Role of the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Pulikkan, Joby; Mazumder, Agnisrota; Grace, Tony

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_13

Cited by 142Gut microbiota and healthAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGastrointestinal motility and disorders

Role of the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Pulikkan, Joby, Mazumder, Agnisrota, Grace, Tony·2019·Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_13

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Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorder with elusive etiology and obscure pathophysiology. Cognitive inabilities, impaired communication, repetitive behavior pattern, and restricted social interaction and communication lead to a debilitating situation in autism. The pattern of co-occurrence of medical comorbidities is most intriguing in autism, compared to any other neurodevelopmental disorders. They have an elevated comorbidity burden among which most frequently are seizures, psychiatric illness, and gastrointestinal disorders. The gut microbiota is believed to play a pivotal role in human health and disease through involvement in physiological homoeostasis, immunological development, glutathione metabolism, amino acid metabolism, etc., which in a reasonable way explain the role of gut-brain axis in autism. Branded as a neurodevelopmental disorder with psychiatric impairment and often misclassified as a mental disorder, many experts in the field think that a therapeutic solution to autism is unlikely to emerge. As the pathophysiology is still elusive, taking into account of the various symptoms that are concurrent in autism is important. Gastrointestinal problems that are seen associated with most of the autism cases suggest that it is not just a psychiatric disorder as many claim but have a physiological base, and alleviating the gastrointestinal problems could help alleviating the symptoms by bringing out the much needed overall improvement in the affected victims. A gut disorder akin to Crohn's disease is, sometimes, reported in autistic children, an extremely painful gastrointestinal disease which is named as autistic enterocolitis. This disturbed situation hypothesized to be initiated by dysbiosis or microbial imbalance could in turn perturb the coordination of microbiota-gut-brain axis which is important in human mental health as goes the popular dictum: "fix your gut, fix your brain."

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The gut microbiome likely alters brain functions through various mechanisms including environmental factors, host genetics, host immune response regulation, excretion of metabolites, regulation of neurotransmitters, or neuroactive compounds.
“the gut microbiome likely alters brain functions through various other mechanisms, including environmental factors (e.g. in utero exposure to infection, maternal conditions, and medications), host genetics, host immune response regulation [12, 57, 58], excretion of metabolites such as tyrosine analogues, p-cresol, 4-ethylphenylsulfate, indoles, lipopolysaccharides and free amino acids [59-62],”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [61]

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Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Possible Implications in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“As known, Bacteroidetes are involved in polysaccharide digestion; indeed abnormal carbohydrates’ digestion in ASD patients could be due to this alteration (87).”
Background

Vitamins for the Gut Microbiome
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Microbiome-based stratification to guide dietary interventions to improve human health
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Gut-on-chip for ecological and causal human gut microbiome research
Moossavi, S., Arrieta, M., Sanati‐Nezhad, A., & Bishehsari, F. (2022) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.014 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vegetarian Diets and the Microbiome
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Authors: Pulikkan, J., Mazumder, A., & Grace, T.
Affiliations: Central University of Kerala (IN)
Kansas State University (US)
Corresponding author: Grace, Tony
ORCID: Pulikkan, Joby
Mazumder, Agnisrota
Grace, Tony
Venue: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published: 2019
Volume: 1118
Pages: 253-269
ISSN: 0065-2598 (ISSN-L)
2214-8019
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_13
OpenAlex: W2913967653
Cited by: 142
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 22.78
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Advances in experimental medicine and biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, dysbiosis, gastrointestinal comorbidities, seizures, psychiatric comorbidity, Crohn's disease, neurodevelopmental disorders, microbiota-gut-brain axis
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Humans, Microbiota, Dysbiosis

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Role of the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorders

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