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Microbial biofilms in the human gastrointestinal tract
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract contains rich and diverse microbiotas along its length. However, while extensive studies have been made on lumenal bacterial communities in the gut, less work has been carried out on organisms growing in biofilms, where individual groups of bacteria exist in a multiplicity of different microhabitats and metabolic niches associated with the mucosa, the mucus layer and particulate surfaces in the gut lumen. Bacteria and yeasts also occur in biofilms attached to artificial surfaces and devices implanted in the host, such as in patients being fed via enteral tubes. Although we are just beginning to investigate the composition and metabolic activities of these structures, increasing evidence suggests that they are important to the host in both health and disease. There is mounting interest in mucosal biofilms in the colon, especially with respect to their role in inflammatory bowel disease. Because bacteria growing in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics than unattached organisms, it is often difficult to modify the structure and composition of these communities, or to eradicate them from the body. However, recent work has shown that there is considerable potential to alter the species composition of mucosal biofilms in a beneficial way using synbiotics.
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“The size and quality of the intestinal mucus layer is believed to be mediated by sympathetic innervation where mucosal immune system modulation (Elenkov et al., 2000) and microbial composition and behavior alterations (commensal and pathogenic) were seen (Macfarlane and Dillon, 2007;Rhee et al., 2009)”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Macfarlane and Dillon, 2007
In the citing paper
“The ANS-mediated modulation of mucus secretion is likely to have important effects on the size and quality of the intestinal mucus layer, an important habitat for the biofilm, where the majority of the enteric microbiota reside.19”
From Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis (2009) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In general, bacteria located in the biofilm seem to be less affected by environmental alterations, such as changes in intestinal transit rate and luminal contents, than luminal populations are, but seem to have increased involvement in bidirectional signaling with the host.19”
From Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis (2009) · cites this paper as [19]
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Ilhan, Z. E., DiBaise, J. K., Dautel, S. E., Isern, N., Kim, Y., Hoyt, D. W., Schepmoes, A., Brewer, H. M., Weitz, K., Metz, T., et al. (2020) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-020-0122-5 · Cited by 93
Microbial biofilms and gastrointestinal diseases
von Rosenvinge, E. C., O’May, G. A., Macfarlane, S., Macfarlane, G. T., & Shirtliff, M. E. (2012) · Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1111/2049-632x.12020 · Cited by 91
“These are thought to originate primarily in the oral cavity (Macfarlane & Dillon, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHenson, M. A., & Phalak, P. (2017) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0522-1 · Cited by 90
MacKenzie, D. A., Tailford, L. E., Hemmings, A. M., & Juge, N. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.040907 · Cited by 88
Strength in numbers: antifungal strategies against fungal biofilms
Ramage, G., Robertson, S. N., & Williams, C. (2013) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.10.023 · Cited by 89
“[31] Macfarlane S, Dillon JF.”
BackgroundRT-qPCR based quantitative analysis of gene expression in single bacterial cells
Gao, W., Zhang, W., & Meldrum, D. R. (2011) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2011.03.008 · Cited by 86
“In addition, within natural ecosystems, microbial cells with diverse genotypes and phenotypes that express distinct metabolic pathways, stress responses and other specific biological activities are juxtaposed (Macfarlane and Dillon, 2007).”
BackgroundEffects of a Novel Probiotic Combination on Pathogenic Bacterial-Fungal Polymicrobial Biofilms
Hager, C. L., Isham, N. C., Schrom, K. P., Chandra, J., McCormick, T. S., Miyagi, M., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00338-19 · Cited by 84
“These adherence and invasion properties have also been demonstrated in other human intestinal pathogens, including species of Yersinia, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Aeromonas, though these do not normally cause chronic inflammation (36).”
BackgroundMaltz, M. A., Weiss, B. L., O’Neill, M. B., Wu, Y., & Aksoy, S. (2012) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01858-12 · Cited by 84
“Biofilms play a role in bacterial colonization dynamics of the mammalian and invertebrate gastrointestinal tracts (29).”
BackgroundAccelerated Amyloid Beta Pathogenesis by Bacterial Amyloid FapC
Javed, I., Zhang, Z., Adamčík, J., Andrikopoulos, N., Li, Y., Otzen, D. E., Lin, S., Mezzenga, R., Davis, T. P., Ding, F., et al. (2020) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202001299 · Cited by 83
Rühs, P. A., Böcker, L., Inglis, R. F., & Fischer, P. (2014) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.023 · Cited by 82
Nissen, L., Casciano, F., & Gianotti, A. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnaa097 · Cited by 85
“Another example enlarging the fault, is the lack in stool specimens of microbial populations associated in a biofilm (Macfarlane and Macfarlane 2007; Macfarlane and Dillon 2007).”
BackgroundHancock, V., Vejborg, R. M., & Klemm, P. (2010) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-010-0578-8 · Cited by 77
“The intestinal tract is heavily colonised by microorganisms and bacterial biofilm formation most likely plays an important role in colonisation in this habitat; there is a growing interest in studying biofilms in the colon—in particular regarding their role in inflammatory bowel disease (Macfarlane and Dillon 2007).”
BackgroundMicrobial Biofilm Communities in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Macfarlane, S. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e31816207df · Cited by 76
“Despite this, it is likely that the biofilms that form on the gut mucosa and on the surfaces of particulate material in the gut lumen, are highly evolved assemblages resembling those found in the oral cavity.(1) THE ESOPHAGEAL MICROBIOTA”
BackgroundSelf-citationEricsson, A. C., Personett, A. R., Turner, G., Dorfmeyer, R. A., & Franklin, C. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00196 · Cited by 77
“Keywords: fecal microbiota transfer, 16S rRNA gene, mouse, microbiome, richness, colonization resistance INTRODUCTION While it has long been appreciated that the microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of free-living animals can affect host health both positively and negatively, it is only recently…”
BackgroundInfluentialBiofilm Structures in a Mono-Associated Mouse Model of Clostridium difficile Infection
Soavelomandroso, A. P., Gaudin, F., Hoÿs, S., Nicolas, V., Vedantam, G., Janoir, C., & Bouttier, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02086 · Cited by 75
“Intestinal microbiota have been described by some authors as a biofilm, and in that case C. difficile may be recruited into this poly-microbial community (Palestrant et al., 2004; Macfarlane and Dillon, 2007).”
BackgroundNiu, C., Robbins, C. M., Pittman, K. J., Osborn, J. L., Stubblefield, B. A., Simmons, R. B., & Gilbert, E. S. (2012) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12034 · Cited by 73
“…the human microbiome have revealed tremendous diversity within the inhabitant microbial communities (Qin et al., 2010) and have raised numerous questions about the interactions within them, which could be beneficial or detrimental to the host (Macfarlane & Dillon, 2007; Macfarlane, 2008).”
BackgroundDysbiosis of Gut Fungal Microbiota in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Zou, R., Wang, Y., Duan, M., Guo, M., Zhang, Q., & Zheng, H. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04543-y · Cited by 74
Adhesins Involved in Attachment to Abiotic Surfaces by Gram-Negative Bacteria
Berne, C., Ducret, A., Hardy, G. G., & Brun, Y. V. (2015) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817466.ch9 · Cited by 74
A microfluidic device for high throughput bacterial biofilm studies
Kim, J., Hegde, M., Kim, S. H., Wood, T. K., & Jayaraman, A. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc20800h · Cited by 75
Intermittent antibiotic treatment of bacterial biofilms favors the rapid evolution of resistance
Usui, M., Yoshii, Y., Thiriet-Rupert, S., Ghigo, J., & Beloin, C. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04601-y · Cited by 78
Bacterial involvement in otitis media with effusion
Daniel, M., Imtiaz-Umer, S., Fergie, N., Birchall, J. P., & Bayston, R. (2012) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.06.013 · Cited by 77
“The presence of an intact mucus layer appears to be important in controlling bacteria within the human gastro-intestinal tract as most bacteria reside on the luminal side of the mucus layer [37], with no direct contact with the epithelium unless inflammation is present [38,39].”
BackgroundAdhesion of bacteria to surfaces and biofilm formation on medical devices
Floyd, K. A., Eberly, A. R., & Hadjifrangiskou, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100382-4.00003-4 · Cited by 71
Molecular genetics for probiotic engineering: dissecting lactic acid bacteria
Suissa, R., Oved, R., Jankelowitz, G., Turjeman, S. C., Koren, O., & Kolodkin‐Gal, I. (2021) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.07.007 · Cited by 68
Feng-li, L., Chen, S., Wang, L., Jiang, R., Tian, H., Li, J., Yao, Y., & Zhuo, C. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21284 · Cited by 66
“Particularly, the ANSmediated modulation of mucus secretion could alter the environments that the microbiota inhabits and profoundly affect its composition and structure [17].”
BackgroundActive invasion and/or encapsulation? A reappraisal of host-cell parasitism by Cryptosporidium
Borowski, H., Clode, P. L., & Thompson, R. C. A. (2008) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2008.08.002 · Cited by 64
Phyto-fabricated Nanoparticles and Their Anti-biofilm Activity: Progress and Current Status
Das, P., Ghosh, S., & Nayak, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Nanotechnology · doi:10.3389/fnano.2021.739286 · Cited by 64
“Moreover, biofilms form an essential part of the human body, having both constructive and destructive effects on human health depending upon the microbial species and its localization (Macfarlane and Dillon, 2007).”
BackgroundModulating the Microbiome for Crohn’s Disease Treatment
Gowen, R., Gamal, A., Martino, L. D., McCormick, T. S., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2023) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.017 · Cited by 70
Vuotto, C., Moura, I. B., Barbanti, F., Donelli, G., & Spigaglia, P. (2015) · Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1093/femspd/ftv114 · Cited by 63
“…of biofilmgrowing bacterial cells in the human intestine and the extended protection provided by the biofilm phenotype during infections (Macfarlane and Dillon 2007), the production of an increased, dense biofilm could have an important clinical relevance in the treatment failure and…”
BackgroundGualtieri, P., Marchetti, M., Cioccoloni, G., LORENZO, A. D., Romano, L., Cammarano, A., Colica, C., Condò, R., & Renzo, L. D. (2020) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2020/2346126 · Cited by 64
“The central nervous system (CNS) shares information with the lumen and the enteric nervous system (ENS) [1], through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and they mutually modulate gut functions and environment [2, 3].”
BackgroundCell surface shaving of C andida albicans biofilms, hyphae, and yeast form cells
Vialás, V., Perumal, P., Gutiérrez, D., Ximénez‐Embún, P., Nombela, C., Gil, C., & Chaffin, W. L. (2012) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201100588 · Cited by 59
Tsuruya, A., Kuwahara, A., Saito, Y., Yamaguchi, H., Tenma, N., Inai, M., Takahashi, S., Tsutsumi, E., Suwa, Y., Totsuka, Y., et al. (2016) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv135 · Cited by 59
“…obligate anaerobes (i.e. Ruminococcus, Collinsella, Prevotella, Coriobacterium, and Bifidobacterium) on the colorectal mucosa was previously shown via different methods (Swidsinski et al., 2002, 2005; Vesterlund et al., 2005; Macfarlane and Dillon, 2007; Chen et al., 2012; Mutlu et al., 2012).”
MethodAuffret, M. D., Stewart, R. D., Dewhurst, R. J., Duthie, C.-A., Watson, M., & Roehe, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01229 · Cited by 65
“Microbial biofilms have been studied in human (Macfarlane and Dillon, 2007) and ruminants (Bang et al.”
BackgroundLi, L., & Somerset, S. M. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.004 · Cited by 59
“may predispose the CF gut to infection and inflammation by adhering to the intestinal epithelium and/or co-aggregation with other species such as Escherichia coli, Spirochaetes and Helicobacter [36], which have been linked to GI infection and inflammation [36,37].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Macfarlane, S., & Dillon, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Macfarlane, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1187-1196
- ISSN
- 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2672
- OpenAlex
- W2041418306
- Cited by
- 379
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- biofilm, gastrointestinal tract, gut microbiota, mucus layer, inflammatory bowel disease, antibiotic resistance, synbiotics
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Biofilms, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract
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