the paper does not restrict the per-year estimate to women aged 35 or older. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [113] 113. Fitzpatrick KE, Sellers S, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/increta/ percreta in the UK: a national case-control study. PLoS One 2012;7:e52893. 114. 103. Morlando M, Sarno L, Napolitano R, Capone A, Tessitore G, Maruotti GM, et al. Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:457-60. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“All epidemiological studies of the last 2 decades have shown a direct association between the increase in caesarean deliveries and the incidence of placenta accreta spectrum (abnormally adherent and invasive placenta) in subsequent pregnancies worldwide.[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [111] 111. Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU. Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:1458-61. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] 112. Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1226-32. source
• Partly supported

  The Results (Risk factors; page unavailable) report higher odds of placenta accreta/increta/percreta after a previous caesarean delivery in this UK study. The Discussion (page unavailable) notes similar findings from a few studies outside the UK, but does not establish that all epidemiological studies over two decades found a worldwide association between rising caesarean rates and rising incidence. The study also found no linear association with the number of previous caesarean deliveries. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [113] 113. Fitzpatrick KE, Sellers S, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/increta/ percreta in the UK: a national case-control study. PLoS One 2012;7:e52893. 114. 103. Morlando M, Sarno L, Napolitano R, Capone A, Tessitore G, Maruotti GM, et al. Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:457-60. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Considering the higher frequency of placenta praevia in the accreta group, 143,156 these results are likely to be influenced by the perinatal complications of placenta praevia.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The citation is attached to the statement that placenta praevia is more frequent in the accreta group, not to the citing authors’ subsequent inference about perinatal complications. The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies placenta praevia as the main additional risk factor for accreta after a previous caesarean delivery, supporting that association in the population the review addresses. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [143] 143. Jauniaux E, Bhide A. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and outcome of placenta previa accreta after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:27-36. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [156] 156. Vinograd A, Wainstock T, Mazor M, Beer-Weisel R, Klaitman V, Dukler D, et al. Placenta accreta is an independent risk factor for late pre-term birth and perinatal mortality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015;28:1381-7. source

In the paper

“Placenta percreta can be associated with major prenatal complications from early in pregnancy, such as uterine rupture [150][151][152] and bladder involvement with associated life-threatening haemorrhage.[153][154][155]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [150] 150. Hornemann A, Bohlmann MK, Diedrich K, Kavallaris A, Kehl S, Kelling K, et al. Spontaneous uterine rupture at the 21st week of gestation caused by placenta percreta. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:875-8. source
• Partly supported

  The paper’s discussion lists uterine rupture as a complication of placenta percreta and describes potentially life-threatening bleeding in the previable period. Its case description reports bleeding at 21 weeks, but does not report bladder involvement; at delivery, it explicitly notes no invasion of surrounding organs. The bladder-involvement portion is therefore unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [151] 151. Dew L, Harris S, Yost N, Magee K, dePrisco G. Second trimester placenta percreta presenting as acute abdomen. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2015;28:38-40. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [152] 152. Sun JN, Zhang BL, Yu HY, Zhang Q. Spontaneous uterine rupture due to placenta percreta during pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med 2016;34:1918.e1-3. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] 153. Abbas F, Talati J, Wasti S, Akram S, Ghaffar S, Qureshi R. Placenta percreta with bladder invasion as a cause of life threatening hemorrhage. J Urol 2000;164:1270-4. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [154] 154. Wagaskar VG, Daga SO, Patwardhan SK. Placenta percreta presenting with delayed haematuria. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9: PD01-2. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [155] 155. Brown JV 3rd, Epstein HD, Laflamme LA, Goldstein BH. First- trimester placenta percreta with urinary bladder invasion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016;132:102-3. source

In the paper

“Ultrasound imaging is highly accurate when performed by a skilled operator with experience in diagnosing placenta accreta spectrum.[New 2018]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] 142. D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using ultrasound: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;42:509-17. source
• Partly supported

  The Conclusions report sensitivity and specificity above 95% when skilled operators diagnose placenta previa accreta in women with prior cesarean delivery who have an anterior low-lying placenta or placenta previa. The claim omits those population and placental-location limits, extending the finding to placenta accreta spectrum generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [143] 143. Jauniaux E, Bhide A. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and outcome of placenta previa accreta after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:27-36. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“No ultrasound sign or a combination of ultrasound signs have so far been found to be specific to the depth of placenta accreta spectrum to provide an accurate differential diagnosis between adherent and invasive accreta placentation.16”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Main findings and Comparison with existing literature sections state that no ultrasound sign or combination of signs was specific to the depth of accreta placentation. This supports the claim that ultrasound signs could not reliably distinguish adherent from invasive placentation. Page numbers were not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [16] 16. Jauniaux E, Collins SL, Jurkovic D, Burton GJ. Accreta placentation: a systematic review of prenatal ultrasound imaging and grading of villous invasiveness. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;215:712-21. source

In the paper

“Determining the depth and lateral extension of placental invasion is helpful for planning the individual care of women diagnosed with placenta accreta spectrum.16,17,144”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction states that determining the depth of placental invasion is essential for planning individual management of women diagnosed with placenta accreta. The Comparison with existing literature section says MRI has been reported useful for assessing lateral extension, but does not say that determining lateral extension helps plan individual care; the Series synthesis of results also notes that no series reported lateral extension. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [16] 16. Jauniaux E, Collins SL, Jurkovic D, Burton GJ. Accreta placentation: a systematic review of prenatal ultrasound imaging and grading of villous invasiveness. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;215:712-21. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says complication severity varies with the depth of villous invasion and that prenatal diagnosis is essential to PAS management. The Conclusions (page unavailable) say ultrasound signs depend on both depth and lateral extension, but do not say that determining both helps plan an individual woman's care. The paper also cautions in Pathological Correlations that ultrasound signs have not reliably established invasion depth. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [17] 17. Jauniaux E, Collins S, Burton GJ. Placenta accreta spectrum: pathophysiology and evidence-based anatomy for prenatal ultrasound imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218:75-87. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [144] 144. Chantraine F, Nisolle M, Petit P, Schaaps JP, Foidart JM. Individual decisions in placenta increta and percreta: a case series. J Perinat Med 2012;40:265-70. source

In the paper

“Similarly, a recent online survey completed by members of the expert panel for the perinatal management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders for the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has found wide variation in global practices.161”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Materials and Methods section says the online survey was conducted among 50 international experts who worked on the FIGO guidelines. The Discussion reports wide variation in clinical experience and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders across regions of the world. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [161] 161. Cal M, Ayres-de-Campos D, Jauniaux E. International survey of practices used in the diagnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018;140:307-11. source

In the paper

“The data of three recent single institution retrospective cohort studies of women with prior caesarean delivery diagnosed prenatally with placenta accreta have indicated that in the absence of risk factors for preterm delivery, it is safe to plan the delivery at 36 weeks of gestation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [168] 168. Seet EL, Kay HH, Wu S, Terplan M. Placenta accreta: depth of invasion and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:2042-5. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [169] 169. Rac MW, Wells CE, Twickler DM, Moschos E, McIntire DD, Dashe JS. Placenta accreta and vaginal bleeding according to gestational age at delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125: 808-13. source
• Partly supported

  The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that patients with suspected previa-accreta and no preterm-birth risk factors had a low risk of unscheduled delivery before 36 weeks. The Discussion (page unavailable) supports scheduling selected low-risk patients at 36 weeks or later, but conditions later delivery for those with prior cesarean delivery on experienced care and individualized assessment of invasion risk. Thus, saying it is safe based on the absence of preterm-delivery risk factors alone overstates the paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [170] 170. Perlman NC, Little SE, Thomas A, Cantonwine DE, Carusi DA. Patient selection for later delivery timing with suspected previa- accreta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017;96:1021-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“which still occurs about 20% of the time even in scheduled cases.164,166”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Antepartum considerations section says emergency delivery may be needed despite a predelivery diagnosis and reports that 4 of 9 patients delivering after 36 weeks required emergency delivery for hemorrhage. It does not give a rate of about 20% for scheduled cases generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [164] 164. Publications Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Belfort MA. Placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:430-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [166] 166. Belfort MA. Indicated preterm birth for placenta accreta. Semin Perinatol 2011;35:252-6. source

In the paper

“The third study of 84 women who had reached 34 +0 weeks of gestation with a suspected praevia accreta found that those with no risk factors for preterm birth are at low risk for an unscheduled delivery prior to 36 weeks of gestation.170”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract states that the retrospective cohort included 84 patients who had reached 34 weeks with suspected previa-accreta. It reports a 3% rate of unscheduled delivery before 36 weeks in the low-risk group and concludes that patients with no risk factors for preterm birth are at low risk of that outcome. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [170] 170. Perlman NC, Little SE, Thomas A, Cantonwine DE, Carusi DA. Patient selection for later delivery timing with suspected previa- accreta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017;96:1021-8. source

In the paper

“The main risk associated with the delivery of placenta accreta spectrum is massive haemorrhage and its associated complications, such as coagulopathy, multisystem organ failure and death.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [171] 171. Green L, Knight M, Seeney FM, Hopkinson C, Collins PW, Collis RE, et al. The epidemiology and outcomes of women with postpartum haemorrhage requiring massive transfusion with eight or more units of red cells: a national cross-sectional study. BJOG 2016;123:2164-70. source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction identifies major hemorrhage and very high blood loss at delivery as risks of abnormal placentation. The Discussion says major obstetric hemorrhage can cause coagulopathy. Our copy does not identify multisystem organ failure or death as complications of delivery with placenta accreta spectrum; its mention of reduced death risk concerns treatment of traumatic hemorrhage in non-obstetric patients. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [172] 172. Brookfield KF, Goodnough LT, Lyell DJ, Butwick AJ. Perioperative and transfusion outcomes in women undergoing cesarean hysterectomy for abnormal placentation. Transfusion 2014;54:1530-6. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Similarly, in a 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnosis and outcome of placenta accreta, an elective or emergency caesarean hysterectomy was performed in 208 out of 232 (89.7%) cases.143”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Systematic review synthesis of results reports that 208 of 232 cases (89.7%) had an elective or emergent caesarean hysterectomy. The 232 cases were from the ten studies with detailed management data; the citing sentence reproduces the reported figure. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [143] 143. Jauniaux E, Bhide A. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and outcome of placenta previa accreta after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:27-36. source

In the paper

“Women with placenta percreta are more likely to require additional blood products and intensive care admission than women with placenta creta or increta.189”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion states that women with placenta percreta were more likely to require additional blood products and intensive care admission than women with placenta accreta or increta. Table 4 also reports higher counts for both outcomes in the percreta group. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [189] 189. Grace Tan SE, Jobling TW, Wallace EM, McNeilage LJ, Manolitsas T, Hodges RJ. Surgical management of placenta accreta: a 10-year experience. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:445-50. source

In the paper

“The value of prophylactic placement of balloon catheters in the iliac arteries in cases of placenta accreta has been more controversial.This is mainly because of the higher risks of complications than embolisation, including iliac artery thrombus or rupture, and ischaemic nerve injury.[216][217][218][219]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [216] 216. Bishop S, Butler K, Monaghan S, Chan K, Murphy G, Edozien L. Multiple complications following the use of prophylactic internal iliac artery balloon catheterisation in a patient with placenta percreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011;20:70-3. source
• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [217] 217. Gagnon J, Boucher L, Kaufman I, Brown R, Moore A. Iliac artery rupture related to balloon insertion for placenta accreta causing maternal hemorrhage and neonatal compromise. Can J Anaesth 2013;60:1212-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [218] 218. Teare J, Evans E, Belli A, Wendler R. Sciatic nerve ischaemia after iliac artery occlusion balloon catheter placement for placenta percreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2014;23:178-81. 219. 107. Matsueda S, Hidaka N, Kondo Y, Fujiwara A, Fukushima K, Kato K. External iliac artery thrombosis after common iliac artery balloon occlusion during cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta in cervico-isthmic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015;41:1826-30. source

In the paper

“Cohort studies have also reported that a second pregnancy within 1 year of a caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of placenta praevia (RR 1.7, 95% CI 0.9-3.1).26”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] 26. Getahun D, Oyelese Y, Salihu HM, Ananth CV. Previous cesarean delivery and risks of placenta previa and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:771-8. source

In the paper

“A 2016 meta-analysis of ART singleton pregnancies reported a RR of 3.71 (95% CI 2.67-5.16)for placenta praevia 32”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Qin J, Liu X, Sheng X, Wang H, Gao S. Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of pregnancy-related complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in singleton pregnancies: a meta- analysis of cohort studies. Fertil Steril 2016;105:73-85.e1-6. source

In the paper

“This is less likely to occur in women with a previous caesarean delivery.39”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] 39. Cho JY, Lee YH, Moon MH, Lee JH. Difference in migration of placenta according to the location and type of placenta previa. J Clin Ultrasound 2008;36:79-84. source

In the paper

“A retrospective cohort study of 1 172 405 twin live births and stillbirths in the USA between 1989 and 1998 found no increased risk in twins.28”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. Ananth CV, Demissie K, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM. Placenta praevia in singleton and twin births in the United States, 1989 through 1998: a comparison of risk factor profiles and associated conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:275-81. source

In the paper

“A 2014 meta-analysis confirmed these findings and reported an overall odds ratio (OR) of 1.47 (95% CI 1.44-1.51)for placenta praevia after caesarean section.25”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. Klar M, Michels KB. Cesarean section and placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies-a meta-analysis. J Perinat Med 2014;42:571-83. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, a 2017 meta-analysis of the impact of maternal smoking on placental position 34 (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.30-1.50)has found an increased risk of placenta praevia.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] 34. Shobeiri F, Jenabi E. Smoking and placenta previa: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017;30:2985-90. source

In the paper

“that was confirmed by a 2017 metaanalysis (OR 2.67, 95% CI 2.01-3.34).33”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. Karami M, Jenabi E, Fereidooni B. The association of placenta previa and associated reproductive techniques: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017;284:47-51. source

In the paper

“In 1997, a meta-analysis of the association of placenta praevia with history of caesarean delivery found a dose-response pattern for the relative risk (RR) of placenta praevia of 4.5 (95% CI 3.6-5.5)for one, 7.4 (95% CI 7.1-7.7)for two, 6.5 (95% CI 3.6-11.6)for three, and 44.9 (95% CI 13.5-149.5)for four or more prior caesarean deliveries compared with vaginal delivery.23”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM. The association of placenta previa with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1071-8. source

In the paper

“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 studies including over 2 million deliveries indicated that the incidence of placenta praevia increases from 10 in 1000 deliveries with one previous caesarean delivery to 28 in 1000 with three or more caesarean deliveries.24”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] 24. Marshall NE, Fu R, Guise JM. Impact of multiple cesarean deliveries on maternal morbidity: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:262.e1-8. source

In the paper

“Studies have not demonstrated an increased risk for caesarean section due to haemorrhage in these cases.4,5”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Vintzileos AM, Ananth CV, Smulian JC. Using ultrasound in the clinical management of placental implantation abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:S70-7. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Silver RM. Abnormal placentation: Placenta previa, vasa previa and placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:654-68. source

In the paper

“Among those with placenta praevia diagnosed in the second trimester the majority of cases resolve by 32 weeks of gestation.29,47”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Weis MA, Harper LM, Roehl KA, Odibo AO, Cahill AG. Natural history of placenta previa in twins. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120: 753-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. Kohari KS, Roman AS, Fox NS, Feinberg J, Saltzman DH, Klauser CK, et al. Persistence of placenta previa in twin gestations based on gestational age at sonographic detection. J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:985-9. source

In the paper

“TVS improves the accuracy of placental localisation particularly when the placenta is posterior or if the TAS is unclear, for example, due to maternal obesity or the presence of large uterine fibroids.5”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Silver RM. Abnormal placentation: Placenta previa, vasa previa and placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:654-68. source

In the paper

“Serial TVS cervical length measurements from 26 weeks of gestation have indicated that when the length of the cervix decreases rapidly to 35 mm or less there is an increased risk of preterm caesarean section due to massive haemorrhage.60”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Sekiguchi A, Nakai A, Okuda N, Inde Y, Takeshita T. Consecutive cervical length measurements as a predictor of preterm cesarean section in complete placenta previa. J Clin Ultrasound 2015;43:17-22. source

In the paper

“Similarly, a prospective cohort study of 54 women with placenta praevia covering the internal os has shown that combining a cervical length of less than 30 mm and measurement of the lower placental edge thickness of more than 10 mm has a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 78.4%.58”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Zaitoun MM, El Behery MM, Abd El Hameed AA, Soliman BS. Does cervical length and the lower placental edge thickness measurement correlates with clinical outcome in cases of complete placenta previa? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:867-73. source

In the paper

“There is no evidence, however, that neonates born after pregnancies with placenta praevia are more likely to be small for gestational age when compared to non-praevia controls.65”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] 65. Nørgaard LN, Pinborg A, Lidegaard Ø, Bergholt T. A Danish national cohort study on neonatal outcome in singleton pregnancies with placenta previa. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91:546-51. source

In the paper

“Compared with neonates born at 38 weeks of gestation, those delivered at 35, 36 and 37 weeks of gestation have no greater odds of meconium passage, fetal distress, fetal anaemia, neonatal seizures, increased ventilator needs or infant death at 1 year.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] 74. Balayla J, Wo BL, B edard MJ. A late-preterm, early-term stratified analysis of neonatal outcomes by gestational age in placenta previa: defining the optimal timing for delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015;28:1756-61. source

In the paper

“A systematic review to determine if the prolonged (48 hours or more) use of tocolytics in women with symptomatic preterm placenta praevia improves perinatal outcome identified two retrospective studies (total, n = 217) and one RCT (n = 60).69”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] 69. Bose DA, Assel BG, Hill JB, Chauhan SP. Maintenance tocolytics for preterm symptomatic placenta previa: a review. Am J Perinatol 2011;28:45-50. source

In the paper

“By contrast, if the placenta extends beyond the internal os on TVS during the second trimester, it is likely to be confirmed as placenta praevia at 32 weeks of gestation.[48][49][50]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] 48. Sherman SJ, Carlson DE, Platt LD, Medearis AL. Transvaginal ultrasound: does it help in the diagnosis of placenta previa? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1992;2:256-60. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] 49. Mustaf a SA, Brizot ML, Carvalho MH, Watanabe L, Kahhale S, Zugaib M. Transvaginal ultrasonography in predicting placenta previa at delivery: a longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002;20:356-9. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Becker RH, Vonk R, Mende BC, Ragosch V, Entezami M. The relevance of placental location at 20-23 gestational weeks for prediction of placenta previa at delivery: evaluation of 8650 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17:496-501. source

In the paper

“However, aOR odds of 5-minute Apgar scores of less than 7 are greater at 35 and 36 weeks of gestation (aOR 3.33, 95% CI 1.71-6.47;and aOR 2.17, 1.11-4.22,respectively)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] 74. Balayla J, Wo BL, B edard MJ. A late-preterm, early-term stratified analysis of neonatal outcomes by gestational age in placenta previa: defining the optimal timing for delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015;28:1756-61. source

In the paper

“The results of the RCT showed that pregnancy can be prolonged for more than 7 days with continued tocolytics (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.38-6.96).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] 69. Bose DA, Assel BG, Hill JB, Chauhan SP. Maintenance tocolytics for preterm symptomatic placenta previa: a review. Am J Perinatol 2011;28:45-50. source

In the paper

“When combined with the data of retrospective studies, the results did not reach significance (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.63-2.28).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] 69. Bose DA, Assel BG, Hill JB, Chauhan SP. Maintenance tocolytics for preterm symptomatic placenta previa: a review. Am J Perinatol 2011;28:45-50. source

In the paper

“Numerous factors influence the chances of low-lying placenta or placenta praevia persisting until delivery, such as prior caesarean section, 43 the distance between the placental edge and the internal os, and the thickness of the placental edge.4”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] 43. Lal AK, Nyholm J, Wax J, Rose CH, Watson WJ. Resolution of complete placenta previa: does prior cesarean delivery matter? J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:577-80. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Vintzileos AM, Ananth CV, Smulian JC. Using ultrasound in the clinical management of placental implantation abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:S70-7. source

In the paper

“TVS will reclassify 26-60% of placentas diagnosed as low lying at the routine fetal anomaly scan.[52][53][54]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] 52. Taipale P, Hiilesmaa V, Yl€ ostalo P. Transvaginal ultrasonography at 18-23 weeks in predicting placenta praevia at delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:422-5. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] 53. Lauria MR, Smith RS, Treadwell MC, Comstock CH, Kirk JS, Lee W, et al. The use of second-trimester transvaginal sonography to predict placenta previa. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:337-40. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] 54. Smith RS, Lauria MR, Comstock CH, Treadwell MC, Kirk JS, Lee W, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography for all placentas that appear to be low-lying or over the internal cervical os. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;9:22-4. source

In the paper

“A decision analytic model designed to compare total maternal and neonatal quality-adjusted life years for delivery of women with placenta praevia at 34 +0 to 36 +6 weeks of gestation indicated that corticosteroids administration at 35 +5 weeks of gestation followed by planned delivery at 36 weeks of gestation optimises maternal and neonatal outcomes.69”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] 69. Bose DA, Assel BG, Hill JB, Chauhan SP. Maintenance tocolytics for preterm symptomatic placenta previa: a review. Am J Perinatol 2011;28:45-50. source

In the paper

“Overall, TVS has a high accuracy (positive predictive value of 93.3%, negative predictive value of 97.6% and false-negative rate of 2.33%) in predicting placenta praevia in women suspected of having a low-lying placenta on TAS in the second and early third trimester, with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 98.8%.55”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Leerentveld RA, Gilberts EC, Arnold MJ, Wladimiroff JW. Accuracy and safety of transvaginal sonographic placental localization. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:759-62. source

In the paper

“In twin pregnancies, the likelihood of persistence of placenta praevia is also dependent on the gestational age at sonographic detection.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Weis MA, Harper LM, Roehl KA, Odibo AO, Cahill AG. Natural history of placenta previa in twins. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120: 753-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. Kohari KS, Roman AS, Fox NS, Feinberg J, Saltzman DH, Klauser CK, et al. Persistence of placenta previa in twin gestations based on gestational age at sonographic detection. J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:985-9. source

In the paper

“Compared with women with a long cervical length, women with a short cervical length (less than 25 mm) have a RR of 7.2 (95% CI 2.3-22.3)for massive haemorrhage during caesarean section for placenta praevia.59”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Mimura T, Hasegawa J, Nakamura M, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A, et al. Correlation between the cervical length and the amount of bleeding during cesarean section in placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37:830-5. source

In the paper

“Intraoperative interventional radiological techniques, including transarterial embolisation 106 and temporary balloon occlusion 107 of the internal iliac arteries, have also been successfully used to prevent and control haemorrhage in placenta praevia”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] 106. Inoue S, Masuyama H, Hiramatsu Y; Multi-Institutional Study Group of Transarterial Embolization for Massive Obstetric Haemorrhage in Chugoku & Shikoku Area Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Efficacy of transarterial embolisation in the management of post-partum haemorrhage and its impact on subsequent pregnancies. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2014;54: 541-5. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] 107. Broekman EA, Versteeg H, Vos LD, Dijksterhuis MG, Papatsonis DN. Temporary balloon occlusion of the internal iliac arteries to prevent massive hemorrhage during cesarean delivery among patients with placenta previa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;128:118-21. source

In the paper

“No definite cases of amniotic fluid embolism have been reported so far”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] 93. Goucher H, Wong CA, Patel SK, Toledo P. Cell salvage in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 2015;121:465-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] 94. Morikawa M, Kuramoto A, Nakayama M, Oguchi H, Hasegawa M, Funakoshi T, et al. Intraoperative red cell salvage during obstetric surgery in 50 Japanese women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;128:256-9. source

In the paper

“Women having a caesarean section for placenta praevia are at increased risk of blood loss of more than 1000 ml compared with women having a caesarean section for other indications (RR 3.97, 95% CI 3.24-4.85).84”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] 84. Thomas J, Paranjothy S, editors. The National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit Report. London: RCOG Press; 2001.

In the paper

“A retrospective cohort study found that avoiding incision of the anterior placenta praevia after 24 weeks of gestation reduces the need for maternal blood transfusion during or after caesarean delivery.95”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] 95. Verspyck E, Douysset X, Roman H, Marret S, Marpeau L. Transecting versus avoiding incision of the anterior placenta previa during cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;128:44-7. source

In the paper

“The risk of massive haemorrhage together with the possibility of needing a blood transfusion has been estimated to be approximately 12 times more likely in caesarean section for placenta praevia than in caesarean delivery for other indications.87,88”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [87] 87. Mavrides E, Allard S, Chandraharan E, Collins P, Green L, Hunt BJ, et al. on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG 2016;124:e106-49.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [88] 88. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Blood Transfusions in Obstetrics. Green-top Guideline No. 47. London: RCOG; 2015.

In the paper

“Placenta praevia is often associated with additional complications, including fetal malpresentation (transverse or breech presentation) requiring complex intraoperative manoeuvres to deliver the baby.90”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] 90. Pelosi MA, Apuzzio J, Fricchione D, Gowda VV. The "intra- abdominal version technique" for delivery of transverse lie by low- segment caesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:1009-11. source

In the paper

“Maternal complications at caesarean section increase when the primary surgeon is a trainee rather than an experienced surgeon.89”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] 89. Madsen K, Grønbeck L, Rifbjerg Larsen C, Østergaard J, Bergholt T, Langhoff-Roos J, et al. Educational strategies in performing cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:256-63. source

In the paper

“Follow-up studies of women who have undergone arterial embolisation for control of PPH suggest that the intervention does not impair subsequent menstruation and fertility.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] 108. Sentilhes L, Gromez A, Clavier E, Resch B, Verspyck E, Marpeau L. Fertility and pregnancy following pelvic arterial embolisation for postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG 2010;117:84-93. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] 109. Doumouchtsis SK, Nikolopoulos K, Talaulikar V, Krishna A, Arulkumaran S. Menstrual and fertility outcomes following the surgical management of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. BJOG 2014;121:382-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] 110. Soro MP, Denys A, de Rham M, Baud D. Short and long term adverse outcomes after arterial embolisation for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. Eur Radiol 2017;27:749-62. source

In the paper

“the risks of cell salvage in the obstetric population parallel those in the nonpregnant population.93,94”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] 93. Goucher H, Wong CA, Patel SK, Toledo P. Cell salvage in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 2015;121:465-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] 94. Morikawa M, Kuramoto A, Nakayama M, Oguchi H, Hasegawa M, Funakoshi T, et al. Intraoperative red cell salvage during obstetric surgery in 50 Japanese women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;128:256-9. source

In the paper

“An RCT of regional versus general anaesthesia for placenta praevia, including women with placenta accreta, has indicated that blood transfusion requirements (although not estimated blood loss) are greater in the general anaesthetic group.91”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] 91. Hong JY, Jee YS, Yoon HJ, Kim SM. Comparison of general and epidural anesthesia in elective cesarean section for placenta pevia totalis: maternal hemodynamics, blood loss and neonatal outcome. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003;12:12-6. source

In the paper

“In cases of anterior placenta praevia, cutting through the placenta is often associated with increased maternal bleeding.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] 95. Verspyck E, Douysset X, Roman H, Marret S, Marpeau L. Transecting versus avoiding incision of the anterior placenta previa during cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;128:44-7. source

In the paper

“This risk rises as the number of prior caesarean sections increases.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [111] 111. Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU. Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:1458-61. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [120] 120. Thurn L, Lindqvist PG, Jakobsson M, Colmorn LB, Klungsoyr K, Bjarnad ottir RI, et al. Abnormally invasive placenta-prevalence, risk factors and antenatal suspicion: results from a large population-based pregnancy cohort study in the Nordic countries. BJOG 2016;123:1348-55. source

In the paper

“Women with anterior placenta are at increased risk of blood loss.85”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] 85. Baba Y, Matsubara S, Ohkuchi A, Usui R, Kuwata T, Suzuki H, et al. Anterior placentation as a risk factor for massive hemorrhage during cesarean section in patients with placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014;40:1243-8. source

In the paper

“In a series from specialist centres, approximately one-third of cases of placenta accreta were not diagnosed during pregnancy.137”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [137] 137. Bowman ZS, Eller AG, Kennedy AM, Richards DS, Winter TC 3rd, Woodward PJ, et al. Accuracy of ultrasound for the prediction of placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:177.e1-7. source

In the paper

“Maternal complications in placenta accreta spectrum are primarily the result of massive haemorrhage.5”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Silver RM. Abnormal placentation: Placenta previa, vasa previa and placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:654-68. source

In the paper

“Other surgical trauma to the integrity of the uterine endometrium and/or superficial myometrium, such as those following uterine curettage, manual removal of the placenta, postpartum endometritis or myomectomy, has been associated with accreta placentation in subsequent pregnancies.1,12,13”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Placenta accreta: pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012;33:244-51. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Luke RK, Sharpe JW, Greene RR. Placenta accreta: the adherent or invasive placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;95:660-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Fox H, Sebire NJ, editors. Pathology of the Placenta. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier; 2007. source

In the paper

“The development of placenta accreta spectrum has also been reported in women with no surgical history but presenting with a uterine pathology, such as bicornuate uterus, adenomyosis, submucous fibroids and myotonic dystrophy.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Placenta accreta: pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012;33:244-51. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Luke RK, Sharpe JW, Greene RR. Placenta accreta: the adherent or invasive placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;95:660-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Fox H, Sebire NJ, editors. Pathology of the Placenta. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier; 2007. source

In the paper

“A large multicentre US cohort study noted that for women presenting with placenta praevia and prior caesarean section the risk of accreta placentation is 3%, 11%, 40%, 61% and 67% for one, two, three, four, and five or more caesarean deliveries, respectively.112”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] 112. Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1226-32. source

In the paper

“The 2016 Nordic Obstetric Surveillance Study found that the risk of invasive placentation increases seven-fold after one prior caesarean section.117”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] 117. Eshkoli T, Weintraub AY, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Placenta accreta: risk factors, perinatal outcomes, and consequences for subsequent births. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:219.e1-7. source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of five cohorts and 11 case-control studies reported a summary OR of 1.96 (95% CI 1.41-2.74)for placenta accreta spectrum after a caesarean section.24”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] 24. Marshall NE, Fu R, Guise JM. Impact of multiple cesarean deliveries on maternal morbidity: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:262.e1-8. source

In the paper

“Placenta accreta spectrum is not exclusively a consequence of caesarean delivery.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Placenta accreta: pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012;33:244-51. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Luke RK, Sharpe JW, Greene RR. Placenta accreta: the adherent or invasive placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;95:660-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Fox H, Sebire NJ, editors. Pathology of the Placenta. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier; 2007. source

In the paper

“Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum reduces maternal peripartum haemorrhage and morbidity.20,[132][133][134][135]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] 20. Bowman ZS, Manuck TA, Eller AG, Simons M, Silver RM. Risk factors for unscheduled delivery in patients with placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;210:241.e1-6. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] 132. Tikkanen M, Paavonen J, Loukovaara M, Stefanovic V. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta leads to reduced blood loss. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90:1140-6. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [133] 133. Chantraine F, Braun T, Gonser M, Henrich W, Tutschek B. Prenatal diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta reduces maternal peripartum hemorrhage and morbidity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:439-44. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [134] 134. Hall T, Wax JR, Lucas FL, Cartin A, Jones M, Pinette MG. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of placenta accreta: Impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Clin Ultrasound 2014;42:449-55. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [135] 135. Silver RM, Fox KA, Barton JR, Abuhamad AZ, Simhan H, Huls CK, et al. Center of excellence for placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:561-8. source

In the paper

“A systematic review reported an increase in the incidence of accreta placentation from 3.3-4.0%in women with placenta praevia and no previous caesarean delivery, to 50-67% in women with three or more caesarean deliveries.25”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. Klar M, Michels KB. Cesarean section and placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies-a meta-analysis. J Perinat Med 2014;42:571-83. source

In the paper

“Women admitted at 34 weeks of gestation and delivered between 34 and 35 weeks of gestation by a specialist multidisciplinary team have a significantly lower emergency surgery rate than those not cared for by such a team (23% versus 64%; P = 0.001) despite a similar median gestational age at delivery [34 (16-39) weeks versus 34 (19-40) weeks; P = 0.50, respectively].21”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. Shamshirsaz AA, Fox KA, Salmanian B, Diaz-Arrastia CR, Lee W, Baker BW, et al. Maternal morbidity in patients with morbidly adherent placenta treated with and without a standardized multidisciplinary approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:218.e1-9 source

In the paper

“A retrospective cohort study of 77 women with suspected placenta accreta found that women who delivered prior to a planned delivery date were significantly more likely to have had vaginal bleeding and uterine activity when compared with women who had a scheduled delivery.20”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] 20. Bowman ZS, Manuck TA, Eller AG, Simons M, Silver RM. Risk factors for unscheduled delivery in patients with placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;210:241.e1-6. source

In the paper

“Surveys of healthcare providers in the US and Canada have highlighted widely varied approaches to virtually every aspect of care for placenta accreta spectrum.[157][158][159][160]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [157] 157. Mehrabadi A, Hutcheon JA, Liu S, Bartholomew S, Kramer MS, Liston RM, et al.; Maternal Health Study Group of Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System (Public Health Agency of Canada). Contribution of placenta accreta to the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and severe postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:814-21. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [158] 158. Jolley JA, Nageotte MP, Wing DA, Shrivastava VK. Management of placenta accreta: a survey of Maternal-Fetal Medicine practitioners. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:756-60. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [159] 159. Esakoff TF, Handler SJ, Granados JM, Caughey AB. PAMUS: placenta accreta management across the United States. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:761-5. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] 160. Wright JD, Silver RM, Bonanno C, Gaddipati S, Lu YS, Simpson LL, et al. Practice patterns and knowledge of obstetricians and gynecologists regarding placenta accreta. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:1602-9. source

In the paper

“Abnormal vasculature on CDI had the best predictive accuracy with a sensitivity of 90.74% (95% CI 85.2-94.7),specificity of 87.68% (95% CI 84.6-90.4) and diagnostic OR of 69.02 (95% CI 22.8-208.9).142”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] 142. D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using ultrasound: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;42:509-17. source

In the paper

“Among the different ultrasound signs, abnormality of the uterus-bladder interface had the best specificity of 99.75% (95% CI 99.5-99.9)for the prediction of placenta accreta.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] 142. D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using ultrasound: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;42:509-17. source

In the paper

“There are currently no RCTs or well-controlled observational studies to guide best practice in delivery timing of placenta accreta spectrum.”

In the paper

“The latter review also found that MRI has high predictive accuracy in assessing both the depth and topography of placental invasion.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] 148. D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Bruno CH, Manzoli L, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;44:8-16. source

In the paper

“Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found that the diagnostic value of ultrasound imaging and MRI in detecting placenta accreta spectrum is similar.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [147] 147. Meng X, Xie L, Song W. Comparing the diagnostic value of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for placenta accreta: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013;39:1958-65. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] 148. D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Bruno CH, Manzoli L, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;44:8-16. source

In the paper

“In addition, maternal outcomes are improved over time with increasing experience within a well-established multidisciplinary team performing two to three cases per month.22”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. Shamshirsaz AA, Fox KA, Erfani H, Clark SL, Salmanian B, Baker BW, et al. Multidisciplinary team learning in the management of the morbidly adherent placenta: outcome improvements over time. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:612.e1-e5. source

In the paper

“Clinicians should be aware that the diagnostic value of MRI and ultrasound imaging in detecting placenta accreta spectrum is similar when performed by experts.[New 2018]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [147] 147. Meng X, Xie L, Song W. Comparing the diagnostic value of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for placenta accreta: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013;39:1958-65. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] 148. D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Bruno CH, Manzoli L, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;44:8-16. source

In the paper

“There is limited evidence to support uterus preserving surgery in placenta percreta and women should be informed of the high risk of peripartum and secondary complications, including the need for secondary hysterectomy.”

In the paper

“Due to a lack of RCTs or well-controlled observational studies, the optimal management of placenta accreta spectrum remains undefined”

In the paper

“There are no RCTs comparing different surgical approaches for placenta accreta spectrum suspected antenatally.”

In the paper

“Since the publication of the last version of this guideline there have been several cohort studies describing the use of interventional radiology in assisting surgical and conservative management of placenta accreta with variable success.”

In the paper

“These diagnostic difficulties probably explain the current wide variation in reported prevalence of placenta accreta ranging between 1 in 300 and 1 in 2000 pregnancies, [1][2][3][4][5]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Placenta accreta: pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012;33:244-51. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Solheim KN, Esakoff TF, Little SE, Cheng YW, Sparks TN, Caughey AB. The effect of cesarean delivery rates on the future incidence of placenta previa, placenta accreta, and maternal mortality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:1341-6. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Bowman ZS, Eller AG, Bardsley TR, Greene T, Varner MW, Silver RM. Risk factors for placenta accreta: a large prospective cohort. Am J Perinatol 2014;31:799-804. source

In the paper

“Placenta praevia and placenta accreta are associated with high maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.[1][2][3][4][5]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Placenta accreta: pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012;33:244-51. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Solheim KN, Esakoff TF, Little SE, Cheng YW, Sparks TN, Caughey AB. The effect of cesarean delivery rates on the future incidence of placenta previa, placenta accreta, and maternal mortality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:1341-6. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Bowman ZS, Eller AG, Bardsley TR, Greene T, Varner MW, Silver RM. Risk factors for placenta accreta: a large prospective cohort. Am J Perinatol 2014;31:799-804. source