Media Multitasking Effects on Cognitive vs. Attitudinal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis

Jeong, Se-Hoon; Hwang, Yoori

doi:10.1111/hcre.12089

Cited by 154Personal Information Management and User BehaviorMedia Influence and HealthMedia and Digital Communication

Media Multitasking Effects on Cognitive vs. Attitudinal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis

Jeong, Se-Hoon, Hwang, Yoori·2016·Human Communication Research

DOI 10.1111/hcre.12089

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Abstract

Despite the recent proliferation of research on media multitasking, a comprehensive meta-analytic review of its effects has not been available. Based on a review of 49 media multitasking studies, this meta-analysis showed that multitasking has negative effects on cognitive outcomes, whereas it has positive effects on attitudinal (or persuasion-related) outcomes. Moderator analyses suggested that the negative effects of multitasking on cognitive outcomes varied by (a) user control, (b) task relevance, and (c) task contiguity. Specifically, multitasking had greater effects (a) when media users had less control over the media, (b) for tasks that were unrelated, and (c) for tasks that were physically distant. Implications for future multitasking research are further discussed.

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Many studies found that media multitasking is associated with poor cognitive functioning and leads to reduced attentional control ability.
“many studies found that media multitasking is associated with poor cognitive functioning. Notably, it leads to a reduced attentional control ability (36, 37).”
From Media multitasking, depression, and anxiety of college students: Serial mediating effects of attention control and negative information attentional bias (2022) · cites this paper as [36]

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BackgroundInfluential
The Relationship Between Media Multitasking and Attention Problems in Adolescents: Results of Two Longitudinal Studies
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“I am both here and there” Parallel Control of Multiple Robotic Avatars by Disabled Workers in a Café
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“The review by Jeong & Hwang 2016 [40] shows that user control, task contiguity, and task relevance are all important moderators of multitasking efects that cause cognitive overload.”
Timing and relevance of secondary tasks impact multitasking performance
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“Further, a meta-analysis of 49 studies demonstrated that multitasking had a greater negative impact on cognitive outcomes when multitaskers had less control over the task (Jeong & Hwang, 2016).”
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“Individuals have limited control over the media and cannot switch in-between (Jeong and Hwang 2016).”
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Keeping Up with Media Multitasking: An Eye-Tracking Study among Children and Adults to Investigate the Impact of Media Multitasking Behavior on Switching Frequency, Advertising Attention, and Advertising Effectiveness
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“As a means to reduce cognitive load, we found that media activities which involved high numbers of used and shared modalities were less frequently paired with other activities across all datasets (see also Jeong and Hwang 2016; Wang et al. 2015).”
Decision-making, cognitive functions, impulsivity, and media multitasking expectancies in high versus low media multitaskers
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Investigating the Generation and Spread of Numerical Misinformation: A Combined Eye Movement Monitoring and Social Transmission Approach
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Contrary to Myth, Older Adults Multitask With Media and Technologies, But Studying Their Multitasking Behaviors Can Be Challenging
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To Fit In or to Stand out? An Eye-Tracking Study Investigating Online Banner Effectiveness in a Media Multitasking Context
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“In contrast, positive effects are found on attitudinal advertising outcomes, such as brand attitudes and lower degrees of irritation toward the ads (e.g., Beuckels, Cauberghe, and Hudders 2017; Jeong and Hwang 2012; Jeong and Hwang 2016; Segijn, Voorveld, and Smit 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDIA MULTITASKING, WORKING MEMORY AND SUSTAINED ATTENTION
İmren, M., & Tekman, H. G. (2019) · Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.21550/sosbilder.487649 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Not Published Is Not Perished: Addressing Publication Bias in Meta-Analytic Studies in Communication
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Effect of multitasking and task characteristics interaction on cognitive load and learning outcomes in virtual reality learning environments
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“…that multitasking is directly correlated in poor learning outcomes, performance, and productivity (Cour-age et al., 2015; Dönmez & Akbulut, 2021; Jeong & Hwang, 2016; May & Elder, 2018; Rosen et al., 2011; Wood et al., 2012; Wammes et al., 2019), learners still have not make any concessions on…”
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“I can multitask”: The mediating role of media consumption on executive function's relationship to technoference attitudes
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“…multitasking behavior in the “real world”.4 Furthermore, we included an item assessing attention given to the advertisement and attention allocation to explore any mediating effect of limited attention during media multitasking situations on brand attitude (Jeong and Hwang 2016; see “Appendix”).”
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A Theory of Media Multitasking Intensity
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“Studies have shown that multitasking effects are greater when user-control is higher (Jeong & Hwang, 2016; Ralph, Seli, Wilson, & Smilek, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Disentangling Control and Personalization: Exploring the Effects of Ad Choice and Ad Personalization in Digital Advertising Effectiveness
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“User control is defined as the potential of media users to modify their environment (Overmars and Poels 2015) and the ability to choose or alter the information flow (Jeong and Hwang 2016).”
Related Multiscreening as a Strategy to Retain Audiences and Increase Persuasion During a Commercial Break
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“As predicted by the theory of threaded cognition, meta-analyses have shown that multi-taskers remember less when they combine unrelated tasks, compared to related ones (Jeong & Hwang, 2016; Segijn & Eisend, 2019).”
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Uses and gratifications of multiscreen news consumption among Spanish youth
Cambra, U. C., Niño-González, J.-I., & De-Marchis, G. P. (2021) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.34.2.15-29 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Research on multitasking by Jeong and Hwang (2016) evidenced that performing several tasks simultaneously related to media causes some negative effects on results (i.e., less efficiency) but positive effects on persuasion (i.e., greater persuasion since information is processed more superficially).”
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Effects of using a second-screen application on attention, learning, and user experience in an educational content
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“In addition, Jeong and Hwang (2016) reported that the task relevance between multiple tasks significantly moderates media multitaskers ’ cognitive outcomes (e.g. factual recall, comprehension); cognitive outcomes decrease when two tasks are irrelevant.”
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Media Multitasking and the Role of Task Relevance in Background Advertising Processing
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How Multitasking during Video Content Decreases Ad Effectiveness: The Roles of Task Relevance, Video Involvement, and Visual Attention
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“In the multitasking literature, only a few research examined advertising outcomes from the secondary task (Jeong & Hwang, 2016; Smit et al., 2017).”
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Media multitasking reading habits are negatively associated to text comprehension and metacomprehension
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The Influence of Second Screen Multitasking on Sponsorship Effects
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“We hypothesised (H4) that phone and email will be more strongly associated with positive cognitive functioning than social media, as prior research has identified negative effects of social media on sleep, cognitive failures and problems with media multi-tasking (Hong et al., 2016; Jeong and Hwang, 2016; Scott and Woo…”
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The impact of sequential versus simultaneous media exposure on online advertising effectiveness
Theodorakioglou, F., Hatzithomas, L., & Boutsouki, C. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2022.2154055 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Limited attention can either enhance or reduce persuasion by suppressing counterarguments or decreasing comprehension respectively (Jeong and Hwang 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Current research trends in multitasking: a bibliometric mapping approach
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A Review of Evidence on the Role of Digital Technology in Shaping Attention and Cognitive Control in ChildrenPreprint
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“Jeong and Hwang [61] found that media multitasking hindered systematic information processing resulting in reduced levels of attention, comprehension, and recall.”
The brain digitalization: it's all happening so fast!
Boulos, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2024.1475438 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“Users are persistently exposed to diverse social demands and notifications, requiring constant mental effort to manage and respond to an ever-changing stream of information (Jeong & Hwang, 2016).”
Accessible Parallel Embodiment of Multiple Robotic Avatars in a Cafe
Barbareschi, G., Kawaguchi, M., Kato, H., et al. (2022) · XRDS Crossroads The ACM Magazine for Students · doi:10.1145/3571300 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The role of user control in media multitasking effects
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The influence of media multitasking on advertising effectiveness
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Engagement in an Age of Distraction
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Media Multitasking in Younger and Older Adults: Associations with Cognitive Abilities and Biological Stress Responses
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“A meta-analysis by Jeong and Hwang (2016) that synthesized findings of media multi-vs. single-tasking on cognitive performance (comprehension or memory) in experimental studies found that older adults showed better media multitasking performance than younger adults.”
Media multitasking: Performance differences between younger and older adults and the role of working memory
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Examining the Effects of Digital Academic Reading Among University Students: An Integrated Framework of Three-Level Digital Divide and Executive Function
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“This is because media multitasking is not only a relevant media use behavior pattern but also has effects on attentional and cognitive outcomes (S.-H. Jeong & Hwang, 2016), like academic and reading performance (e.g., Levine et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2011; Luo et al., 2020).”
The relationship between media multitasking and creativity: Explanations from multiple perspectives
Ziying, L. I., Jiajing, L. I., jiang, J., Lei, X., & Zelong, M. E. N. G. (2023) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2023.01195 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Do Rising Opportunity Costs Lead to Increases in Media Multitasking Over Time?
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“For instance, Jeong and Hwang (2016) conducted a meta-analysis on studies that compared outcomes between participants who completed a primary task while media multitasking and those who completed the same task without multitasking.”
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Authors: Jeong, S.-H., & Hwang, Y.
Affiliations: Korea University (KR)
Myongji University (KR)
Corresponding author: Hwang, Yoori
ORCID: Jeong, Se-Hoon
Venue: Human Communication Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2016-07-08
Volume: 42
Issue: 4
Pages: 599-618
ISSN: 0360-3989 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/hcre.12089
OpenAlex: W2487465918
Semantic Scholar: 82ce95080fda9d715fef1374214cd15e642e3e8c
Cited by: 154
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 2.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
Locations: Human Communication Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
Keywords: media multitasking, cognitive outcomes, persuasion, user control, task relevance, media influence

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Media Multitasking Effects on Cognitive vs. Attitudinal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis

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