Measuring mindfulness and examining its relationship with alcohol use and negative consequences
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness has been proposed as a useful adjunct to alcohol abuse treatment. However, very little research has examined the basic relationship between alcohol use and mindfulness. Inconsistency in definition and measurement of mindfulness across studies makes such research difficult to interpret and conduct. Therefore, the current research sought to validate an emerging mindfulness measure, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and examine its relationship with alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences among a sample of 316 college-aged adults. The purported factor structure of the FFMQ was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was used to examine relations among mindfulness, alcohol use, and alcohol-related negative consequences. Consistent with past research, results supported the five-factor structure of the FFMQ. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that two awareness-based factors of mindfulness were negatively related to alcohol use. After controlling for alcohol use, one acceptance-based factor (nonjudging of thoughts and feelings) was negatively related to alcohol-related consequences, and one awareness-based factor was positively related to consequences (all ps < .05). Effect sizes were small-medium. The results reported here inform the burgeoning development of mindfulness-based addiction treatment and provide additional psychometric validation of the FFMQ.
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Describing is associated with more alcohol problems.
“and describing was associated with more alcohol problems.”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Fernandez et al., 2010
The Results (Structural Equation Modeling) report a significant positive association between the Describe factor and alcohol-related consequences after controlling for alcohol use. But a follow-up model found no significant positive association, and the Discussion says the initial result may have been spurious. The unqualified claim omits that important caveat. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLongitudinal designs are virtually absent in prior research in this area.
“Longitudinal designs are virtually absent in prior research in this area (Fernandez et al., 2010; Murphy & MacKillop, 2012; Roos et al., 2015; Vinci et al., 2016).”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Fernandez et al., 2010
In Discussion > Limitations and Future Directions (page unavailable), the paper identifies its own cross-sectional design as a limitation and calls for longitudinal research on mindfulness and alcohol use. It does not establish that longitudinal designs were virtually absent from prior research; its background discussion describes a treatment trial with follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmotional psychopathology mediated the pathways from acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience to alcohol problems, but not alcohol use.
“Consistent with prior work, these results have identified that the acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, or nonreactivity to inner experience facets were related to fewer alcohol problems (Fernandez et al., 2010; Murphy & MacKillop, 2012; Roos et al., 2015; Vinci et al., 2016).”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Fernandez et al., 2010
The Results (Structural Equation Modeling; page unavailable) report fewer alcohol-related consequences with higher nonjudging, while the nonreactivity association only approached significance. Acting with awareness was associated with less alcohol use, not directly with fewer consequences. The paper does not report emotional psychopathology mediating these pathways; that mediation claim also does not appear in the verbatim citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe FFMQ scale was validated in AUD.
“The FFMQ scale was validated in AUD.55”
From Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary outcomes of a mindfulness-based relapse prevention program in a naturalistic setting among treatment-seeking patients with alcohol use disorder: A prospective observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
The Discussion reports evidence for the FFMQ’s factor-level reliability and validity. But the Method’s Sample Characteristics describe a sample of university students, and Limitations and Future Directions says the findings cannot be generalized to a treatment-seeking alcohol-abusing or dependent population. The paper therefore does not establish validation in people with alcohol use disorder (AUD). (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNonjudging of inner experience is associated with fewer alcohol problems.
“Using a cross-sectional design, Fernandez et al. (2010) found that nonjudging of inner experience was associated with fewer alcohol problems”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Fernandez et al., 2010
Acting with awareness is associated with less alcohol use.
“acting with awareness was associated with less alcohol use”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Fernandez et al., 2010
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“Several studies have reported significant negative associations between mindfulness facets and alcohol use (Fernandez et al., 2010; Reynolds et al., 2015) and significant indirect associations between mindfulness facets and alcohol problems via coping motives and alcohol use (Roos et al., 2015).”
- Authors
- Fernandez, A. C., Wood, M. D., Stein, L. A. R., & Rossi, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Rhode Island (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 608-616
- ISSN
- 0893-164X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1501
- PMC
- PMC3924566
- OpenAlex
- W1973170264
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01 AA 013909)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, alcohol consumption, alcohol-related negative consequences, university students, psychometric validation, factor structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Awareness, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Students, Universities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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