Cited by 129Bipolar Disorder and TreatmentMigraine and Headache StudiesSchizophrenia research and treatment

The prevalence of pain in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and large-scale meta-analysis

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Stubbs, B., Eggermont, L., Mitchell, A. J., De Hert, M., Correll, C. U., Soundy, A., Rosenbaum, S., Vancampfort, D.·2015·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis investigating the prevalence of pain in people with bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD: A systematic review and random effects meta-analysis searching major electronic databases from inception till 01/2014 in accordance with the PRISMA statement. We included articles reporting quantitative data on the prevalence of pain in people with BD with or without a healthy control group. Two independent authors conducted searches, extracted data, and completed methodological quality assessment. RESULTS: Twenty two cross-sectional studies were included, representing 12,375,644 individuals (BD n=171,352, n controls=12,204,292). The prevalence of pain in people with BD was 28.9% (95% CI=16.4-43.4%, BD n=171,352). The relative risk (RR) of pain in BD compared to controls was 2.14 (95% CI=1.67-2.75%, n=12,342,577). The prevalence of migraine was 14.2% (95% CI=10.6-18.3%, BD n=127,905), and the RR was 3.30 (95% CI=2.27-4.80%, n=6,732,220).About 23.7% (95% CI=13.1-36.3%, n=106,214) of people with BD experienced chronic pain. Age, percentage of males, methodological quality, and method of BD classification did not explain the observed heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: People with BD experience significantly increased levels of pain (particularly chronic pain and migraine). The assessment and treatment of pain should form an integral part of the management of BD.

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  • Previous research has suggested inadequate referral or lack of access to pain management services among people with pain and comorbid mental illness, particularly for those with serious mental illness.

    “Previous research has sug­ gested an inadequate referral or lack of access to pain management services among people with pain and co­ morbid MI, particularly for those with SMI. 14,15”

    From The Effectiveness of Interventions for Improving Chronic Pain Symptoms Among People With Mental Illness: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [14]

    The Introduction (p. 5) says people with serious mental illness are less likely than those without it to receive adequate care for conditions that cause pain; it also says people with bipolar disorder are less likely to seek medical help. It does not specifically establish inadequate referrals or lack of access to pain management services, or extend that finding to all people with comorbid mental illness. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • People with SMI tend to have a high prevalence of pain, a greater number of painful conditions, but low help-seeking behaviour for their pain.

    “despite people with SMI tend to have a high prevalence of pain, 14 a greater number of painful conditions, but low help-seeking behaviour for their pain. 4”

    From The Effectiveness of Interventions for Improving Chronic Pain Symptoms Among People With Mental Illness: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [14]

    Citation 14 is attached to the high-prevalence-of-pain clause, not the later claims about painful conditions and help-seeking, which are followed by citation 4. The Summations (p. 4) report clinically relevant pain in 28.9% of people with bipolar disorder, but that finding does not establish high pain prevalence across all people with severe mental illness (SMI). (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  1. [1]1. (IASP) IAFTSOP. Why pain control matters in a world of killer disease. http://www.iasppain.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press\_Release&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID =2911; [cited last accessed 28/01/2014]; Available from.
  2. [29]29. HEDGES LV, I O. Statistical models for meta-analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1985.

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Authors
Stubbs, B., Eggermont, L., Mitchell, A. J., De Hert, M., Correll, C. U., Soundy, A., Rosenbaum, S., & Vancampfort, D.
Affiliations
  • Department of Health and Social Care (GB)
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • University of Leicester (GB)
  • KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Neurosciences; UPC KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg; Kortenberg Belgium
  • Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
  • University of Birmingham (GB)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • KU Leuven (BE)
Corresponding author
Stubbs, B.
Venue
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-08-06
Volume
131
Issue
2
Pages
75-88
ISSN
0001-690X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2121982393
Cited by
129
References
77
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 2
FWCI
1.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Migraine and Headache Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords
bipolar disorder, pain prevalence, chronic pain, migraine, comorbidities, pain management
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bipolar Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Pain, Sex Factors, Prevalence, Young Adult

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