What drives subscribing to premium in freemium services? A consumer value‐based view of differences between upgrading to and staying with premium

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In IS literature, the most widely examined post-adoption behavior in online services is continued service use (continuance).

“In IS literature, the most widely examined post-adoption behavior in online services is arguably continued service use, ie, continuance”

• cites Islam, Mäntymäki, & Bhattacherjee, 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.2, “Prior IT continuance literature” (page not provided), reviews studies of continuance across different contexts, and Section 3.2 lists several online-service contexts in which it has been studied. This supports continuance as a widely examined topic, but the copy does not establish that it is the most widely examined post-adoption behavior. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The TCV offers a guiding framework for context-specific theorization.

“the TCV offers a guiding framework for context-specific theorization”

• cites Davison & Martinsons, 2016 sourceCould not verify

  The Abstract discusses context, particularism, and the interaction of theory and culture, but does not identify TCV or describe it as a guiding framework. Searches for “TCV” and “framework for context-specific theorization” found no passage addressing that attribution. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Enjoyment and price value have no effect on the intention to retain the premium subscription.

“while neither enjoyment nor price value had any effect”

May combine two claims.

Composite reliability values ranged from 0.806 to 0.962 and AVE values from 0.636 to 0.743.

“The composite reliability values ranged from 0.806 to 0.962 and the AVE values from 0.636 to 0.743.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some interviewees considered the potential to follow other users and receive information about their music preferences a feature unique to Spotify, whereas others were skeptical regarding the value-added aspect of social features.

“With respect to social interaction, some interviewees considered the potential to follow other users and receive information about their music preferences a feature that was unique to Spotify, whereas others were quite skeptical regarding the value-added aspect of the social features.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Comments regarding social connectivity were classified into three themes: following other users, connecting and community, and sharing playlists.

“We classified the comments regarding social connectivity into three themes, which we labeled”

May combine two claims.

All interviewees considered artist and playlist recommendations, information about new releases, and Spotify-created playlists valuable and believed they enriched the user experience.

“All the interviewees considered the artist and playlist recommendations, information about new releases, and the playlists created by Spotify to be valuable and believed that they enriched the user experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

82% of the items were sorted correctly in the card-sorting exercise.

“In total, 82% of the items were sorted correctly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Of the total respondents, 208 (44.5%) had the free basic subscription and 259 (55.5%) had the premium subscription.

“Of the total numbers of respondents, 208 (44.5%) had the free basic subscription, and 259 (55.5%) had the premium subscription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After cleaning logically incorrect responses, the final sample comprised 467 responses, of whom 265 were female and 202 male.

“After we cleaned the data from the logically incorrect responses, the final sample comprised 467 responses, of whom 265 were female and 202 male.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The survey was opened 810 times, and 471 respondents completed both the main and follow-up surveys, yielding an overall completion rate of 58.1%.

“Altogether, the survey was opened 810 times, and 471 respondents completed both the main and follow-up surveys, yielding an overall completion rate of 58.1%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One item's (SOC1) loading was 0.693, below the 0.7 criterion for the basic user sample.

“One item's (SOC1) loading was 0.693 and, thus, below the 0.7 criteria for the basic user sample.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Consumer value comprises a number of dimensions.

“consumer value comprises a number of dimensions”

• cites Sheth et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Some studies solely focused on other post-adoption behaviors.

“In contrast, some studies solely focused on other post-adoption behaviors.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to Thaler (1985), consumers form a reference price for a product beforehand and evaluate this product more favorably if its price is below the reference price.

“According to Thaler (1985), consumers form a reference price for a product beforehand and evaluate this product more favorably if its price is below the reference price.”

• cites Thaler, 1985 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ma et al. (2018) examined crowdworkers' active participation in their online community along with their turnover intentions.

“Ma et al. (2018) examined crowdworkers' active participation in their online community along with their turnover intentions.”

• cites Ma et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The ZPE should boost the user experience of the free version and dilute the value-added of the premium version.

“the ZPE should boost the user experience of the free version and dilute the value-added of the premium version”

• cites Niemand et al., 2015Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Consumer value is a subjective perception.

“consumer value is a subjective perception”

• cites Zeithaml, 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kim and Son (2009) investigated both loyalty-related outcomes and switching cost-related outcomes.

“Kim and Son (2009) investigated both loyalty-related outcomes such as usage intentions and word of mouth together with switching cost-related outcomes such as willingness to pay and inattentiveness to alternatives.”

• cites Kim & Son, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are two post-adoption behaviors particularly salient for freemium services: upgrading and retaining the premium subscribers.

“there are two post-adoption behaviors particularly salient for freemium services: upgrading and retaining the premium subscribers.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The weights of different dimensions of value on consumers' decision making are contingent upon the consumers and their context.

“the weights of these different dimensions of value on consumers' decision making are contingent upon the consumers and their context”

• cites Sheth et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sweeney & Soutar, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The service provider's ability to retain paying users and convert nonpaying users into paying ones is a critical success factor.

“the service provider's ability to retain paying users and convert nonpaying users into paying ones is a critical success factor”

• cites Kumar, 2014Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Premium users experience higher levels of gratifications such as enjoyment than basic ones.

“premium users experience higher levels of gratifications such as enjoyment than basic ones”

• cites Mäntymäki & Islam, 2015Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A specific challenge of the freemium model relates to the zero price effect.

“a specific challenge of the freemium model relates to the so-called zero price effect (ZPE)”

• cites Shampanier, Mazar, & Ariely, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The free version should deliver sufficient value to attract new users and retain current ones without cannibalizing the sales of the premium version.

“The free version should deliver sufficient value to attract new users and retain current ones without cannibalizing the sales of the premium version”

• cites Liu et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ray, Kim, and Morris (2014) explored online community members' knowledge contributions and positive word of mouth.

“Ray, Kim, and Morris (2014) explored online community members' knowledge contributions and positive word of mouth.”

• cites Ray, Kim, and Morris, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Service quality perceptions explain the intention to play freemium games but not the intention to spend money in them.

“service quality perceptions explain the intention to play freemium games but not the intention to spend money in them”

• cites Hamari et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The intention to retain the premium subscription is influenced by attribute-level value perceptions such as ubiquity, the discovery of new content, and social connectivity whereas the intention to upgrade is driven by benefits, ie, enjoyment and price value of the premium subscription.

“Collectively, our results imply that the intention to retain the premium subscription is influenced by attribute-level value perceptions such as ubiquity, the discovery of new content, and social connectivity whereas the intention to upgrade is driven by benefits, ie, enjoyment and price value of the premium subscription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior freemium research suggests there is no correlation between attitudes toward the free and premium versions.

“prior freemium research suggests that there is no correlation between the attitudes toward the free and premium versions”

• cites Wagner et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Research on the ZPE has found that a zero price reduces perceived sacrifice and increases perceived quality.

“Research on the ZPE has found that a zero price not only reduces perceived sacrifice but also increases perceived quality”

• cites Palmeira & Srivastava, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Shampanier et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MEC provides tools to study the interrelationships among the consumption values.

“MEC provides tools to study the interrelationships among the consumption values.”

• cites Gutman, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

TCV provides a well-established categorization of consumption values that contribute to consumers' decision making and enable context-specific theorizing.

“TCV provides a well-established categorization of consumption values that contribute to consumers' decision making and enable context-specific theorizing.”

• cites Sheth et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Freemium users' intentions to subscribe to the premium version of the service represents a largely unexplored, yet practically relevant post-adoption behavior.

“freemium users' intentions to subscribe to the premium version of the service represents a largely unexplored, yet practically relevant post-adoption behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Providing a trial period with the premium version increases the conversion propensity compared with a strategy in which consumers start in the free model and then opt into a trial of the premium version.

“providing a trial period with the premium version increases the conversion propensity compared with a strategy in which consumers start in the free model and then opt into a trial of the premium version”

• cites Koch & Benlian, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Benefits are generally considered more important for customer decision making than attributes and terminal values.

“In fact, benefits are generally considered more important for customer decision making than attributes and terminal values (eg, Gutman, 1991).”

• cites Gutman, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to the MEC, consumers purchase and use products and services to obtain desirable outcomes or ends.

“According to the MEC, consumers purchase and use products and services to obtain desirable outcomes or ends (Chiu, Wang, Fang, & Huang, 2014;Gutman, 1982;Gutman, 1997).”

• cites Chiu, Wang, Fang, & Huang, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gutman, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gutman, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The TCV posits that people's consumption choices are driven by social value.

“the TCV further posits that people's consumption choices are driven by social value”

• cites Sheth et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MEC posits that a customer's knowledge about products, stored in long-term memory, is organized in three interlinked cognitive categories: attributes, benefits, and terminal values.

“Specifically, the MEC posits that a customer's knowledge about products, stored in long-term memory, gets organized in three interlinked cognitive categories: attributes, benefits, and terminal values (Gutman, 1982).”

• cites Gutman, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The TCV posits that consumer choice is a function of multiple consumption value dimensions and these dimensions make varying contributions in different choice situations.

“the TCV posits that consumer choice is a function of multiple consumption value dimensions and these dimensions make varying contributions in different choice situations”

• cites Sheth et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Intention to retain the premium subscription means continuance of an existing behavior, while intention to upgrade from free to premium means a departure from the user's status quo.

“While the intention to retain the premium subscription essentially means continuance of an existing behavior, the intention to upgrade from free to the premium subscription means a departure from the user's status quo (Kim & Kankanhalli, 2009;Polites & Karahanna, 2012).”

• cites Kim & Kankanhalli, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Polites & Karahanna, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The TCV was developed as a synthesis of the accumulated body of knowledge on consumer psychology to provide a taxonomy of the functional, emotional, social, and epistemic values that drive consumers' purchasing decisions across product and service categories.

“The TCV was developed as a synthesis of the accumulated body of knowledge on consumer psychology to provide a taxonomy of the functional, emotional, social, and epistemic values that drive consumers' purchasing decisions across product and service categories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Commercials incorporated in the free version are a widely used approach to execute this differentiation and to monetize from the base of basic users.

“Commercials incorporated in the free version are a widely used approach to execute this differentiation and to monetize from the base of basic users”

• cites Mäntymäki, Hyrynsalmi, & Koskenvoima, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MEC suggests that consumers learn to think about products and services in light of their attributes and the consequences accruing from their use, i.e., benefits.

“The MEC suggests that consumers learn to think about products and services in the light of their attributes and the consequences accruing from their use, ie, benefits.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

One of the key characteristics of the freemium model is the differentiation between free and premium versions.

“One of the key characteristics of the freemium model is the differentiation between free and premium versions”

• cites Hamari et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mäntymäki & Islam, 2015Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wagner et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior IS studies have highlighted the role of enjoyment in predicting the use of hedonic IS such as online games, social virtual worlds, social networking sites, and music-listening applications.

“Prior IS studies have highlighted the role of enjoyment in predicting the use of hedonic IS (van der Heijden, 2004), such as online games (Li et al., 2015), social virtual worlds (Mäntymäki & Riemer, 2014;Zhou, Fang, Vogel, Jin, & Zhang, 2012), social networking sites (Cheung, Chiu, & Lee, 2011), and music-listening applications (Krause, North, & Heritage, 2014).”

• cites van der Heijden, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Li et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mäntymäki & Riemer, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Compared with attribute-level values such as ubiquity, social connectivity, intrusiveness of advertising, and discovery of new content, enjoyment is essentially an overall evaluation of the user experience.

“Compared with attribute-level values such as ubiquity, social connectivity, intrusiveness of advertising, and the discovery of new content, enjoyment is essentially an overall evaluation of the user experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Terminal values may not necessarily play an active role in driving every consumption decision.

“Terminal values, despite being connected to benefits, may not necessarily play an active role in driving every consumption decision (Cohen & Warlop, 2001).”

• cites Cohen & Warlop, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Understanding the context of consumption provides the basis for successful employment of the TCV.

“understanding the context of consumption provides the basis for successful employment of the TCV.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The use of hedonic digital content services falls under hedonic consumption and hedonic information systems.

“Because the use of hedonic digital content services falls under the category of hedonic consumption (Babin, Darden, & Griffin, 1994;Hirschman & Holbrook, 1982) and hedonic information systems (van der Heijden, 2004), enjoyment is the key benefit that consumers seek to obtain through their engagement with the services.”

• cites Babin, Darden, & Griffin, 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hirschman & Holbrook, 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites van der Heijden, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zeithaml (1988) argued that while some consumers perceive value when the price is low, for others, value might represent a balance between quality and price.

“Zeithaml (1988) further argued that while some consumers perceive value when the price of the product or service is low, for others, value might represent a balance between quality and price.”

• cites Zeithaml, 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The consumer value theory has been used to extensively investigate the role of costs as a factor that shapes consumers' value perceptions.

“the consumer value theory has been used to extensively investigate the role of costs, such as the monetary price of a product or service, as a factor that shapes consumers' value perceptions”

• cites Day, 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Huber, Herrmann, & Morgan, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Woodruff & Gardial, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Basic users must rely on other sources of information such as marketing messages when evaluating price value, whereas premium users can base their evaluation on first-hand experiences with the additional features.

“Compared with premium users who can base their evaluation of price value on their first-hand experiences with the additional features of the premium subscription, when evaluating its price value, basic users must rely on other sources of information such as marketing messages about the additional features of the premium subscription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A t-test detected no statistically significant difference between the demographic profile of the early and late responses.

“A t-test detected no statistically significant difference between the demographic profile of the early and late responses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

Compared with basic users, premium users are likely to be more aware of and inclined to use social features.

“Consequently, compared with basic users, the premium ones are likely to be more aware of and inclined to use the social features.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Premium users consider the content of the service to be generally more important than nonpaying basic users.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Basic users generally have more recent first-hand experiences from advertising intrusions than premium users.

“Since only the free subscription features commercials, basic users generally have more recent first-hand experiences from advertising intrusions than premium ones.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Because premium users may gain exclusive access to new content, their subscriptions enable the discovery of new content to a greater extent than basic users' subscriptions.

“As premium users may gain exclusive access to new content, their subscriptions enable the discovery of new content to a greater extent than do those of basic users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The option to download content to a device for later use without network connectivity increases the ubiquity of the premium subscription.

“The option to download content to a device for later use without network connectivity is a feature that arguably increases the ubiquity of the premium subscription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Providing the option to download content to a device for later use without network connectivity can be a premium feature for differentiating the functional performance between the free and premium versions.

“As described earlier, providing the option to download content to a device for later use without network connectivity can be a premium feature for differentiating the functional performance between the free and premium versions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Findings from the online music-streaming context should provide useful insights relevant to a range of digital content services.

“Because striking a balance between free and paid content represents a key business challenge for a number of digital content services (Oh et al., 2016), findings from the online music-streaming context-in which the freemium model has been successfully employed-should provide useful insights that are relevant to a range of digital content services.”

• cites Oh et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Social features enable greater visibility of users' content preferences, thereby helping them engage with others who have similar tastes and content preferences.

“Thus, social features enable greater visibility of users' content preferences, thereby helping them to engage with others who have similar tastes and content preferences.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Digital content services often include search and recommendation features that make it easier for users to find content to suit their preferences.

“To help users better utilize the available content, the services often include search and recommendation features (cf.Xiao & Benbasat, 2007), which make it easier for them to find content to suit their preferences.”

• cites Xiao & Benbasat, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Price value may have a stronger positive effect on purchase intention among potential than repeat online customers.

“Therefore, price value may have a stronger positive effect on purchase intention among potential than repeat online customers (Kim & Gupta, 2009).”

• cites Kim & Gupta, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Premium users have more opportunities to use and derive value from recommendation features.

“Consequently, premium users also have more opportunities to use and derive value from the recommendation features.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Numerous leading online music-streaming services such as Spotify, Deezer, and SoundCloud employ the freemium business model.

“Numerous leading online music-streaming services, such as Spotify, Deezer, and SoundCloud, employ the freemium business model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital content services often feature curated content based on genre of content, users' geographic location, and numerous other factors.

“In addition, the services often feature curated content that is based on genre of content, users' geographic location, and numerous other factors (Morris & Powers, 2015).”

• cites Morris & Powers, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Premium users are likely to experience higher levels of ubiquity and place more emphasis on ubiquity in their decision making than basic users.

“Thus, premium users are likely to experience higher levels of ubiquity and place more emphasis on ubiquity in their decision making than basic users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Freemium service providers use commercials as a mechanism to cover the costs accruing from serving a vast body of nonpaying users.

“First, the use of commercials is a mechanism to cover the costs accruing from serving a vast body of nonpaying users.”

May combine two claims.

The measurement model exhibited a good fit with the whole data set and an acceptable fit with both the basic and premium user subsamples.

“Table 9 below shows that the measurement model exhibited a good fit with the whole data set and an acceptable fit with both the basic and premium user subsamples.”

May combine two claims.

The composite reliability and AVE values exceeded Fornell and Larcker's cutoff criteria of 0.7 for composite reliability and 0.5 for AVE.

“These values clearly exceeded Fornell and Larcker's (1981) cutoff criteria of 0.7 for composite reliability and 0.5 for AVE.”

• cites Fornell and Larcker's (1981)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

All measurement items clearly loaded higher on their intended constructs than on the common method factor, suggesting that common method bias did not distort the results.

“All the measurement items clearly loaded higher on their intended constructs than on the common method factor, further suggesting that CMB did not distort the results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The use of online music streaming in Finland is most common in age cohorts below 40 years, and the proportion of premium users is largest in age cohorts below 30 years.

“The use of online music streaming in Finland is most common in the age cohorts below 40 years, and the proportion of premium users is largest in the age cohorts below 30 years.”

• cites [2] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Commercials interrupting the user experience have a detrimental effect on the overall value of the basic subscription.

“Commercials interrupting the user experience have a detrimental effect on the overall value of the basic subscription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Freemium services offer trial periods with the premium versions and use advertising to promote conversion from free to premium service.

“For example, Wagner et al. (2014) point out that freemium services offer trial periods with the premium versions and use advertising to promote the conversion from free to premium service (Koch & Benlian, 2017;Wagner et al., 2014).”

• cites Koch & Benlian, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wagner et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recommendation features offer customized recommendations based on the user's activities in the service and demographics.

“These features offer customized recommendations based on the user's activities in the service and demographics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study did not employ random sampling and therefore does not attempt any statistical generalizations.

“Nevertheless, we did not employ random sampling and so do not attempt any statistical generalizations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ubiquity drives the use of mobile computing services.

“This aligns with prior research findings that ubiquity drives the use of mobile computing services (Kim & Garrison, 2008;Okazaki & Mendez, 2013).”

• cites Kim & Garrison, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Okazaki & Mendez, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Spotify is the most popular music-streaming service, has more than 200 million active users globally, and 87 million of those users pay for the premium service.

“Spotify, the most popular music-streaming service, has more than 200 million active users globally.”

• Also stated in: § H6c · plain

  “Of these users, 87 million pay for the premium service.foot_0”

• cites foot_0Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Prior e-commerce research suggests that price is a key factor among potential customers but considerably less important for repeat customers.

“Moreover, prior e-commerce research on the differences between potential and repeat online store customers suggests that price is a key factor among potential customers but considerably less important for repeat customers (Reibstein, 2002).”

• cites Reibstein, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the principal component analyses, the bolded item loadings indicate that items load on their intended theoretical constructs.

“The bolded data highlights the item loadings on the intended theoretical constructs.”

• Also stated in: § Additional information · hedged

  “Bolded data indicates item loadings on their theoretical constructs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The negative effect of intrusiveness of advertising on price value of the premium subscription implies that using advertising to create strategic inconvenience to differentiate the free and premium subscription may lead to undesirable consequences.

“The negative effect of intrusiveness of advertising on price value of the premium subscription implies that using advertising to create strategic inconvenience to differentiate the free and premium subscription may lead to undesirable consequences.”

May combine two claims.

Since the intention to upgrade is driven by price value, intrusiveness of advertising has a detrimental indirect effect on basic users' intentions to upgrade to the premium subscription.

“Since the intention to upgrade is driven by price value, intrusiveness of advertising has a detrimental indirect effect on basic users' intentions to upgrade to the premium subscription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Value perceptions have differential effects on online purchase decisions between potential and repeat customers.

“This aligns with the notion that that value perceptions have differential effects on online purchase decisions between potential and repeat customers (Gupta & Kim, 2007;Kim & Gupta, 2009).”

• cites Gupta & Kim, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kim & Gupta, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The willingness of users to interact with others can be highly context specific and situation specific.

“the willingness of users to interact with others can be highly context specific and situation specific.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Widely used social features, such as automatically generated social media updates, may be seen to increase the influx of low-value information and may, in fact, irritate users.

“widely used social features, such as automatically generated social media updates, may be seen to increase the influx of low-value information and may, in fact, irritate users.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Premium users benefit from the recommendation features more than basic users because they have exclusive access to new content.

“because the premium users also have exclusive access to new content, they arguably benefit from the recommendation features more than basic users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The model did not account for the nonmonetary costs associated with the free basic subscription, such as exposure to commercials.

“while the price value construct captured the monetary cost related to the premium subscription, our model did not account for the nonmonetary costs associated with the free basic subscription, such as exposure to commercials.”