The immune system’s role in sepsis progression, resolution, and long-term outcome
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Summary: Sepsis occurs when an infection exceeds local tissue containment and induces a series of dysregulated physiologic responses that result in organ dysfunction. A subset of patients with sepsis progress to septic shock, defined by profound circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities, and associated with a greater mortality. Historically, sepsis‐induced organ dysfunction and lethality were attributed to the complex interplay between the initial inflammatory and later anti‐inflammatory responses. With advances in intensive care medicine and goal‐directed interventions, early 30‐day sepsis mortality has diminished, only to steadily escalate long after “recovery” from acute events. As so many sepsis survivors succumb later to persistent, recurrent, nosocomial, and secondary infections, many investigators have turned their attention to the long‐term sepsis‐induced alterations in cellular immune function. Sepsis clearly alters the innate and adaptive immune responses for sustained periods of time after clinical recovery, with immune suppression, chronic inflammation, and persistence of bacterial representing such alterations. Understanding that sepsis‐associated immune cell defects correlate with long‐term mortality, more investigations have centered on the potential for immune modulatory therapy to improve long‐term patient outcomes. These efforts are focused on more clearly defining and effectively reversing the persistent immune cell dysfunction associated with long‐term sepsis mortality.
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iNOS is the cause of septic shock and plays a role in many diseases of autoimmune etiology.
“It is the cause of septic shock and plays a role in many diseases of autoimmune etiology [110].”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [110]
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Immune response in bacterial and Candida sepsis
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- Authors
- Delano, M. J., & Ward, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ward, Peter A.
- Venue
- Immunological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-10-26
- Volume
- 274
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 330-353
- ISSN
- 0105-2896 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-065X
- PMC
- PMC5111634
- OpenAlex
- W2540365220
- Cited by
- 880
- References
- 298
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Immunological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (GM‐29507, GM‐61656)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- sepsis, septic shock, immune system, long-term mortality, immunosuppression, chronic inflammation, persistent bacterial infection, nosocomial infections, recurrent infections, innate immune response, adaptive immune response, immune cell dysfunction, immunomodulatory therapy, sepsis-induced organ dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Immunosuppression Therapy, Inflammation, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Disease Progression, Sepsis, Secondary Prevention, Immunomodulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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