Cited by 1,073Aquaculture disease management and microbiotaAquaculture Nutrition and GrowthGut microbiota and health

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Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish

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Nayak, Sukanta K·2010·Aquaculture Research

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02546.x

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Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of an animal consists of a very complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem that is very important from a nutritional, physiological and pathological point of view. A wide range of microbes derived from the surrounding aquatic environment, soil/sediment and feed are found to colonize in the GI tract of fish. Among the microbial groups, bacteria (aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate aneraobic forms) are the principal colonizers in the GI tract of fish, and in some fish, yeasts are also reported. The common bacterial colonizers in the GI tract of freshwater and marine fish include Vibrio, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Plesiomonas, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Fusarium and Bacteroides, which may vary from species to species as well as environmental conditions. Besides, several unknown bacteria belonging to Mycoplasma, Arthrobacter, Brochothrix, Jeotgailbacillus, Ochrobactrum, Psychrobacter and Sejongia species in the GI tract of different fish species have now been identified successfully using culture-independent techniques. Gnotobiotic and conventional studies indicate the involvement of GI microbiota in fish nutrition, epithelial development, immunity as well as disease outbreak. This review also highlights the need for manipulating the gut microbiota with useful beneficial microbes through probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic concepts for better fish health management.

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Dietary Filamentous Fungi and Duration of Feeding Modulates Gut Microbial Composition in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Singh, A., Karimi, S., Vidaković, A., Dicksved, J., Langeland, M., Ferreira, J. A., Taherzadeh, M. J., Kiessling, A., & Lundh, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.728569 · Cited by 22
“Data analysis revealed that the next most common phylum in the core gut microbiota after Tenericutes was Firmicutes, folowed by Proteobacteria (Figure 1B), as found in other studies on salmonids (Nayak, 2010; Gajardo et al., 2017).”
Result
Comparative analysis of gut bacterial community composition during a single day cycle in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)
Yu, C., Li, L., Jin, J., Zhang, B., Wei, H., Zhao, Y., Li, X., & Li, Y. (2021) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100907 · Cited by 22
PRR-Mediated Immune Response and Intestinal Flora Profile in Soybean Meal-Induced Enteritis of Pearl Gentian Groupers, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂
Zhang, W., Tan, B., Deng, J., Yang, Q., Chi, S., Pang, A., Yu, X., Liu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.814479 · Cited by 23
“Photobacterium is a facultative anaerobic bacterium that is widely distributed in seawater and on the body surfaces and in the digestive tracts of some marine fish (49).”
Background
Gut Microbes Reveal Pseudomonas Medicates Ingestion Preference via Protein Utilization and Cellular Homeostasis Under Feed Domestication in Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens
Song, C., Wen, H., Liu, G., Ma, X., Lv, G., Wu, N., Chen, J., Xue, M., Li, H., & Xu, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.861705 · Cited by 22
“Functionally, gut microbiota exerts a profound influence on immunity, nutrient-processing capacity, disease susceptibility, growth, and reproduction of the host animals (Nayak, 2010; Ghanbari et al., 2015).”
Background
Intestinal flora and immunity response to different viscous diets in juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides
Liu, Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, J., Zhou, H., Huang, H., Jiang, W., Zhang, W., Deng, J., & Tan, B. (2022) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.054 · Cited by 22
Dietary sodium butyrate administration alleviates high soybean meal-induced growth retardation and enteritis of orange-spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides)
Ke, L., Qin, Y., Song, T., Wang, K., & Ye, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.1029397 · Cited by 22
“Previous research reveals that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes are the dominant phyla of intestine of marine carnivorous fish (Nayak, 2010; Wang et al., 2018), which was consistent with our current results.”
Result
Effect of an organic acid blend in Nile tilapia growth performance, immunity, gut microbiota, and resistance to challenge against francisellosis
da Silva, V. G., Favero, L. M., Mainardi, R. M., Ferrari, N. A., Chideroli, R. T., Santis, G. W. D., de Souza, F. P., da Costa, A. R., Gonçalves, D. D., Nuez‐Ortín, W. G., et al. (2023) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.019 · Cited by 22
Effects of partial replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performance, lipid metabolism and hepatointestinal health of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)
Yu, Z., Sun, Z., Ou, B., Zhou, M., Huang, Y., & Tan, X. (2023) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101824 · Cited by 23
Correlations of age and growth rate with microbiota composition in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae
Trinh, L. T. T., Bakke, I., & Vadstein, Ô. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09073-9 · Cited by 23
Biofilm consumption shapes the intestinal microbiota of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei )
Garibay-Valdéz, E., Martínez‐Córdova, L. R., Vargas‐Albores, F., Gollas‐Galván, T., Lago‐Lestón, A., Calderón, K., & Martínez‐Porchas, M. (2018) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1111/anu.12868 · Cited by 22
Effect of dietary glutathione supplementation on the biological value of rapeseed meal to juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus
Yuan, X., Zhou, Y., Liang, X., Guo, X., Fang, L., Li, J., Liu, L., & Li, B. (2014) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1111/anu.12142 · Cited by 22
Effect of Different Levels of Dietary Supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Body Biochemical Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings
Mohammad, A. R., Zakeri, M., Vahid, Y., & Mousavi, M. (2012) · Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science) · Cited by 22
Symbiotic strategies: deciphering the role of gut microbiota in the nutrition and metabolism of fish and shellfish
Rai, N., Kachore, A., JULKA, J. M., Panigrahi, A., Das, S. P., & Nan, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1639426 · Cited by 21
“Furthermore, the gut microbiota stimulates the proliferation and maturation of the intestinal epithelium, thereby increasing the absorptive surface area available for nutrient uptake (Nayak, 2010).”
Effects of Bacillus coagulans on Growth Performance, Disease Resistance, and HSP70 Gene Expression in Juvenile Gibel Carp, Carassius auratus gibelio
Yu, Y., Lv, F., Wang, C., Wang, A., Zhao, W., & Yang, W. (2016) · Journal of the World Aquaculture Society · doi:10.1111/jwas.12308 · Cited by 21
Intestinal Microbiota in Large Yellow Croaker, Larimichthys crocea , at Different Ages
Wei, N., Wang, C., Xiao, S., Huang, W., Lin, M., Yan, Q., & Ma, Y. (2017) · Journal of the World Aquaculture Society · doi:10.1111/jwas.12463 · Cited by 21
Aquafeed Formulation Using Plant Feedstuffs: Prospective Application of Fish-Gut Microorganisms and Microbial Biotechnology
Ghosh, K., & Ray, A. K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811412-4.00005-9 · Cited by 24
Composition and functional characterization of the gut microbiome of freshwater pufferfish (Tetraodon cutcutia)
Deb, S., Das, L. M., & Das, S. K. (2020) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-020-01997-7 · Cited by 21
“It is known that enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism are the most abundant in the digestive tract of omnivorous and herbivorous fish as compared to carnivorous fish (Ringø and Birkbeck 1999; Bairagi et al. 2002; Merrifield et al. 2010; Nayak 2010).”
Background
Micro-encapsulated grape pomace extract (MGPE) as a feed additive improves growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and shifts the gut microbiome of rainbow trout
Pulgar, R., Mandaković, D., Salgado, P., Venegas, L., Ortiz, D., Peña‐Neira, Á., & Wacyk, J. M. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737129 · Cited by 22
Acidified fish feeds reduce the energetic and physiological costs of digestion in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer)
Goodrich, H. R., Wilson, R. W., Smullen, R. P., Barnes, A. C., & Franklin, C. E. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737400 · Cited by 23
Adding an essential oil blend to the diet of juvenile Nile tilapia improves growth and alters the gut microbiota
Zaminhan‐Hassemer, M., Zagolin, G. B., Perazza, C. A., Barbosa, D. A., Menegídio, F. B., Coutinho, L. L., Tizioto, P. C., & Hilsdorf, A. W. S. (2022) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738581 · Cited by 23
Tenets in Microbial Endocrinology: A New Vista in Teleost Reproduction
Haque, R., Das, I. I., Sawant, P. B., Chadha, N. K., Sahoo, L., Kumar, R., & Sundaray, J. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.871045 · Cited by 22
“According to (Nayak, 2010), the most frequently documented phyla in the salmonid gut microbiota are proteobacteria and firmicutes, suggesting that members of FIGURE 1 | Composition of microbiota in fish.”
BackgroundInfluential
Starvation alters gut microbiome and mitigates off-flavors in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Zou, S., Ni, M., Liu, M., Xu, Q., Zhou, D., Gu, Z., & Yuan, J. (2023) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-022-01027-7 · Cited by 21
“The intestinal tract of fish harbors abundant and highly diverse microbes, which constitute a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem (Nayak 2010).”
Background
Differential analysis of fish meal substitution with two soybean meals on juvenile pearl gentian grouper
Pang, A., Xin, Y., Xie, R., Wang, Z., Zhang, W. Y., & Tan, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1170033 · Cited by 21
“…of the vast microbial communities in the intestines to maintain the integrity of the intestinal structure and function cannot be ignored, and harmful microbial infections resulting from an imbalance in the intestinal flora trigger the host to perform an inflammatory response (Nayak, 2010).”
Background
Benefits of probiotic administration on growth and performance along metamorphosis and weaning of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)
Lobo, C., Tapia-Paniagua, S. T., Moreno-Ventas, X., Alarcón, F. J., Rodríguez, C., Balebona, M. C., Moríñigo, M. Á., & García-de-la-Banda, I. (2014) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.06.011 · Cited by 21
Deep Sequencing Reveals Highly Variable Gut Microbial Composition of Invasive Fish Mossambicus Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) Collected from Two Different Habitats
Gaikwad, S., Shouche, Y. S., & Gade, W. (2017) · Indian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12088-017-0641-9 · Cited by 21
“are known to affect its physiology and thus their survival [8, 9], Ye et al.”
Background
Effects of dechlorane plus on intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota of Cyprinus carpio L
Li, B., Chen, J., Wang, S., Qi, P., Chang, X., & Chang, Z. (2020) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111124 · Cited by 21
The role of natural products on the immune status of freshwater fish
Awad, E. (2025) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-025-02035-3 · Cited by 25
“Probiotics have been reported to interact with immune cells like phagocytic cells (monocytes, macrophages), neutrophils, and NK cells to induce innate immune responses (Nayak 2010; Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar et al. 2018).”
Plesiomonas shigelloides: A notable carrier of acquired antimicrobial resistance in small aquaculture farms
Martins, A. F. M., Pinheiro, T. L., Imperatori, A., Freire, S. M., Sá-Freire, L., Moreira, B. M., & Bonelli, R. R. (2018) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.040 · Cited by 20
Multipartner Symbiosis across Biological Domains: Looking at the Eukaryotic Associations from a Microbial Perspective
Turon, M., Uriz, M. J., & Martin, D. J. (2019) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00148-19 · Cited by 20
Effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, serum indexes, PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K signalling and intestinal microbiota of abalone Haliotis discus hannai
Ma, S., Li, X., Sun, L., Fan, W., Chen, H., Yu, H., Zhou, W., Zhang, W., & Mai, K. (2021) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1111/anu.13230 · Cited by 20
Clues from the intestinal mucus proteome of Atlantic salmon to counter inflammation
Kiron, V., Purushothaman, K., Fernandes, J. M. O., Sørensen, M., Vasanth, G. K., Lin, Q., Lin, Q., Lim, T. K., Dahle, D., Dias, J. P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104487 · Cited by 20
Freshwater transfer affected intestinal microbiota with correlation to cytokine gene expression in Asian sea bass
Morshed, S. M., Chen, Y., Lin, C., Chen, Y., & Lee, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097954 · Cited by 21
“Autochthonous microbes remain in close contact with the tissue and withstand bile acids, whereas allochthonous microbes remain in stool in a transient state (Nayak, 2010).”
Background
Effects of dietary supplementation of lignocellulose-derived cello-oligosaccharides on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and intestinal microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Singh, A., Vidaković, A., Hjertner, B., Krikigianni, E., Karnaouri, A., Christakopoulos, P., Rova, U., Dicksved, J., Baruah, K., & Lundh, T. (2023) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740002 · Cited by 20
“…physiology (Mussatto and Mancilha, 2007; Qiang et al., 2009; Sinha et al., 2011; Akrami et al., 2013); enhancement of growth and metabolic activity (Ortiz et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014); and orchestration of protective immune responses (Nayak, 2010; Guerreiro et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018).”
Background
Bacillus Sp. as Potential Probiotics for Use in Tilapia Fish Farming Aquaculture – A Review
Vijayaram, S., Chou, C., Razafindralambo, H. L., Ghafarifarsani, H., Divsalar, E., & Doan, H. V. (2024) · Annals of Animal Science · doi:10.2478/aoas-2024-0031 · Cited by 20
High variability of levels of Aliivibrio and lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.
Godoy, F. A., Miranda, C. D., Wittwer, G., Aranda, C., & Calderón, R. (2015) · Annals of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s13213-015-1076-3 · Cited by 20
“However, it has been found that these methods present several disadvantages and usually only detect aerobics and facultative anaerobic bacteria, but do not detect slow-growing bacteria (Spanggaard et al. 2000; Nayak 2010).”
Influential
Differences in the gut microbiota between wild and domestic Acipenser ruthenus evaluated by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Bacanu, G. M., & Oprea, L. (2013) · Cited by 20
Composition of the microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract of perch (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) and cestodes parasitizing the perch digestive tract
Kashinskaya, E. N., Simonov, E., Izvekova, G. I., Николаевич, П. А., Andree, K. B., & Solovyev, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Fish Diseases · doi:10.1111/jfd.13096 · Cited by 20
Partial fishmeal protein replacement with peptides from swine blood modulates the nutritional status, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of hybrid groupers (female Epinephelus fuscoguttatus× male E. lanceolatus)
He, Y., Guo, X., Tan, B., Dong, X., Yang, Q., Liu, H., Zhang, S., & Chi, S. (2020) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736154 · Cited by 20
Physiopathological responses of sole (Solea senegalensis) subjected to bacterial infection and handling stress after probiotic treatment with autochthonous bacteria
Peixoto, M. J., Domingues, A., Batista, S., Gonçalves, G. S., Gomes, A., Cunha, S., Valente, L. M. P., Costas, B., & Ozório, R. O. A. (2018) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.045 · Cited by 20
A Metagenomic Study of Intestinal Microbial Diversity in Relation to Feeding Habits of Surface and Cave-Dwelling Sinocyclocheilus Species
Chen, H., Li, C., Liu, T., Chen, S., & Xiao, H. (2019) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-019-01409-4 · Cited by 20
The effect of spray‐dried porcine plasma on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) intestinal microbiota
Tapia-Paniagua, S. T., Balebona, M. C., Firmino, J. P., Rodríguez, C., Polo, J., Moríñigo, M. Á., & Gisbert, E. (2020) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1111/anu.13039 · Cited by 20
Acute toxic effects of diclofenac exposure on freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Insights from hepatopancreatic pathology, molecular regulation and intestinal microbiota
Zhang, Y. X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Sun, K., Ren, N., & Li, M. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114068 · Cited by 19
Influences of ferulic acid on intestinal digestive and antioxidant enzymes, immune, antioxidant gene and tight junction protein expression and microbiota in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀× Epinephelus polyphekadion♂)
Fu, W.-J., Amenyogbe, E., Luo, J., Yang, E.-J., Huang, J., Chen, Y.-M., & Chen, G. (2022) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101348 · Cited by 19
Trophic level and proteobacteria abundance drive antibiotic resistance levels in fish from coastal New England
Korry, B. J., & Belenky, P. A. (2023) · Animal Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s42523-023-00236-w · Cited by 18
“and trophic level The gut microbiota plays an important role in host digestion, increasing nutrient availability and uptake [5, 21, 76].”
Background
Effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus, β-glucooligosaccharide and their synbiotic on the growth, digestion, immunity, and gut microbiota profile of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai
Cadangin, J. F., Lee, J., Jeon, C.-Y., Lee, E., Moon, J., Park, S.-J., Hur, S., Jang, W.-J., & Choi, Y. (2024) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102027 · Cited by 19
Does Dietary Administration of Lactococcus lactis Modulate the Gut Microbiota of Grouper, Epinephelus coioides
Sun, Y., Yang, H., Ma, R., & Zhai, S. (2012) · Journal of the World Aquaculture Society · doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00555.x · Cited by 19
Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic on performance and intestinal microflora of Chinese soft-shelled turtle(Trionyx sinensis)
Zhang, X., Peng, L., Wang, Y., Liang, Q., Deng, B., Li, W., Fu, L., Yu, D., Shen, W., & Wang, Z. (2014) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1111/anu.12128 · Cited by 19
Effects of food-borne ZnO nanoparticles on intestinal microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Chupani, L., Bárta, J., & Zusková, E. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05616-x · Cited by 19
Effective isolation of GALT cells: Insights into the intestine immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to different bacterin vaccine preparations
Attaya, A., Secombes, C. J., & Wang, T. (2020) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.051 · Cited by 19
Ambient temperature structures the gut microbiota of zebrafish to impact the response to radioactive pollution
Wang, B., Zhang, S., Dong, J., Li, Y., Jin, Y., Xiao, H., Wang, H., Fan, S., & Cui, M. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118539 · Cited by 19
Comparative analysis of midgut bacterial community under Vibrio splendidus infection in Apostichopus japonicus with hindgut as a reference
Zhang, Z., Lv, Z., Zhang, W., Shao, Y., Zhao, X., Guo, M. Z., & Li, C. (2019) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734427 · Cited by 19
Early Life Disruption of the Microbiota Affects Organ Development and Cytokine Gene Expression in Threespine Stickleback
Kirschman, L. J., Khadjinova, A., Ireland, K., & Milligan‐McClellan, K. (2020) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icaa136 · Cited by 18
The Characteristics of Intestinal Bacterial Community in Three Omnivorous Fishes and Their Interaction with Microbiota from Habitats
Bi, S., Lai, H., Guo, D., Liu, X., Wang, G., Chen, X., Liu, S., Yi, H., Su, Y., & Li, G. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9102125 · Cited by 18
“For example, the fish intestines are colonized by a diverse community of symbiotic and pathogenic microbes that are involved in various physiological processes, including the promotion of immune system development and the production of enzymes related with digestion [31,32].”
BackgroundResult
Effects of dietary arginine levels on intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and intestinal flora of hybrid snakehead(Channa maculata ♀×Channa argus ♂)
Li, P., Hou, D., Zhao, H., Peng, K., Chen, B., Guo, H., & Cao, J. (2022) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101244 · Cited by 18

Authors: Nayak, S. K.
Affiliations: Nihon University (JP)
Corresponding author: Nayak, Sukanta K
ORCID: Nayak, Sukanta K
Venue: Aquaculture Research
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Published: 2010-06-16
Volume: 41
Issue: 11
Pages: 1553-1573
ISSN: 1355-557X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02546.x
OpenAlex: W1912394394
Cited by: 1,073
References: 240
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 9.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1903 d)
Locations: Aquaculture Research (publishedVersion)
Funders: Nihon University
Directorate for Biological Sciences
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords: gut microbiota, fish gut bacteria, fish nutrition, fish immunity, fish disease, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, gut microbiota modulation, fish health management, culture-independent identification

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