A meta-analysis of prevalence estimates and moderators of low bone mass in people with schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and moderators of low bone mass, osteopenia and osteoporosis in schizophrenia patients. METHOD: Major electronic databases were searched from inception till December 2013 for studies reporting the prevalence of low bone mass (osteopenia + osteoporosis = primary outcome), osteopenia or osteoporosis in schizophrenia patients. Two independent authors completed methodological appraisal and extracted data. A random effects meta-analysis was utilized. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included (n = 3038 with schizophrenia; 59.2% male; age 24.5-58.9 years). The overall prevalence of low bone mass was 51.7% (95% CI = 43.1-60.3%); 40.0% (CI = 34.7-45.4%) had osteopenia and 13.2% (CI = 7.8-21.6%) had osteoporosis. Compared with controls, schizophrenia patients had significantly increased risk of low bone mass (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.30-2.77, P < 0.001, n = 1872) and osteoporosis (OR = 2.86, CI = 1.27-6.42, P = 0.01, n = 1824), but not osteopenia (OR = 1.33, CI = 0.934-1.90, P = 0.1, n = 1862). In an exploratory regression analysis, older age (P = 0.004) moderated low bone mass, while older age (P < 0.0001) and male sex (P < 0.0001) moderated osteoporosis. The subgroup analyses demonstrated high heterogeneity, but low bone mass was less prevalent in North America (35.5%, CI = 26.6-45.2%) than Europe (53.6%, CI = 38.0-68.5%) and Asia (58.4%, CI = 48.4-67.7%), and in mixed in-/out-patients (32.9%, CI = 49.6-70.1%) vs. in-patients (60.3%, CI = 49.6-70.1%). CONCLUSION: Reduced bone mass (especially osteoporosis) is significantly more common in people with schizophrenia than controls.
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For people with severe mental illness, mortality remains high even after adjusting for behavioural risk factors such as smoking, physical activity and body mass index.
“For SMI in particular, mortality remains high even after adjusting for behavioural risk factors such as smoking, physical activity and body mass index.107”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
Retention was 78% in both the intervention and control groups, with 53 participants in each group.
“78% retention in both groups (n = 53 in each group).”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
In SHAPE had greater improvements in exercise minutes than fitness club membership and education (F = 11.6, p = 0.001, ES = 0.28).
“In SHAPE had greater improvements in exercise minutes (F = 11.6,p = 0.001, ES = 0.28)”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
The intervention and data collection method were considered acceptable in this high-risk population.
“The intervention and data collection method were deemed acceptable in this high risk population and no adverse events were encountered.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
In SHAPE improved cardiorespiratory fitness more than fitness club membership and education alone (F = 5.6, p = 0.020, ES = 0.37).
“In SHAPE improved CRF more than fitness club membership and education alone (F = 5.6, p = 0.020, ES = 0.37)”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
There was no between-group difference for weight or BMI.
“No between group difference for WT and BMI”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
Mean gym visits were more than 2.5 times greater in the intervention group (mean 28.5 ± 36.9) than in the control group (10.7 ± 2.4).
“Mean gym visits was more than 2.5 times greater in intervention group (mean 28.5 ± 36.9) compared to control (10.7 ± 2.4).”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
In SHAPE resulted in greater self-reported improvements in portion size (F = 4.0, p = 0.047, ES = 0.15).
“portion size (F = 4.0, p = 0.047, ES = 0.15)”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
In SHAPE resulted in greater self-reported improvements in dietary fat score (F = 13.0, p < 0.001, ES = 0.69).
“In SHAPE resulted in greater self-reported improvements in dietary fat score (F = 13.0,p < 0.001, ES = 0.69)”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
No adverse events were encountered.
“The intervention and data collection method were deemed acceptable in this high risk population and no adverse events were encountered.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
In SHAPE participants showed a trend toward greater improvements in fruit and vegetable consumption (F = 3.7, p = 0.055, ES = 0.17).
“In SHAPE participants had a trend to statistical significance for greater improvements in fruits and vegetable consumption (F = 3.7, p = 0.055, ES = 0.17).”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
In SHAPE had greater improvements in vigorous activity than fitness club membership and education (F = 12.0, p = 0.001, ES = 0.48).
“vigorous activity (F = 12.0, p = 0.001, ES = 0.48)”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
A meta-analysis of prevalence of low bone mass in schizophrenia patients reported an even higher prevalence of osteopenia which was present in both patients and controls (around 40%).
“Nevertheless, a meta-analysis of prevalence of low bone mass in schizophrenia patients reported an even higher prevalence of osteopenia which was present in both patients and controls (around 40%) (26).”
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- Authors
- Stubbs, B., De Hert, M., Sepehry, A. A., Correll, C. U., Mitchell, A. J., Soundy, A., Detraux, J., & Vancampfort, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- University Psychiatric Centre; KU Leuven; Kortenberg; KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences; Kortenberg Belgium
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Long Island Jewish Medical Center (US)
- Leicester General Hospital (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Stubbs, B.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-07-10
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 470-486
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2153079117
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiteit Maastricht
- Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Hirosaki University
- China Medical University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Keywords
- moderators, osteopenia, osteoporosis, schizophrenia, bone mineral density, prevalence, age as moderator, sex differences, regional variation, antipsychotic adverse effects, osteoporosis risk factors, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Bone Diseases, Metabolic, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, North America, Osteoporosis, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Prevalence, Young Adult
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