Mindfulness as a Strategy for Coping with Cue‐Elicited Cravings for Alcohol: An Experimental Examination
Open accessAbstract
Background: Mindfulness has been identified as a promising strategy for managing cravings for alcohol and other drugs, but little controlled experimental research has directly studied whether this approach is effective. The current study systematically examined the effects of an acute mindfulness manipulation on craving for alcohol during prolonged exposure to alcohol cues. Methods: Heavy drinkers (N = 84, 50% male) underwent a prolonged alcohol cue exposure paradigm in a simulated bar environment and received either a mindfulness‐based strategy, a distraction (DST)‐based strategy (active control), or no strategy (passive control) to cope with alcohol cravings and discomfort associated with craving. Results: No baseline differences were present between conditions. Manipulation checks revealed that participants in the 2 active conditions reported using the recommended strategies. Across groups, the initial exposure to alcohol cues was associated with significant increases in craving, urge distress, and heart rate. Mixed analyses of variance on these indices following the experimental manipulation revealed significant differences based on condition over the course of the bar laboratory protocol. The DST strategy was significantly more effective at acutely reducing craving and urge distress than the other 2 conditions, which did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusions: Contrary to our prediction, these findings suggest that an acute DSTstrategy is beneficial for coping with alcohol cravings. The potential importance of protracted mindfulness training to detect significant effects on in vivo craving, additional implications, and methodological considerations are discussed.
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When MBIs were compared to a distraction strategy or passive control or suppression condition, there were no overall differences between groups.
“When MBIs were compared to a distraction strategy or passive control or suppression condition (54, 65), there were no overall differences between groups.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
The Abstract (Results) reports significant differences between conditions: distraction reduced craving and urge distress more than mindfulness or no strategy. The Discussion likewise says the distraction group managed craving significantly better than both other groups. This paper did not test a suppression condition. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness training by itself may not be enough to handle the stress of nicotine withdrawal unless working memory capacity or distress tolerance is also targeted.
“The result is that without additional targeting of WMC or DT vulnerability factors, mindfulness training alone may be inadequate to reliably overcome the stressful conditions of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., Murphy & MacKillop, 2014).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Murphy & MacKillop, 2014
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that an acute mindfulness strategy was not significantly better at reducing alcohol craving or urge-related distress, supporting the narrower point that mindfulness may not suffice for acute cravings. The study did not test nicotine withdrawal or whether targeting working memory capacity (WMC) or distress tolerance (DT) improves outcomes. It also cautions that its brief mindfulness instructions may not reflect the effects of more extensive training. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Murphy, C. M., & MacKillop, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacKillop, James
- Venue
- Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-01-15
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1134-1142
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0277
- PMC
- PMC4123821
- OpenAlex
- W2081164683
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K23 AA016936)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mindfulness, alcohol craving, alcohol cue exposure, distraction techniques, heavy drinkers, heart rate, alcoholism
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Cues, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult, Mindfulness, Craving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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