Effects of Smoking Cessation on Hormonal Levels in Men
Open accessAbstract
Chronic smoking can cause imbalance in endocrine homeostasis and impairment of fertility in both sexes. The male reproductive system is more resilient, still the literature provides conflicting results about the influence of smoking on the steroid hormone levels. The data about smoking cessation are limited; there has not yet been a study primarily focused on changes in steroids levels. In our study, we analyzed levels of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), cortisol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in male smokers and during smoking cessation. Monitored analytes were determined by RIA. The free testosterone index was calculated. Basal samples of men successful and unsuccessful in smoking cessation did not differ and monitored hormones could hardly predict success of smoking cessation. After one year without smoking, a significant BMI increase and SHBG decrease in former smokers was observed. The decrease in total testosterone was non-significant. Changes in SHBG and testosterone did not correlate with BMI, presumably due to the direct effect of smoking cessation.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 76 male smokers attempting cessation, baseline testosterone, DHEA, DHEAS, cortisol, and SHBG did not reliably predict success. After one year of abstinence, former smokers showed a significant BMI increase and SHBG decrease, while total testosterone fell non-significantly and did not correlate with BMI.
Key findings
- Baseline hormone levels did not predict smoking cessation success: successful and unsuccessful men did not differ significantly in DHEA, cortisol, or other parameters; testosterone was higher in successful men but not statistically significant (between-group p=0.719192 for testosterone).
- In men successful at one year, BMI increased from 26.2±3.3 to 28.7±3.7 kg/m², with average weight gain of 6.8±3.5 kg.
- SHBG decreased significantly after one year without smoking (median 26.2 to 20 nM, p=0.0169631), while total testosterone decreased non-significantly (12.5 to 11.1 nM, p=0.073306); DHEA, DHEAS, and cortisol did not change significantly.
- Changes in SHBG and testosterone did not correlate with BMI increase; the authors suggest smoking cessation has an independent effect on SHBG levels.
Methods
- The study included 76 male smokers who sought medical advice at the Tobacco Dependence Centre at the General University Hospital, Prague; mean age was 39.3±11.5 years, mean BMI 26.5±3.8 kg/m², and average smoking was 24±10 cigarettes/day. They were divided into unsuccessful (n=34), stopped for at least 6 weeks (n=16), and successful for one year (n=26; Table 1 lists n=25).
- Participants were monitored for one year with nicotine patches and cotinine verification; morning blood samples were collected before cessation and after one year without smoking. Testosterone, DHEA, DHEAS, cortisol, and SHBG were measured by RIA/IRMA, and free testosterone index was calculated.
- Statistical analysis used Kruskal-Wallis robust ANOVA with robust Dunn’s multiple comparisons and Bonferroni correction, plus Wilcoxon paired robust test for before-after comparisons.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors note it would be worth observing testosterone and SHBG after a longer period following smoking discontinuation, when chronic smoking effects could be eliminated; they also attribute relatively higher cortisol levels to a possible stress reaction from blood sampling.
- Evident: the sample was modest and group sizes were uneven, there was no non-smoking control group, and the one-year follow-up may be too short to capture full hormonal recovery. Table 1 also reports n=25 for the successful group while the text states 26.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
1 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
Changes in SHBG and testosterone did not correlate with BMI.
“Changes in SHBG and testosterone did not correlate with BMI increase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
After one year without smoking, a significant SHBG decrease in former smokers was observed.
“Furthermore, there was a statistically significant decrease in SHBG.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
Decreases in total testosterone, free testosterone index and DHEAS after one year without smoking were non-significant.
“decrease in total testosterone, free testosterone index and DHEAS was non-significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
DHEA and cortisol levels did not change after one year without smoking.
“DHEA and cortisol levels did not change”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Summary · p. 1
Basal samples of men successful and unsuccessful in smoking cessation did not differ.
“Basal samples of men successful and unsuccessful in smoking cessation did not differ”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
There were no significant changes in testosterone levels after one year without smoking.
“We found no significant changes in testosterone levels”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
The average weight gain after one year without smoking was 6.8 kg.
“The average weight gain was 6.8 (±3.5) kg.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Summary · p. 1
The decrease in total testosterone after one year without smoking was non-significant.
“The decrease in total testosterone was non-significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
Successful and unsuccessful men did not differ in DHEA and cortisol.
“Successful and unsuccessful men did not differ in other parameters as DHEA and cortisol”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results · p. 3
After one year without smoking, a significant BMI increase in former smokers was observed.
“After one year of abstinence, there was a statistically significant BMI increase in former smokers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Discussion · p. 5
Smokers in our study who sought medical care exhibited BMI above the norm on average at baseline.
“Smokers in our study who sought medical care in smoking cessation exhibited BMI above the norm in average at baseline.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Conclusion · p. 5
When comparing hormone levels during smoking and after one year without smoking, no significant changes were found.
“When comparing hormone levels during smoking and after one year without smoking, we found no significant changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Discussion · p. 5
The predictor of successful smoking cessation, cortisol and DHEA ratio, described in the literature was not demonstrated in our study.
“The predictor of successful smoking cessation, cortisol and DHEA ratio, described in the literature was not demonstrated in our study either.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Discussion · p. 5
In smokers, both before the cessation and after one year, relatively higher cortisol levels were demonstrated compared to what would be expected with regard to the circadian rhythm.
“In smokers, both before the cessation and after one year, we demonstrated relatively higher cortisol levels compared to what we would expect with regard to the circadian rhythm”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Conclusion · p. 5
There was no significant correlation between androgen levels and success in smoking cessation.
“there was no significant correlation between androgen levels and success in smoking cessation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Discussion · p. 5
Our study did not show changes in blood levels of serum cortisol following the discontinuation of smoking.
“Our study did not show changes in blood levels of serum cortisol levels following the discontinuation of smoking”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4
Nicotine-mediated inhibition of aromatase can decrease estrogen levels and cause higher androgen levels in women smokers.
“Nicotine-mediated inhibition of aromatase can be one of the factors which decrease estrogen levels and cause higher androgen levels in women smokers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Summary · p. 1
The changes in SHBG and testosterone are presumably due to the direct effect of smoking cessation.
“Changes in SHBG and testosterone did not correlate with BMI, presumably due to the direct effect of smoking cessation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The decrease in SHBG during smoking cessation is due to the direct effect of smoking cessation on changes in hepatic production of SHBG.
- Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4
Shaarawy and Mahmoud demonstrated a significant decrease in total testosterone levels in smokers compared to non-smokers.
“Shaarawy and Mahmoud (1982) demonstrated significant decrease in total testosterone levels in smokers compared to non-smokers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shaarawy and Mahmoud (1982) source
- Interpretationown data§ Summary · p. 1
Monitored hormones could hardly predict success of smoking cessation.
“monitored hormones could hardly predict success of smoking cessation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Results · p. 3
Smoking cessation probably had a significant effect on the SHBG level.
“Therefore the smoking cessation probably had a significant effect on the SHBG level.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Weight increase and decrease in SHBG levels were associated with smoking cessation.
- Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4
Chronic smoking enhances intra-hepatic testosterone metabolism.
“These results indicate that chronic smoking enhances intra-hepatic testosterone metabolism”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mittler et al. 1983 source
- Interpretationreasoning§ Results · p. 3
Monitored hormones did not apply in smoking cessation prediction.
“therefore monitored hormones did not apply in the smoking cessation prediction”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Results · p. 3
The study results confirmed several findings in the literature that the influence on the male reproductive system is insignificant.
“Thus, the study results confirmed several findings mentioned in the literature, which described the influence on male reproductive system as insignificant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 5
Laaksonen et al. observed higher levels of total and free testosterone at baseline in smokers compared to non-smokers.
“Laaksonen et al. (2005) observed higher levels of total and free testosterone levels at baseline in smokers compared to non-smokers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Laaksonen et al. (2005) source
- Interpretationown data§ Discussion · p. 5
We did not demonstrate in our study that greater weight would predict success.
“Therefore, we did not demonstrate in our study that greater weight would predict success.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Conclusion · p. 5
The influence of smoking on the male reproductive system, in terms of hormonal homeostasis, has little significance.
“The results of our study concur with the opinion that the influence of smoking on male reproductive system, in terms of hormonal homeostasis, has little significance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Conclusion · p. 5
This finding suggests that smoking restrictions have an independent effect on the SHBG level.
“This finding suggests that smoking restrictions have an independent effect on the SHBG level.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The decrease in SHBG during smoking cessation is due to the direct effect of smoking cessation on changes in hepatic production of SHBG.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 5
Basal testosterone levels are of no value in the smoking cessation prediction.
“Therefore, basal testosterone levels are of no value in the smoking cessation prediction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4
Olayaki et al. found a reduced concentration of urinary testosterone in male smokers compared to non-smokers of corresponding age and BMI.
“Olayaki et al. (2008) found a reduced concentration of urinary testosterone in male smokers compared to non-smokers of corresponding age and BMI.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Olayaki et al. (2008)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- May combine two claims. 10
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4The majority of studies that included SHBG levels confirmed that SHBG levels in smokers are higher, and both free and total testosterone are increased in smokers.
“the majority of studies which also included SHBG levels confirmed that SHGB levels in smokers are higher, and both free and total testosterone are increased in smokers”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites English et al. 2001 source
- cites Field et al. 1994 source
- cites Svartberg and Jorde 2007 source
The Results report higher SHBG and higher free and total testosterone in smokers in this study. The Discussion says three cited studies agreed about SHBG while one did not, but it does not establish that a majority of studies found all three measures elevated; it reports higher testosterone in only seven of sixteen published papers. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results · p. 3Mean BMI in successful patients at the beginning of the study was 26.2 kg/m2; after one year without smoking it was 28.7 kg/m2.
“Mean BMI in successful patients at the beginning of the study was 26.2 (±3.3) kg/m 2 ; after one year without smoking it was 28.7 (±3.7) kg/m 2 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results · p. 3Basal samples showed higher testosterone levels in men successful in smoking cessation, but the difference was not statistically significant.
“basal samples seemed to show higher testosterone levels in men successful in smoking cessation, but even these results were not statistically significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Discussion · p. 5Mean BMI at baseline in unsuccessful patients was 26.4 kg/m2 and practically did not differ from the mean BMI 26.2 kg/m2 in successful individuals.
“Mean BMI at baseline in unsuccessful patients was 26.4 kg/m 2 and it practically did not differ from the mean BMI 26.2 kg/m 2 in successful individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Conclusion · p. 5Former smokers only differed significantly in decreasing SHBG levels, which did not correlate with increasing BMI.
“Former smokers only differed significantly in decreasing SHBG levels which, however, did not correlate with increasing BMI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4Nicotine and cotinine acted as competitive inhibitors of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and DHT cumulation occurred.
“It has been demonstrated that nicotine and cotinine acted as competitive inhibitors of 3 alphahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (enzyme converting dihydrotestosterone to 3 alpha-androstandiol) and DHT cumulation occurred.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Meikle et al. 1988 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4Administration of an aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole) to older men with low testosterone increased total and free testosterone.
“The study in which an aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole) was administered to older men with low testosterone demonstrated an increase in total and free testosterone”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Leder et al. 2004 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone given§ Methods · p. 2The reported decrease in smoking was checked by a cotinine analysis.
“The reported decrease in smoking was checked by a cotinine analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ Steroids analysis · p. 3Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for testosterone assay were 7.2% and 10%, respectively, and sensitivity was 0.21 nmol/l.
“Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients variants were 7.2 % and 10 %, respectively, and sensitivity was 0.21 nmol/l.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ Methods · p. 2Sampling was performed in the morning hours with regard to the circadian rhythm of hormonal levels.
“Sampling was performed in the morning hours with regard to the circadian rhythm of hormonal levels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 5During a 13-year observation, a reduced number of cigarettes was associated with a greater decrease in testosterone, a higher risk of hypogonadism, and a greater increase in waistline compared to men who continued smoking without restrictions.
“During the subsequent 13-year observation, a reduced number of cigarettes was, however, associated with a greater decrease in testosterone, a higher risk of hypogonadism defined by levels of total and free testosterone and a greater increase in waistline compared to men who continued smoking without restrictions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Laaksonen et al. 2005 source
May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ Discussion · p. 5The success rate of smoking cessation was positively associated with male sex and with smoking cigarettes, and negatively with the amount of smoked tobacco and alcohol drinking.
“The success rate was positively associated with male sex, with smoking cigarettes and negatively with the amount of smoked tobacco and alcohol drinking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4Smoking increases insulin resistance and is associated with central fat accumulation, resulting in an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
“smoking increases insulin resistance and is associated with central fat accumulation, thus resulting in an increased risk of a metabolic syndrome and diabetes”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chiolero et al. 2008 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 5Overweight men, unlike women, had a higher chance of successful smoking cessation compared to men with normal weight.
“An extensive cohort study showed that overweight men, unlike women, had a higher chance of successful smoking cessation compared to the men with normal weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 4Mendelson et al. found only a non-significant decrease of testosterone levels after an acute smoked cigarette.
“Mendelson et al . (2003) studied the acute effect of a smoked cigarette and found only a non-significant decrease of testosterone levels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mendelson et al. (2003) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ Discussion · p. 5Lower SHBG results in a decrease of total testosterone.
“Lower SHBG results in a decrease of total testosterone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 5A positive association of BMI and successful smoking cessation was demonstrated.
“A positive association of BMI and successful smoking cessation was demonstrated (Twardella et al. 2006, Godtfredsen et al. 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Twardella et al. 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Godtfredsen et al. 2001 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Discussion · p. 5The relatively higher cortisol levels are probably due to a stress reaction from the blood sampling.
“probably due to a stress reaction from the blood sampling.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Discussion · p. 5SHBG levels are decreased in obese men.
“As known from the literature, SHBG levels are decreased in obese men.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
There has not yet been a study primarily focused on changes in steroid levels during smoking cessation.
“The data about smoking cessation are limited; there has not yet been a study primarily focused on changes in steroids levels.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Weight increase and decrease in SHBG levels were associated with smoking cessation.
“We assume that weight increase (in successful individuals, thus one year after the first check-up, 6.8±3.5 kg, in average) and decrease in SHBG levels were associated with the smoking cessation since SHBG levels did not correlate with BMI.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The decrease in SHBG during smoking cessation is due to the direct effect of smoking cessation on changes in hepatic production of SHBG.
“We assumed that this was due to the direct effect of smoking cessation on changes in hepatic production of SHBG.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Relapse-associated hormone ratio is reversed
MinorThe Introduction describes a decrease in the cortisol-to-DHEA ratio as associated with relapse, while the cited reference describes a decrease in the inverse, DHEA-to-cortisol ratio.
“A decrease in cortisol to DHEA ratio during the first eight days of smoking cessation was associated with a relapse in the weeks that followed (Rasmusson et al. 2006).”
“A decrease in the plasma DHEA to cortisol ratio during smoking abstinence may predict relapse: a preliminary study.”
Successful-group count differs between Methods and Table 1
MinorThe Methods state that 26 men were successful after one year, but Table 1 lists 25 successful men. The table's group counts total 75 rather than the stated 76 participants; no missing participant is explained.
“The third group included 26 men successful in smoking cessation in that they did not smoke for one year.”
“| Steroid | Unsuccessful (n=34) | Failed after 6 weeks (n=16) | Successful (n=25) | Between group differences *** |”
Reported FAI values conflict with the stated formula
MinorThe formula multiplies testosterone divided by SHBG by 100, but Table 1 reports FAI values around 0.5-the scale of the unmultiplied ratio. For example, the successful group's reported testosterone and SHBG medians are 12.5 and 26.2, while its reported FAI median is 0.448. Medians need not divide exactly, but the stated factor of 100 is inconsistent with the reported FAI scale.
“a free testosterone index was calculated (FAI = [(testosterone/SHBG) x 100]).”
“| FAI* | 0.499 (0.365, 0.738) | 0.502 (0.347, 0.57) | 0.448 (0.355, 0.688) | p=0.73723 |”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- HRUŠKOVIČOVÁ, H., DUŠKOVÁ, M., ŠIMŮNKOVÁ, K., HILL, M., POSPÍŠILOVÁ, H., RÁCZ, B., KRÁLÍKOVÁ, E., VONDRA, K., & STÁRKA, L.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Endocrinology (CZ)
- Charles University (CZ)
- Corresponding author
- DUŠKOVÁ, M.
- Venue
- Physiological Research
- Published
- 2013-02-14
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-73
- ISSN
- 0862-8408 (ISSN-L)
- 1802-9973
- OpenAlex
- W2341746332
- Semantic Scholar
- a3a1c805812c505b31187af9fa801b0bba4fbdf8
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Physiological Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, male smokers, steroid hormones, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cortisol, sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone index, body mass index, male fertility, endocrine homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Radioimmunoassay, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Smoking, Testosterone, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Transdermal Patch, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-05.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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